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Symmetry
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Applied Mechanics, Engineering and Modeling
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Applied Mechanics, Engineering and Modeling

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering and Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 10810

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Quan Jiang

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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430071, China
Interests: rock mechanics and underground engineering
Prof. Dr. Gennady Kolesnikov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Forestry, Mining and Construction Sciences, Petrozavodsk State University, Lenin pr., 33, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
Interests: applied mechanics; engineering and modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Vladimir Siunev

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Petrozavodsk State University, Lenin pr., 33, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
Interests: machinery and equipment of the timber industry; forestry engineering; modeling
Dr. Maria Zaitseva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Forestry, Mining and Construction Sciences, Petrozavodsk State University, Lenin pr., 33, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
Interests: environment; sustainable development; applied mechanics; engineering and modeling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Symmetry generalizes the concepts of structural regularity, balance, stability and a kind of aesthetics of natural and artificial systems. However, the properties of the components of the system change over time, and, as a result, asymmetry appears, which causes a movement towards symmetry, that is, towards a new state of balance between the components of the system. Such cycles are repeated each time at a new level, which should correspond to contemporaries’ research, including models and methods in applied mechanics and technology. Thus, many updated solutions can be offered to predict the interconnections between the components of different systems as a contribution to sustainable development. In this Special Issue, authors are invited to present their theoretical and experimental research aimed at solving problems directly or indirectly related to the designated areas, including the following topics:

Modeling of technological processes of timber harvesting and processing;

Modeling the properties of paper and other materials obtained from wood raw materials;

Modeling the properties of rocks;

Modeling of technological processes in construction;

Modeling and improving the properties of building materials and structures;

Drying of 3D-printed mortar;

Monitoring systems for the technical condition of construction projects;

Monitoring and control of microclimate in residential and industrial buildings.

Prof. Dr. Quan Jiang
Prof. Dr. Gennady Kolesnikov
Prof. Dr. Vladimir Siunev
Dr. Maria Zaitseva
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • symmetry
  • asymmetry
  • applied mechanics
  • engineering
  • modeling
  • timber harvesting and processing
  • materials properties
  • technological processes
  • building materials and structures
  • 3D-printed mortar
  • materials recycling
  • monitoring systems
  • microclimate control

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

31 pages, 17590 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study on the Influence of Different Forms of New Tubular Roof Method Construction on Railway Tracks
by Xiaoxue Li, Zhongsheng Tan, Xiuying Wang and Ke Lei
Symmetry 2022, 14(7), 1361; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym14071361 - 01 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1433
Abstract
Through the research on the effect of underpass construction using the New Tubular Roof Method on the overlying strata and railway tracks, the characteristics and pros/cons of three forms of the New Tubular Roof Method are analyzed. Based on the geological conditions and [...] Read more.
Through the research on the effect of underpass construction using the New Tubular Roof Method on the overlying strata and railway tracks, the characteristics and pros/cons of three forms of the New Tubular Roof Method are analyzed. Based on the geological conditions and structural dimensions of the Taiyuan Yingze Street Underpass Project, by analogy to the structural sections of Shenyang Metro Xinle Ruins Station and Seoul Metro Lot 923 Station, three research cases were designed: “Taiyuan method”, “Shenyang method” and “Seoul method”. The numerical models are established, and the construction process of three cases are simulated. The results show that the three forms of the New Tubular Roof Method have different characteristics. The impact of construction on the rail is mainly reflected in the absolute settlement, while the offset of the rail and the relative displacement between the rails are small, which are not enough to pose a threat to the driving safety. “Taiyuan method” has the best control effect on the deformation of the rails in general, but there is a complex superimposed interference effect during tube jacking, and the settlement in the tube jacking stage accounts for a large proportion. “Taiyuan method” and “Shenyang method” adopt the integrated inner-connecting tube roof structure to cover the entire excavation area, which have excellent effect of isolating excavation disturbance. However, “Shenyang method” has the problem of excessive settlement during the stage of steel tube incision. The settlement caused by the construction of “Seoul method” in the tube jacking stage is relatively small, and there is no need to perform the complicated and dangerous tube incision. However, the excavation disturbance of “Seoul method” will partially escape from the side of the structure, and the excavation influence range is significantly larger than other methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Mechanics, Engineering and Modeling)
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29 pages, 9539 KiB  
Article
Numerical Model Validation for Detection of Surface Displacements over Twin Tunnels from Metro Line 1 in the Historical Area of Seville (Spain)
by Maziyar Bahri, Emilio J. Mascort-Albea, Rocío Romero-Hernández, Mohammadreza Koopialipoor, Cristina Soriano-Cuesta and Antonio Jaramillo-Morilla
Symmetry 2022, 14(6), 1263; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym14061263 - 18 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1915
Abstract
In order to solve connectivity problems in metropolitan areas, the development of underground metro lines constitutes an unquestionable requirement. However, the construction work thereof encounters unfavourable circumstances when surface excavations must be carried out that cross historical areas of the city, due to [...] Read more.
In order to solve connectivity problems in metropolitan areas, the development of underground metro lines constitutes an unquestionable requirement. However, the construction work thereof encounters unfavourable circumstances when surface excavations must be carried out that cross historical areas of the city, due to the need to control surface movements. The design of the metro in the city of Seville (Spain) from 2004 to 2006 provides a representative example of this situation and triggered major upheavals that exerted repercussions on historical buildings. For these reasons, the excavation stages of Line 1 of this metro have been simulated by numerical methods using FLAC3D software and validated with the results provided by the real conditions. Consequently, various surface settlements have been evaluated by taking not only variates of the main parameters that characterise the soil of Seville, but also of the various load situations and excavation conditions. Notable results have been achieved through calibration of 54 variants of the same model corresponding to Line 1, and their comparison with the real results obtained in nine critical areas of the itinerary. The results obtained have made it possible to determine the effects of excavation on the subsoil of the city of Seville with great accuracy, since the percentage error of calculated vertical surface movements varies from 0.1% to 5.3%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Mechanics, Engineering and Modeling)
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14 pages, 1763 KiB  
Article
Statistical Damage Model of Rock Structural Plane Considering Void Compaction and Failure Modes
by Bin Hu, Zhen Zhang, Jing Li, Huiping Xiao and Zeqi Wang
Symmetry 2022, 14(3), 434; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym14030434 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1448
Abstract
The shear behavior of rock structural planes contains various symmetry laws, and the shear failure can be considered as an asymmetric state of the rock and rock mass. The study of shear deformation and the failure of rock structural planes plays a vital [...] Read more.
The shear behavior of rock structural planes contains various symmetry laws, and the shear failure can be considered as an asymmetric state of the rock and rock mass. The study of shear deformation and the failure of rock structural planes plays a vital role in ensuring the safety and stability of engineered rock masses. In view of the inability of traditional shear constitutive models to describe the non-linear characteristics of the dilatancy stage and the single applicable failure form, firstly, we discuss, in depth, the law and mechanism of shear deformation and failure of structural planes, and introduce the compaction index α to measure the non-linear characteristics of shear stress–shear displacement caused by compaction of microcracks and internal pores of structural planes, and the structural plane damage model, considering the void compaction and failure mode, was established. Then, the statistical damage theory was introduced, and the strength and failure of the microunits of the rock structural plane were assumed to obey the Weibull distribution. Based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion to measure the strength of the microunits of the rock structure surface, a statistical damage model of structural planes, which can describe void compaction and failure modes, was established. Finally, a comparative analysis was carried out with the test curve, and the results showed that: the calculation curve of the structural plane statistical damage model established, considering the void compaction and failure modes, has the same trend as the structural plane shear test curve, which can better describe the shear stress– shear displacement at the dilatancy stage, as well as the shearing stage and sliding stage in different failure modes. The changing law of shear displacement reflects the rationality and accuracy of the constructed constitutive model. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the shear deformation and failure of rock structural planes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Mechanics, Engineering and Modeling)
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10 pages, 1550 KiB  
Article
The Efficiency of Using Mirror Imaged Topography in Fellow Eyes Analyses of Pentacam HR Data
by Arwa Fathy, Bernardo T. Lopes, Renato Ambrósio, Jr., Richard Wu and Ahmed Abass
Symmetry 2021, 13(11), 2132; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13112132 - 09 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1431
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of flipping left corneas topography and analysethem quantitively along with fellow right corneas based on the assumption that they are mirror images of each other. Methods: The study involved scanning both eyes of 177 healthy participants [...] Read more.
Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of flipping left corneas topography and analysethem quantitively along with fellow right corneas based on the assumption that they are mirror images of each other. Methods: The study involved scanning both eyes of 177 healthy participants (aged 35.3 ± 15.8) and 75 keratoconic participants (aged 33.9 ± 17.8). Clinical tomography data were collected for both eyes using the Pentacam HR and processed by a fully automated custom-built MATLAB code. For every case, the right eye was used as a datum fixed surface while the left cornea was flipped around in the superior–inferior direction. In this position, the root-mean-squared difference (RMS) between the flipped left cornea and the right cornea was initially determined for both the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces. Next, the iterative closest point transformation algorithm was applied on the three-dimensional flipped cornea to allow the flipped left corneal anterior surface to translate and rotate, minimising the difference between it and the right corneal anterior surface. Then, the RMS differences were recalculated and compared. Results: A comparison of the dioptric powers showed a significant difference between the RMS of both the flipped left eyes and the right eyes in the healthy and the KC groups (p < 0.001). The RMS of the surfaces of the flipped left corneas and the right corneas was 0.6 ± 0.4 D among the healthy group and 4.1 ± 2.3 among the KC group. After transforming the flipped left corneas, the RMS was recorded as 0.5 ± 0.3 D and 2.4 ± 2 D among the healthy and KC groups, respectively. Conclusions: Although fellow eyes are highly related in their clinical parameters, they should be treated with care when one eye topography is flipped and processed with the other eye topography in an optic-related research analysis where translation might be needed. In KC, an asymmetric disease, it was observed that a portion of the asymmetry was due to a corneal apex shift interfering with the image acquisition. Therefore, transforming the flipped left eyes by rotation and translation results in a fairer comparison between the fellow KC corneas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Mechanics, Engineering and Modeling)
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17 pages, 3026 KiB  
Article
A Damage Model to Trabecular Bone and Similar Materials: Residual Resource, Effective Elasticity Modulus, and Effective Stress under Uniaxial Compression
by Gennady Kolesnikov and Rudolf Meltser
Symmetry 2021, 13(6), 1051; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13061051 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2325
Abstract
Experimental research of bone strength remains costly and limited for ethical and technical reasons. Therefore, to predict the mechanical state of bone tissue, as well as similar materials, it is desirable to use computer technology and mathematical modeling. Yet, bone tissue as a [...] Read more.
Experimental research of bone strength remains costly and limited for ethical and technical reasons. Therefore, to predict the mechanical state of bone tissue, as well as similar materials, it is desirable to use computer technology and mathematical modeling. Yet, bone tissue as a bio-mechanical object with a hierarchical structure is difficult to analyze for strength and rigidity; therefore, empirical models are often used, the disadvantage of which is their limited application scope. The use of new analytical solutions overcomes the limitations of empirical models and significantly improves the way engineering problems are solved. Aim of the paper: the development of analytical solutions for computer models of the mechanical state of bone and similar materials. Object of research: a model of trabecular bone tissue as a quasi-brittle material under uniaxial compression (or tension). The new ideas of the fracture mechanics, as well as the methods of mathematical modeling and the biomechanics of bone tissues were used in the work. Compression and tension are considered as asymmetric mechanical states of the material. Results: a new nonlinear function that simulates both tension and compression is justified, analytical solutions for determining the effective and apparent elastic modulus are developed, the residual resource function and the damage function are justified, and the dependences of the initial and effective stresses on strain are obtained. Using the energy criterion, it is proven that the effective stress continuously increases both before and after the extremum point on the load-displacement plot. It is noted that the destruction of bone material is more likely at the inflection point of the load-displacement curve. The model adequacy is explained by the use of the energy criterion of material degradation. The results are consistent with the experimental data available in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Mechanics, Engineering and Modeling)
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