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Vaccines
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Advances in Influenza Virus Vaccines
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Advances in Influenza Virus Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Influenza Virus Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 7614

Special Issue Editors

Dr. George Kassianos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. President British Global & Travel Health Association, London, UK
2. Board Member European Scientific Working Group on Influenza (ESWI), London, UK
3. National Immunisation Lead Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
Interests: immunisations; cardiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Raul Ortiz De Lejarazu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Valladolid National Influenza Centre, Calle Rondilla de Santa Teresa s/n, 47009 Valladolid, Spain
Interests: influenza; vaccines
Dr. Iván Sanz Muñoz

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
National Influenza Center of Valladolid, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, University of Valladolid, 47010 Valladolid, Spain
Interests: virology related to respiratory viruses, through virological and epidemiological surveillance of influenza, COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses that cause pathology in humans; serological analysis of populations and the humoral efficacy of influenza and COVID-19 vaccines, as well as different aspects of virological, genetic and antigenic typing; the design of antiviral drugs using CRISPR/CasRx technology
Dr. Ivan Aloysius

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Principal GP and Joint Clinical Director, The Health Triangle PCN Ringmead Medical Practice, Leppington, Bracknell RG12 7WW, UK
Interests: influenza; vaccines; health

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The current pandemic has greatly accelerated advances in vaccine research and production. The question that emerges at this point, however, is: Will these advances in vaccinology benefit other infectious diseases, other than COVID-19?

In recent years, we have witnessed improvements in existing influenza vaccine technologies aiming to overcome problems such as possible egg adaptation and immunosenescence, triggered mainly by lower effectiveness of influenza vaccines against the A/H3N2 influenza virus.

This Special Issue of Vaccines on “Advances in Influenza Virus Vaccines” aims to bring together the work of scientists that aim to further improve influenza vaccine technology in order to bring about greater vaccine effectiveness. Research as well as opinion papers are welcome.

Dr. George Kassianos
Prof. Dr. Raul Ortiz De Lejarazu
Dr. Ivan Aloysius
Dr. Iván Sanz Muñoz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 7441 KiB  
Article
Advax-SM™-Adjuvanted COBRA (H1/H3) Hemagglutinin Influenza Vaccines
by Pedro L. Sanchez, Greiciely Andre, Anna Antipov, Nikolai Petrovsky and Ted M. Ross
Vaccines 2024, 12(5), 455; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines12050455 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 481
Abstract
Adjuvants enhance immune responses stimulated by vaccines. To date, many seasonal influenza vaccines are not formulated with an adjuvant. In the present study, the adjuvant Advax-SM™ was combined with next generation, broadly reactive influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines that were designed using a computationally [...] Read more.
Adjuvants enhance immune responses stimulated by vaccines. To date, many seasonal influenza vaccines are not formulated with an adjuvant. In the present study, the adjuvant Advax-SM™ was combined with next generation, broadly reactive influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines that were designed using a computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) methodology. Advax-SM™ is a novel adjuvant comprising inulin polysaccharide and CpG55.2, a TLR9 agonist. COBRA HA vaccines were combined with Advax-SM™ or a comparator squalene emulsion (SE) adjuvant and administered to mice intramuscularly. Mice vaccinated with Advax-SM™ adjuvanted COBRA HA vaccines had increased serum levels of anti-influenza IgG and IgA, high hemagglutination inhibition activity against a panel of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses, and increased anti-influenza antibody secreting cells isolated from spleens. COBRA HA plus Advax-SM™ immunized mice were protected against both morbidity and mortality following viral challenge and, at postmortem, had no detectable lung viral titers or lung inflammation. Overall, the Advax-SM™-adjuvanted COBRA HA formulation provided effective protection against drifted H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Influenza Virus Vaccines)
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19 pages, 2967 KiB  
Article
Intensified Influenza Virus Production in Suspension HEK293SF Cell Cultures Operated in Fed-Batch or Perfusion with Continuous Harvest
by Cristina A. T. Silva, Amine A. Kamen and Olivier Henry
Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1819; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines11121819 - 05 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1109
Abstract
Major efforts in the intensification of cell culture-based viral vaccine manufacturing focus on the development of high-cell-density (HCD) processes, often operated in perfusion. While perfusion operations allow for higher viable cell densities and volumetric productivities, the high perfusion rates (PR) normally adopted—typically between [...] Read more.
Major efforts in the intensification of cell culture-based viral vaccine manufacturing focus on the development of high-cell-density (HCD) processes, often operated in perfusion. While perfusion operations allow for higher viable cell densities and volumetric productivities, the high perfusion rates (PR) normally adopted—typically between 2 and 4 vessel volumes per day (VVD)—dramatically increase media consumption, resulting in a higher burden on the cell retention device and raising challenges for the handling and disposal of high volumes of media. In this study, we explore high inoculum fed-batch (HIFB) and low-PR perfusion operations to intensify a cell culture-based process for influenza virus production while minimizing media consumption. To reduce product retention time in the bioreactor, produced viral particles were continuously harvested using a tangential flow depth filtration (TFDF) system as a cell retention device and harvest unit. The feeding strategies developed—a hybrid fed-batch with continuous harvest and a low-PR perfusion—allowed for infections in the range of 8–10 × 106 cells/mL while maintaining cell-specific productivity comparable to the batch control, resulting in a global increase in the process productivity. Overall, our work demonstrates that feeding strategies that minimize media consumption are suitable for large-scale influenza vaccine production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Influenza Virus Vaccines)
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19 pages, 2187 KiB  
Article
Influenza A (N1-N9) and Influenza B (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata) Neuraminidase Pseudotypes as Tools for Pandemic Preparedness and Improved Influenza Vaccine Design
by Kelly A. S. da Costa, Joanne Marie M. Del Rosario, Matteo Ferrari, Sneha Vishwanath, Benedikt Asbach, Rebecca Kinsley, Ralf Wagner, Jonathan L. Heeney, George W. Carnell and Nigel J. Temperton
Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1520; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10091520 - 14 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2561
Abstract
To better understand how inhibition of the influenza neuraminidase (NA) protein contributes to protection against influenza, we produced lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with an avian H11 hemagglutinin (HA) and the NA of all influenza A (N1–N9) subtypes and influenza B (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata). These [...] Read more.
To better understand how inhibition of the influenza neuraminidase (NA) protein contributes to protection against influenza, we produced lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with an avian H11 hemagglutinin (HA) and the NA of all influenza A (N1–N9) subtypes and influenza B (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata). These NA viral pseudotypes (PV) possess stable NA activity and can be utilized as target antigens in in vitro assays to assess vaccine immunogenicity. Employing these NA PV, we developed an enzyme-linked lectin assay (pELLA) for routine serology to measure neuraminidase inhibition (NI) titers of reference antisera, monoclonal antibodies and post-vaccination sera with various influenza antigens. We also show that the pELLA is more sensitive than the commercially available NA-Fluor™ in detecting NA inhibition in these samples. Our studies may lead to establishing the protective NA titer that contributes to NA-based immunity. This will aid in the design of superior, longer lasting and more broadly protective vaccines that can be employed together with HA-targeted vaccines in a pre-pandemic approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Influenza Virus Vaccines)
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14 pages, 948 KiB  
Article
Reanalysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial on Promoting Influenza Vaccination in General Practice Waiting Rooms: A Zelen Design
by Christophe Berkhout, Jeroen De Man, Claire Collins, Amy Willefert-Bouche, Suzanna Zgorska-Maynard Moussa, Margot Badelon, Lieve Peremans and Paul Van Royen
Vaccines 2022, 10(5), 826; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10050826 - 23 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1812
Abstract
In 2014–2015, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessing the effect of an advertising campaign for influenza vaccination using posters and pamphlets in general practitioner (GP) waiting rooms. No effect of the intervention could be demonstrated, but the immunization uptake increased in [...] Read more.
In 2014–2015, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessing the effect of an advertising campaign for influenza vaccination using posters and pamphlets in general practitioner (GP) waiting rooms. No effect of the intervention could be demonstrated, but the immunization uptake increased in both arms of the study. In 2019, we deepened the investigations explaining the increased uptake conducting a registry-based 4/2/1 cluster RCT designed by Zelen with two extra years of follow-up of the study cohort. The study population included 23,024 patients eligible to be vaccinated who were registered with 175 GPs. The main outcome remained the number of vaccination units delivered per study group. Data were extracted from the SNIIRAM warehouse claim database for the Lille-Douai district (northern France). No difference in vaccination uptake was found in the Zelen versus the control group of the initial RCT. Overall, the proportion of vaccinated patients increased in the cohort from 51.4% to 70.4% over the three years. Being vaccinated the previous year was a strong predictor of being vaccinated in a subsequent year. The increase in vaccination uptake, especially among people older than 65, can be explained by a cohort effect. Health promotion and the promotion of primary health care may play an important role in this increase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Influenza Virus Vaccines)
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Review

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15 pages, 768 KiB  
Review
Specific and Nonspecific Effects of Influenza Vaccines
by Nicola Principi and Susanna Esposito
Vaccines 2024, 12(4), 384; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines12040384 - 05 Apr 2024
Viewed by 705
Abstract
With the introduction of the influenza vaccine in the official immunization schedule of most countries, several data regarding the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of influenza immunization were collected worldwide. Interestingly, together with the confirmation that influenza vaccines are effective in reducing the incidence [...] Read more.
With the introduction of the influenza vaccine in the official immunization schedule of most countries, several data regarding the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of influenza immunization were collected worldwide. Interestingly, together with the confirmation that influenza vaccines are effective in reducing the incidence of influenza virus infection and the incidence and severity of influenza disease, epidemiological data have indicated that influenza immunization could be useful for controlling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. Knowledge of the reliability of these findings seems essential for precise quantification of the clinical relevance of influenza immunization. If definitively confirmed, these findings can have a relevant impact on influenza vaccine development and use. Moreover, they can be used to convince even the most recalcitrant health authorities of the need to extend influenza immunization to the entire population. In this narrative review, present knowledge regarding these particular aspects of influenza immunization is discussed. Literature analysis showed that the specific effects of influenza immunization are great enough per se to recommend systematic annual immunization of younger children, old people, and all individuals with severe chronic underlying diseases. Moreover, influenza immunization can significantly contribute to limiting the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The problem of the possible nonspecific effects of influenza vaccines remains unsolved. The definition of their role as inducers of trained immunity seems essential not only to evaluate how much they play a role in the prevention of infectious diseases but also to evaluate whether they can be used to prevent and treat clinical conditions in which chronic inflammation and autoimmunity play a fundamental pathogenetic role. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Influenza Virus Vaccines)
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