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Vaccines
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Flaviviruses: Immunity and Vaccine Development
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Flaviviruses: Immunity and Vaccine Development

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines against (re)emerging and Tropical Infections Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 9867

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Wildriss Viranaicken

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
Interests: host-pathogen interaction; flavivirus; PAMPs; Innate immunity; antiviral response; live attenuated vaccines; antigen design and production; host-targeted antiviral
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Pascale Krejbich

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
Interests: virus-host interaction; arboviroses; programmed cell death; cell antiviral responses; red queen effect
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The COVID pandemic is a reminder of how vulnerable the world's population is to zoonotic RNA viruses of medical concern.  Among the viruses most likely to emerge and re-emerge is the arthropod-borne flavivirus family, which includes dangerous pathogens that currently infect hundreds of millions of people per year. The dengue virus (DENV), West Nile (WNV), yellow fever (YFV), Zika (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and Usutu virus (USUV) are well known members of the flavivirus family. They are responsible for a wide range of potentially serious visceral, neurotropic, and congenital diseases, as well as fetal death. With global warming and the expansion of vector distribution areas, these viruses are representing a growing threat to worldwide health.

The onset of immune responses is critical to the outcome of infection, pathogenesis, and the specific abilities of these viruses for crossing the placental and blood–brain barriers.

It has been shown that while innate immunity and IFN responses limit flavivirus infections, some of these viruses have strategies for bypassing antiviral cellular programs. Cellular and adaptive immunity are also important, and their thorough understanding should be taken into account in the design of a vaccine. Infections with flaviviruses are, for example, subject to the phenomenon of ADE in secondary infection situations. A candidate vaccine must, therefore, be able to avoid inducing this type of response in humans. It must also be able to be used by the most vulnerable populations, such as newborns or pregnant women.

The purpose of this Special Issue, titled “Flavivirus: Immunity and Vaccine Development”, is to present the latest research results, hypothesis, and points of view on the field of flaviviruses–host interactions and conception of vaccine strategies. It is likely to be of interest to a wide range of translational researchers, virologists, cell and molecular biologists, physicians, etc.

Dr. Wildriss Viranaicken
Dr. Pascale Krejbich
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • flavivirus
  • cell host responses
  • adaptive and innate immunity
  • severe forms
  • viral pathogenesis
  • vaccines

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2416 KiB  
Article
A Novel, Comprehensive A129 Mouse Model for Investigating Dengue Vaccines and Evaluating Pathogenesis
by Mya Myat Ngwe Tun, Khine Mya Nwe, Jean Claude Balingit, Yuki Takamatsu, Shingo Inoue, Basu Dev Pandey, Takeshi Urano, Michinori Kohara, Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara and Kouichi Morita
Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1857; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines11121857 - 15 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1469
Abstract
In search of a mouse model for use in evaluating dengue vaccines, we assessed A129 mice that lacked IFN-α/β receptors, rendering them susceptible to dengue virus (DENV) infection. To our knowledge, no reports have evaluated dengue vaccine efficiency using A129 mice. A129 mice [...] Read more.
In search of a mouse model for use in evaluating dengue vaccines, we assessed A129 mice that lacked IFN-α/β receptors, rendering them susceptible to dengue virus (DENV) infection. To our knowledge, no reports have evaluated dengue vaccine efficiency using A129 mice. A129 mice were given a single intraperitoneal (IP) or subcutaneous (SC) injection of the vaccine, Dengvaxia. After 14 days of immunization via the IP or SC injection of Dengvaxia, the A129 mice exhibited notably elevated levels of anti-DENV immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) targeting all four DENV serotypes, with DENV-4 displaying the highest NAb levels. After challenge with DENV-2, Dengvaxia and mock-immunized mice survived, while only the mock group exhibited signs of morbidity. Viral genome levels in the serum and tissues (excluding the brain) were considerably lower in the immunized mice compared to those in the mock group. The SC administration of Dengvaxia resulted in lower viremia levels than IP administration did. Therefore, given that A129 mice manifest dengue-related morbidity, including viremia in the serum and other tissues, these mice represent a valuable model for investigating novel dengue vaccines and antiviral drugs and for exploring dengue pathogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flaviviruses: Immunity and Vaccine Development)
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6 pages, 663 KiB  
Communication
Dynamics of Whole Virus and Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) IgG Response in Mice Immunized with Two Commercial Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccines
by Jiri Salat, Petra Strakova and Daniel Ruzek
Vaccines 2022, 10(7), 1001; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10071001 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1308
Abstract
The presence of a non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines and the possible induction of an NS1-specific immune response in vaccinated individuals remains a somewhat controversial topic. Previously, we detected the presence of NS1 in the Encepur TBE vaccine by [...] Read more.
The presence of a non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines and the possible induction of an NS1-specific immune response in vaccinated individuals remains a somewhat controversial topic. Previously, we detected the presence of NS1 in the Encepur TBE vaccine by mass spectrometry and found the induction of NS1-specific IgG antibodies in mice vaccinated with the FSME-Immun TBE vaccine. Here, in this follow-up study, we examined the dynamics and extent of the NS1-specific IgG response in mice vaccinated with these two vaccines in more detail and compared it with the IgG response to the whole virus (WV). Mice were vaccinated at two-week intervals with a total of six doses of each vaccine, and levels of IgG antibodies to TBE virus WV and NS1 were measured by ELISA after each dose. Both vaccines elicited a robust anti-WV IgG response after two doses. The Encepur vaccine did not elicit NS1-specific IgG even after all six doses. In contrast, the FSME-Immun vaccine triggered the production of NS1-specific IgG after four doses. The results indicate that FSME-Immun is the only vaccine that elicits an NS1-specific antibody response in mice. However, compared to WV-specific IgG, the NS1-specific response is weaker, and a higher number of doses is required to induce detectable levels of NS1-specific IgG antibodies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flaviviruses: Immunity and Vaccine Development)
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Review

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40 pages, 3074 KiB  
Review
Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design
by Daed El Safadi, Alexandre Mokhtari, Morgane Krejbich, Alisé Lagrave, Ugo Hirigoyen, Grégorie Lebeau, Wildriss Viranaicken and Pascale Krejbich-Trotot
Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 280; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines12030280 - 07 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1553
Abstract
Exosomes are small subtypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs) naturally released by different types of cells into their environment. Their physiological roles appear to be multiple, yet many aspects of their biological activities remain to be understood. These vesicles can transport and deliver a [...] Read more.
Exosomes are small subtypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs) naturally released by different types of cells into their environment. Their physiological roles appear to be multiple, yet many aspects of their biological activities remain to be understood. These vesicles can transport and deliver a variety of cargoes and may serve as unconventional secretory vesicles. Thus, they play a crucial role as important vectors for intercellular communication and the maintenance of homeostasis. Exosome production and content can vary under several stresses or modifications in the cell microenvironment, influencing cellular responses and stimulating immunity. During infectious processes, exosomes are described as double-edged swords, displaying both beneficial and detrimental effects. Owing to their tractability, the analysis of EVs from multiple biofluids has become a booming tool for monitoring various pathologies, from infectious to cancerous origins. In this review, we present an overview of exosome features and discuss their particular and ambiguous functions in infectious contexts. We then focus on their properties as diagnostic or therapeutic tools. In this regard, we explore the capacity of exosomes to vectorize immunogenic viral antigens and their function in mounting adaptive immune responses. As exosomes provide interesting platforms for antigen presentation, we further review the available data on exosome engineering, which enables peptides of interest to be exposed at their surface. In the light of all these data, exosomes are emerging as promising avenues for vaccine strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flaviviruses: Immunity and Vaccine Development)
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22 pages, 3387 KiB  
Review
Preparedness for the Dengue Epidemic: Vaccine as a Viable Approach
by Md. Zeyaullah, Khursheed Muzammil, Abdullah M. AlShahrani, Nida Khan, Irfan Ahmad, Md. Shane Alam, Razi Ahmad and Wajihul H. Khan
Vaccines 2022, 10(11), 1940; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10111940 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5027
Abstract
Dengue fever is one of the significant fatal mosquito-borne viral diseases and is considered to be a worldwide problem. Aedes mosquito is responsible for transmitting various serotypes of dengue viruses to humans. Dengue incidence has developed prominently throughout the world in the last [...] Read more.
Dengue fever is one of the significant fatal mosquito-borne viral diseases and is considered to be a worldwide problem. Aedes mosquito is responsible for transmitting various serotypes of dengue viruses to humans. Dengue incidence has developed prominently throughout the world in the last ten years. The exact number of dengue cases is underestimated, whereas plenty of cases are misdiagnosed as alternative febrile sicknesses. There is an estimation that about 390 million dengue cases occur annually. Dengue fever encompasses a wide range of clinical presentations, usually with undefinable clinical progression and outcome. The diagnosis of dengue depends on serology tests, molecular diagnostic methods, and antigen detection tests. The therapeutic approach relies completely on supplemental drugs, which is far from the real approach. Vaccines for dengue disease are in various stages of development. The commercial formulation Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) is accessible and developed by Sanofi Pasteur. The vaccine candidate Dengvaxia was inefficient in liberating a stabilized immune reaction toward different serotypes (1–4) of dengue fever. Numerous promising vaccine candidates are now being developed in preclinical and clinical stages even though different serotypes of DENV exist that worsen the situation for a vaccine to be equally effective for all serotypes. Thus, the development of an efficient dengue fever vaccine candidate requires time. Effective dengue fever management can be a multidisciplinary challenge, involving international cooperation from diverse perspectives and expertise to resolve this global concern. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flaviviruses: Immunity and Vaccine Development)
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