Estrogen Receptors as Molecular Targets of Endocrine Therapy for Glioblastoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Estrogen Receptors in Cancer
3. Endocrine Therapy
3.1. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
3.2. Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders (SERDs)
3.3. Aromatase Inhibitors
3.4. Agonists of the Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH)
4. Estrogen Receptors in Glioblastoma
5. Endocrine Therapy for Glioblastoma
5.1. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
5.2. Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders (SERDs)
5.3. Aromatase Inhibitors
5.4. Agonists of the Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH)
5.5. Agonists of ERβ
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ABC | ATP binding cassette |
AF | activation function |
AP | activator protein |
BBB | blood−brain barrier |
CAMK | calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase |
cAMP | cyclic adenosine 3´,5´-monophosphate |
CDK | cell division protein kinase |
CSC | cancerous stem cell |
CTGF | connective tissue growth factor |
DPN | diarylpropionitrile |
EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor |
ERE | estrogen response element |
ERs | estrogen receptors |
ER⍺ | estrogen receptor alpha |
ERβ | estrogen receptor beta |
ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
FHL-2 | four and a half LIM domains protein 2 |
GPER1 | G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 |
G⍺I | Gi protein alpha subunit |
HER2 | human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 |
HIF-1⍺ | hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha |
Hippo/YAPHippo | Yes-associated protein |
IGFR | insulin-like growth factor receptor |
IL | interleukin |
JAK/STAT | Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
LHRH | luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone |
MAPK/ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase |
mERs | membrane estrogen receptors |
mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells |
NSC | neural stem cells |
PDGFR | platelet derived growth factor receptor |
P-gp | P-glycoprotein |
PI3K-AKT | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B |
PKC | protein kinase C |
PLGA | poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) |
PRs | progesterone receptors |
Rb | retinoblastoma protein |
SERD | selective estrogen receptor degraders |
SERM | selective estrogen receptor modulators |
Sp1 | specificity protein 1 |
SRC-1 | steroid receptor coactivator 1 |
TCP-1⍺ | T-complex 1 alpha |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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González-Mora, A.M.; Garcia-Lopez, P. Estrogen Receptors as Molecular Targets of Endocrine Therapy for Glioblastoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12404. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212404
González-Mora AM, Garcia-Lopez P. Estrogen Receptors as Molecular Targets of Endocrine Therapy for Glioblastoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12404. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212404
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Mora, Andrea Magali, and Patricia Garcia-Lopez. 2021. "Estrogen Receptors as Molecular Targets of Endocrine Therapy for Glioblastoma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12404. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212404