Transport Characteristics of CJMAED™ Homogeneous Anion Exchange Membranes in Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
3. Membranes
3.1. Manufacturing
3.2. Surface and Cross-Section Visualization
4. Membranes Characterization
4.1. Basic Characteristics
4.2. Transport Properties
4.2.1. Electrical Conductivity
4.2.2. Diffusion Permeability
5. Increasing CJMA-7 Permselectivity by Surface Modification
6. Materials and Methods
6.1. Solutions
6.2. Membrane Modification
6.3. Study of Membrane Characteristics
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Membranes | Fixed Groups | Ion-Exchange Matrix | Inert Filler | Methods of Manufacturing | Reinforcing Cloth | Method of Embedding Reinforcing Cloth |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMX | Mainly –N+(CH3)3 | DVB/PS | PVC | “Paste method” | PVC | Casting the paste on the cloth |
AMH-PES | PE | Hot rolling | Ulester 32S | Hot rolling | ||
CJMA-3 | PVDF | Absent | Casting | PET | Casting the paste on the cloth | |
CJMA-6 | Polyolefin | |||||
CJMA-7 |
Membranes | Thickness of AEM in 0.02 M NaCl, μm | Ion-Exchange Capacity of Swollen AEM, mmol/gwet | Water Content, gH2O/gdry, % | Concentration of Fixed Groups in Swollen AEM, mmol cm−3 H2O 2 | Water Content, mol H2O/mol Fixed Groups | Density of Swollen AEM, g cm−3 | Resistance of AEM in 0.5 M NaCl Solution, Ohm cm2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DVB/PS ion exchange matrix | |||||||
AMX | 135 ± 5 141 ± 6 [58] | 1.25 ± 0.05 1.25 [59] | 19 ± 1 10−14 [60] 34 [61] | 7.7 ± 1.0 | 7.2 ± 1 6.1 [58] 7.8 [62] | 1.22 ± 0.05 1.10 [60] | 2.9 ± 0.5 2.7 [63] 2.15 [61] |
AMH-PES | 543 ± 10 550 ± 3 [52] | 1.33 ± 0.01 1.25 ± 0.08 [52] 0.86 [64] | 46 ± 5 56 [65] 45.2 [64] | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 13.3 ± 0.7 17.8 ± 1.0 [52] | 1.06 ± 0.05 1.12 [66] | 6.4 ± 0.5 6.1 [64] <7.5 [67] 7.66 [65] |
PVDF or Polyolefin ion exchange matrix | |||||||
CJMA-3 | 151 ± 5 150 ± 20 1 130 [68] 250 [31] | 0.57 ± 0.05 0.5−0.6 1 0.9 [68] 1.45 [31] | 17 ± 1 15−20 1 26 [69] 35−45 [31] | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 14.0 ± 1.0 | 1.39 ± 0.05 | 5.1 ± 0.5 4.0 ± 0.5 1 2 [68] 3−6 [31] |
CJMA-6 | 120 ± 3 130 ± 10 [36] | 0.90 ± 0.05 0.5−0.7 1 | 18 ± 1 35−37 [36] | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 9.2 ± 1.0 | 1.32 ± 0.05 | 2.9 ± 0.5 2.5−3.0 [53] |
CJMA-7 | 174 ± 10 150 ± 20 1 200 [70] | 0.75 ± 0.05 0.9−1.0 1 0.8 ± 1.0 [70] | 39 ± 2 28−30 1 35−40 [70] | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 21.7 ± 1.0 | 1.13 ± 0.05 | 1.4 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 1.8 1 1.5−2.5 [70] |
Membranes | cm2 s−1 | , mmol cm−3 | mmol−1 cm3 | α | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NaCl | Na2SO4 | NaCl | ||||||
AMX | 0.70 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 [40] 0.099 [60] | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 1.5 ± 0.1 1.39 [60] | 0.32 | 0.39 ± 0.04 |
AMH-PES | 1.20 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.15 ± 0.02 0.14 [52] | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 1.5 ± 0.1 1.5 [52] | 1.40 | 0.41 ± 0.04 |
CJMA-3 | 0.43 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.17 | 0.28 ± 0.04 |
CJMA-6 | 0.32 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | |
CJMA-7 | 2.30 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 3 | 0.30 ± 0.04 |
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Sarapulova, V.; Pismenskaya, N.; Titorova, V.; Sharafan, M.; Wang, Y.; Xu, T.; Zhang, Y.; Nikonenko, V. Transport Characteristics of CJMAED™ Homogeneous Anion Exchange Membranes in Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate Solutions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1415. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22031415
Sarapulova V, Pismenskaya N, Titorova V, Sharafan M, Wang Y, Xu T, Zhang Y, Nikonenko V. Transport Characteristics of CJMAED™ Homogeneous Anion Exchange Membranes in Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate Solutions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(3):1415. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22031415
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarapulova, Veronika, Natalia Pismenskaya, Valentina Titorova, Mikhail Sharafan, Yaoming Wang, Tongwen Xu, Yang Zhang, and Victor Nikonenko. 2021. "Transport Characteristics of CJMAED™ Homogeneous Anion Exchange Membranes in Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate Solutions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3: 1415. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22031415