Thermal Load Model of a Proportional Solenoid Valve Based on Random Load Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Sample Collection and Sample Pretreatment Based on Field Test
2.1. Excavator Field Test
2.2. Data Sample Acquisition
2.3. Sample Pretreatment Method
- (1)
- The power-heat load two-dimensional space is constructed, and the power samples and heat load samples collected at the same or similar time are combined and mapped into coordinate points in the two-dimensional space.
- (2)
- All the coordinate points in the two-dimensional space are randomly classified into several coordinate groups, and the arithmetic mean values of power and thermal load in each coordinate group are calculated respectively, and the obtained arithmetic mean value is taken as the center point coordinate of the coordinate group.
- (3)
- Calculate the Euler distance from all coordinate points to the center point of each coordinate group in two-dimensional space, and re-divide the coordinate group to which the coordinate points belong according to the principle of minimum distance.
- (4)
- Calculate the center point of the new coordinate group.
- (5)
- Repeat (3)~(4) until the composition of each coordinate group is no longer changed.
3. Thermal Load Prediction Model of Proportional Solenoid Valve
3.1. Kalman Filtering Algorithm
3.2. Thermal Load Prediction Model
3.3. Parameter Determination Method of Prediction Model
4. Verification of Thermal Load Forecasting
4.1. Validation Method and Prediction Model Parameter Calculation
- (1)
- The historical data of proportional solenoid valve power corresponding to different working modes under excavator compound operation in field test is extracted.
- (2)
- Collect the thermal load data of the solenoid valve corresponding to the specific single-action working mode.
- (3)
- The power-thermal load historical data sequence is clustered, screened, and unbiasedly estimated to obtain the thermal load prediction model parameters under different working modes.
- (4)
- Using the model parameters determined in step (3) to configure the KF thermal load prediction model, the thermal load prediction calculation of the installed solenoid valve is carried out.
4.2. Model Validation and Result Test
4.3. Compared with the Prediction Results of Other Models
5. The Application Test of the Prediction Model under Specific Samples
5.1. Application Test of Data Missing Filling and Data Anomaly Repair
5.2. Application Test of Abnormal Adaptive Detection of Thermal Load Data
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Parameters | R | H | X0′ | Q |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low-speed walking | 0.1622 | 0.8460 | 7.1218 | 0.1910 |
Statistics | Wkf | Wm(n) | Wa(n) |
---|---|---|---|
MAPE | 1.4626 | 2.3492 | 3.1248 |
MAD | 0.1269 | 0.1645 | 0.1732 |
RMSE | 0.1975 | 0.2067 | 0.2613 |
Fluctuation Form | Only Power Fluctuation | Only Thermal Load Fluctuation | Power and Thermal Load Fluctuate in the Same Direction | Power and Thermal Load Fluctuate in the Reverse Direction |
---|---|---|---|---|
5% | −1.29 | 6.56 | 3.53 | −6.63 |
10% | −4.01 | 11.23 | 5.45 | −15.57 |
15% | −8.37 | 14.06 | 5.76 | −27.50 |
−5% | 5.81 | −2.49 | 0.86 | 10.30 |
−10% | 8.22 | −9.04 | −1.97 | 16.57 |
−15% | 11.83 | −14.95 | −3.72 | 23.34 |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, C.; Wang, A.; Li, X.; Li, X. Thermal Load Model of a Proportional Solenoid Valve Based on Random Load Conditions. Sensors 2023, 23, 9474. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s23239474
Liu C, Wang A, Li X, Li X. Thermal Load Model of a Proportional Solenoid Valve Based on Random Load Conditions. Sensors. 2023; 23(23):9474. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s23239474
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Chenyu, Anlin Wang, Xiaotian Li, and Xiaoxiang Li. 2023. "Thermal Load Model of a Proportional Solenoid Valve Based on Random Load Conditions" Sensors 23, no. 23: 9474. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s23239474