The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and PM Sampling
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Sample Treatment and Analytical Procedures
2.4. Quality Control and Quality Assurance
2.5. Health Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Concentrations of PAHs
3.2. Emission Sources of PAHs
3.3. Trend in PAHs and Health Risk Changes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Warm Season | SY-1 | SY-2 | SY-3 | |||
(>2.1) | (≤2.1) | (>2.1) | (≤2.1) | (>2.1) | (≤2.1) | |
FR | 0.68 ± 0.28 | 1.78 ± 0.50 | 0.45 ± 0.22 | 1.14 ± 0.44 | 0.39 ± 0.07 | 1.44 ± 0.35 |
Pyr | 0.62 ± 0.12 | 1.54 ± 0.16 | 0.32 ± 0.14 | 1.05 ± 0.34 | 0.46 ± 0.10 | 1.68 ± 0.41 |
BaA | 0.39 ± 0.14 | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 0.37 ± 0.25 | 0.70 ± 0.26 | 0.29 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.21 |
Chr | 0.68 ± 0.24 | 1.26 ± 0.29 | 0.72 ± 0.36 | 1.27 ± 0.61 | 0.62 ± 0.19 | 1.58 ± 0.14 |
BbF | 1.13 ± 0.48 | 3.81 ± 1.67 | 0.97 ± 0.59 | 2.51 ± 1.26 | 1.30 ± 0.47 | 6.08 ± 0.88 |
BkF | 0.41 ± 0.17 | 1.39 ± 0.55 | 0.40 ± 0.27 | 0.93 ± 0.38 | 0.49 ± 0.16 | 2.35 ± 0.32 |
BaP | 0.47 ± 0.13 | 1.96 ± 0.50 | 0.40 ± 0.26 | 1.32 ± 0.75 | 0.42 ± 0.09 | 2.23 ± 0.50 |
BgPe | 0.94 ± 0.36 | 4.45 ± 1.95 | 1.02 ± 0.60 | 3.12 ± 1.21 | 1.17 ± 0.31 | 6.97 ± 1.16 |
IDP | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 2.14 ± 0.98 | 0.42 ± 0.28 | 1.33 ± 0.48 | 0.49 ± 0.15 | 3.41 ± 0.59 |
PAHs | 5.76 ± 1.87 | 19.1 ± 5.85 | 5.07 ± 2.81 | 13.4 ± 5.42 | 5.64 ± 1.57 | 26.6 ± 4.01 |
PM | 103 ± 28.4 | 43.9 ± 12.6 | 53.5 ± 18.2 | 33.5 ± 14.3 | 61.6 ± 16.8 | 41.3 ± 8.38 |
Cold Season | SY-1 | SY-2 | SY-3 | |||
(>2.1) | (≤2.1) | (>2.1) | (≤2.1) | (>2.1) | (≤2.1) | |
FR | 15.2 ± 20.1 | 58.5 ± 64.4 | 7.56 ± 3.96 | 15.1 ± 5.40 | 4.67 ± 2.38 | 30.7 ± 24.7 |
Pyr | 17.5 ± 23.4 | 73.6 ± 86.0 | 6.42 ± 3.32 | 14.3 ± 5.40 | 5.14 ± 2.64 | 30.8 ± 22.1 |
BaA | 4.75 ± 6.83 | 22.9 ± 25.2 | 1.88 ± 1.08 | 5.31 ± 1.93 | 3.14 ± 2.18 | 15.8 ± 8.3 |
Chr | 5.58 ± 8.39 | 24.2 ± 27.9 | 2.59 ± 1.45 | 6.81 ± 2.64 | 1.90 ± 1.16 | 16.2 ± 8.8 |
BbF | 9.79 ± 15.4 | 20.0 ± 13.8 | 2.26 ± 1.16 | 6.34 ± 2.31 | 3.83 ± 2.52 | 18.4 ± 9.49 |
BkF | 3.40 ± 5.14 | 7.33 ± 4.90 | 0.90 ± 0.45 | 2.47 ± 0.87 | 1.35 ± 0.91 | 6.42 ± 3.43 |
BaP | 6.08 ± 9.15 | 12.0 ± 6.69 | 1.84 ± 0.94 | 4.99 ± 1.78 | 2.19 ± 1.41 | 9.39 ± 5.33 |
BgPe | 7.36 ± 10.2 | 18.2 ± 10.2 | 2.38 ± 1.17 | 7.06 ± 1.87 | 3.71 ± 1.74 | 15.3 ± 8.72 |
IDP | 2.69 ± 3.58 | 7.09 ± 3.97 | 1.12 ± 0.46 | 3.32 ± 0.95 | 1.46 ± 0.67 | 6.11 ± 3.69 |
PAHs | 72.3 ± 102 | 244 ± 240 | 27.0 ± 13.8 | 65.7 ± 23.9 | 27.4 ± 14.1 | 149 ± 55.7 |
PM | 49.2 ± 26.2 | 83.4 ± 63.0 | 71.1 ± 31.5 | 91.6 ± 43.4 | 49.9 ± 17.5 | 74.6 ± 17.6 |
Emission Sources | [FR]/([FR] + [Pyr]) | [BaA]/([BaA] + [Chr]) | [IDP]/([IDP] + [BgPe]) | [BaP]/[BgPe] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coal burning | >0.5 [21,22,23] | >0.35 [25,26,27] | >0.5 [26,28] | >0.9 [30,31,32] |
>0.6 [33] | ||||
Vehicle exhaust | 0.4–0.5 [23,24] | 0.2–0.35 [25,26,27] | 0.2–0.5 [21,26,29] | <0.6 [33] |
0.5–0.6 (gasoline) [31,34] | ||||
0.3–0.4 (diesel) [29,32] | ||||
0.2–0.6 [30] |
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Yang, L.; Suzuki, G.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, Q.; Zhang, X.; Xing, W.; Shima, M.; Yoda, Y.; Nakatsubo, R.; Hiraki, T.; et al. The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2817. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16162817
Yang L, Suzuki G, Zhang L, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Xing W, Shima M, Yoda Y, Nakatsubo R, Hiraki T, et al. The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2817. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16162817
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Lu, Genki Suzuki, Lulu Zhang, Quanyu Zhou, Xuan Zhang, Wanli Xing, Masayuki Shima, Yoshiko Yoda, Ryohei Nakatsubo, Takatoshi Hiraki, and et al. 2019. "The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2817. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16162817