Strategies for Heterogeneous R&D Alliances of In Vitro Diagnostics Firms in Rapidly Catching-Up Economies
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Background
2. Literature Review
2.1. Motivations of R&D Alliances
2.1.1. Transaction Cost
2.1.2. Resource-Based Theory
2.1.3. Strategic Behavior Theory
2.1.4. Resource Dependence Theory
2.1.5. Organizational Learning Theory
2.2. Heterogeneous Alliance Strategies for R&D
2.2.1. Definition of R&D Alliances
2.2.2. The Dilemma of R&D Alliances
2.3. Types of R&D Alliances
3. Analytic Framework and Methods
3.1. Modified Delphi Method
3.2. The DEMATEL Method
3.3. The DANP Technique
3.4. VIKOR
4. Results
4.1. Criterion Definition by Modified Delphi Method
4.2. Decision Problem Structuring
4.3. Rank the Types of R&D Alliances by VIKOR
5. Discussion
5.1. Influential Relationships between Aspects
5.2. Most Influential and Important Criteria
5.3. Strategic Implications Based on Compromised Solutions by VIKOR
6. Conclusions
6.1. Economic and Social Implications
6.2. Managerial Implications
6.3. Limitations and Future Research Possibilities
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. The IRM
Appendix B. The Unweighted and Weighted Supermatrices
0.256 | 0.245 | 0.244 | 0.245 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 |
0.251 | 0.261 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 |
0.243 | 0.243 | 0.255 | 0.245 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 |
0.251 | 0.251 | 0.252 | 0.260 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 |
0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.251 | 0.247 | 0.246 | 0.244 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 | 0.248 |
0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.251 | 0.257 | 0.253 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 |
0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.252 | 0.249 | 0.255 | 0.249 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 |
0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.247 | 0.247 | 0.245 | 0.254 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 |
0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.251 | 0.244 | 0.239 | 0.241 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 | 0.246 |
0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.257 | 0.252 | 0.253 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 |
0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.248 | 0.249 | 0.257 | 0.250 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 |
0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.248 | 0.250 | 0.252 | 0.256 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 | 0.251 |
0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.341 | 0.325 | 0.326 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 | 0.332 |
0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.326 | 0.341 | 0.330 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.333 |
0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.333 | 0.334 | 0.344 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.335 |
0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.254 | 0.247 | 0.248 | 0.249 |
0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.254 | 0.245 | 0.244 |
0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.246 | 0.248 | 0.254 | 0.249 |
0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.252 | 0.250 | 0.253 | 0.257 |
0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 |
0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 |
0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 |
0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 |
0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 |
0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.055 |
0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 |
0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.054 |
0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 |
0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 |
0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 |
0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 |
0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 |
0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 |
0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 |
0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 |
0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 |
0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 |
0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.046 |
Appendix C. The VIKOR Results
Criteria | Weight | JV | TPLC | TPSC | JRD | Aspired | Worst | JV | TPLC | TPSC | JRD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
c11 | 0.049 | 3.222 | 3.556 | 3.333 | 3.778 | 5.000 | 3.222 | 0.049 | 0.039 | 0.046 | 0.033 |
c12 | 0.049 | 4.000 | 3.667 | 4.111 | 3.333 | 5.000 | 3.333 | 0.030 | 0.039 | 0.026 | 0.049 |
c13 | 0.048 | 3.667 | 3.444 | 3.667 | 3.222 | 5.000 | 3.222 | 0.036 | 0.042 | 0.036 | 0.048 |
c14 | 0.049 | 2.889 | 3.667 | 3.889 | 3.667 | 5.000 | 2.889 | 0.049 | 0.031 | 0.026 | 0.031 |
c21 | 0.054 | 4.333 | 2.222 | 2.111 | 2.444 | 5.000 | 2.111 | 0.012 | 0.052 | 0.000 | 0.047 |
c22 | 0.055 | 3.667 | 4.444 | 4.111 | 3.778 | 5.000 | 3.667 | 0.055 | 0.023 | 0.036 | 0.050 |
c23 | 0.054 | 3.444 | 3.667 | 3.889 | 3.889 | 5.000 | 3.444 | 0.054 | 0.047 | 0.039 | 0.039 |
c24 | 0.054 | 4.111 | 4.222 | 4.333 | 4.000 | 5.000 | 4.000 | 0.048 | 0.042 | 0.036 | 0.054 |
c31 | 0.049 | 4.444 | 3.111 | 3.000 | 3.556 | 5.000 | 3.000 | 0.014 | 0.046 | 0.049 | 0.036 |
c32 | 0.051 | 3.778 | 3.111 | 3.222 | 3.667 | 5.000 | 3.111 | 0.033 | 0.051 | 0.048 | 0.036 |
c33 | 0.050 | 3.222 | 2.556 | 3.000 | 2.778 | 5.000 | 2.556 | 0.037 | 0.050 | 0.041 | 0.046 |
c34 | 0.050 | 3.889 | 3.222 | 3.444 | 3.889 | 5.000 | 3.222 | 0.031 | 0.050 | 0.044 | 0.031 |
c41 | 0.068 | 3.889 | 2.889 | 2.444 | 2.667 | 5.000 | 2.444 | 0.030 | 0.057 | 0.068 | 0.062 |
c42 | 0.069 | 3.222 | 3.000 | 2.333 | 2.667 | 5.000 | 2.333 | 0.046 | 0.051 | 0.069 | 0.060 |
c43 | 0.069 | 3.889 | 2.889 | 3.222 | 3.111 | 5.000 | 2.889 | 0.036 | 0.069 | 0.058 | 0.062 |
c51 | 0.045 | 3.222 | 4.111 | 4.111 | 4.111 | 5.000 | 3.222 | 0.045 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.023 |
c52 | 0.045 | 2.444 | 3.333 | 3.556 | 4.222 | 5.000 | 2.444 | 0.045 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 0.014 |
c53 | 0.045 | 3.111 | 2.667 | 2.667 | 3.000 | 5.000 | 2.667 | 0.037 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.039 |
c54 | 0.046 | 2.333 | 2.333 | 2.889 | 3.222 | 5.000 | 2.333 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.036 | 0.030 |
sum | 1.000 | 66.778 | 62.111 | 63.333 | 65.000 | Value of MV | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.580 | 0.560 | |
Sk | 0.732 | 0.833 | 0.752 | 0.791 | |||||||
Qk | 0.055 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.062 | |||||||
Rank | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
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Construct | Criteria (Symbol) | Description and Rationality | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Transaction Cost (TC) | Asset specificity (c11) | According to Teo, Wang and Leong [86], transaction cost and asset specificity are positively correlated with product uncertainty and behavior uncertainty. | [13,14,15] |
Share uncertainly risks (c12) | Uncertainty refers to unanticipated changes in the environment in which the transaction is embedded [87]. According to Wever, Wognum, Trienekens and Omta [88], level of uncertainty influences transaction risks and thus, transaction cost. | [13,14,15] | |
Reduction of transaction costs (c13) | One of the major gains generated for the customers in vertical partnerships include reduction of transaction costs [89]. Therefore, whether a heterogeneous R&D alliance strategy can reduce the transaction cost is a very important criterion. | [89] | |
Improve frequency (c14) | In transaction cost economics, dimensions for describing transactions are (1) assets’ specificity, (2) uncertainty, and (3) frequency [13,14,15]. The frequency of transactions will influence the cost of transactions. | [13,14,15] | |
Resource-Based Perspective (RB) | Obtain the financial capital (c21) | According to Mowery, Oxley and Silverman [90], the access to financial resources is one of the major motives for joint venture from the aspect of market access and others, | [91,92] |
Obtain the technology and skill (c22) | Based on the same work by [90], capturing and absorbing tacit know-how, extracting skills, performing basic research, and high costs and risks of R&D are the major technology-based motives for joint ventures. | [24,25,26,91] | |
Obtain the knowledge workers (c23) | The resource-based theory of the firm argues that a business enterprise is best viewed as a collection of sticky and difficult-to-imitate resources, which include knowledge of specific markets or user needs for handling the marketing and distribution of products [90]. However, such strategic knowledge is embedded in employees themselves [93]. Therefore, whether a heterogeneous R&D alliance can help access the knowledge workers, and thus, the knowledge being embedded in these workers is very critical. | [92,94] | |
Obtain complementary competences (c24) | A firm can develop a valuable and rare resource base to achieve a position of superiority. One typical approach is the creation of a bundle of complementary resources, including physical assets, intangible assets, and competencies, that produce customer value [95]. Tyler and Caner [57] explained that R&D alliances are formed for a variety of reasons, such as to access technological resources and capabilities, share R&D risks and costs, and explore new technological domains. Therefore, obtaining complementary competences is selected as the criterion for evaluating the appropriate strategy for heterogeneous R&D alliances. | [91] | |
Strategic Behavior (SB) | Improve the reputation (c31) | Reputation represents the basic quantity of the company’s products and services. Consumers may be willing to pay a premium for the products of reputable companies, especially in uncertain markets [96,97]. Granovetter [98] and Hill [99] argued that reputation is a dominant factor of a successful alliance. Reputation is valuable to a possible partner because the value of both the firm and the asset that can be obtained in an alliance can be evaluated accordingly. | [28,96,97,98,99] |
Gain new cooperation(s) (c32) | According to strategic behavior theory, firms establish cooperative arrangements in order to maximize long-term profitability by enhancing their competitive position [28]. The strategic behavior theory proposed by Kogut [27] and Jarillo [29] argued that firms enter cooperative alliances due to long-standing strategic considerations, regardless of instant concerns regarding costs and benefits [30]. In other words, strategic behavior theory predicts that firms will engage in cooperative activities as a means of achieving overall strategic objectives regardless of their effect on specific transaction costs [28]. | [27,28,29,30] | |
Improve competitive relationship (c33) | A competitive relationship is defined as the relationship between any two firms operating in the same industry and offering similar products (including services) [100]. Working with competitors, partners still enjoy indirect benefits on innovation; this explains why firms, understanding the downside of competitive R&D collaborations, still cooperate with competitors [101]. Therefore, whether a R&D alliance strategy can improve competitive relationship should be considered. | [102] | |
Achieve the special goal (c34) | Strategic behavior theory predicts that firms will engage in cooperative activities as a means of achieving overall strategic objectives regardless of their effect on specific transaction costs [28]. | [28] | |
Resource Dependency (RD) | Overcome governmental barriers (c41) | Most countries have a legal framework and a nominated body to regulate IVDs [103]. In countries that do regulate, approval for IVDs is often costly, lengthy, and, on occasion, lacking in transparency, thus regulation of diagnostics is currently seen as a barrier to innovation and access [103]. IVD firms can cooperate with vendors, access the most advanced techniques and quality systems, and overcome governmental barriers. | [103] |
Achieve subsidy qualification (c42) | In many countries, governments grant different capital subsidies to the business sector in order to promote growth [104]. To be eligible for a subsidy, an individual or couple must have countable resources. | [104] | |
Improve local competitive advantages (c43) | To realize local competitive advantages, and thus to localize products and practices, subsidiaries need to apply those shared resources to the context [105]. Therefore, the strategy which can improve local competitive advantages should be selected. | [105]. | |
Organizational Learning (OL) | Improve the level of innovation (c51) | According to [106], organizational learning capability influences product innovation performance. The criterion is selected accordingly. | [106] |
Gain experience (c52) | Organization learning is the process by which an organization identifies action relationship, identifies and corrects errors, and gains experience [107]. Thus, “gain experience” is defined as a criterion for the organizational learning aspect. | [107] | |
Promote the learning process (c53) | The effectiveness of the organizational learning process depends on the levels of learning and knowledge transformation, retention, and creation within the organization. The key factor of organizational learning is how to leverage and motivate the learning process and practice at broader levels in the organization. Thus, a process for fostering the active interpersonal learning practices at the broader organizational level is critical [108]. | [108] | |
Cultivation of talent (c54) | According to [109], human-resource management is a determining factor in organizational learning. Especially, strategic training positively influences organizational learning. Therefore, the cultivation of talent is defined as a criterion for evaluating the most suitable strategy from the aspect of organization learning. | [109] |
Education | Industry | Title | Experiences |
---|---|---|---|
1. Ph.D. | IVD | President | 25 |
2. Ph.D. | Pharmaceutical | President | 30 |
3. Ph.D. | Diagnostic Medical Devices | Executive Vice President | 25 |
4. Master | IVD | Vice President | 23 |
5. Master | IVD | Director | 19 |
6. Master | IVD | Director | 17 |
7. Master | Biotech Services | Director | 18 |
8. Ph.D. | Pharmaceutical | Director | 22 |
9. Bachelor | Biotech Services | Manager | 21 |
NO. | TC | RB | SB | RD | OL | Strategies | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
c11 | c12 | c13 | c14 | c21 | c22 | c23 | c24 | c31 | c32 | c33 | c34 | c41 | c42 | c43 | c51 | c52 | c53 | c54 | JV | TPLC | TPSC | JRD | |
1 | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
2 | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | D | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
3 | D | A | D | A | D | A | A | A | A | A | D | A | A | A | A | A | D | A | A | A | A | A | A |
4 | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | D | A | A | A | D | A | A | A | A | A |
5 | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
6 | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
7 | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | D | A | A | A | A |
8 | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
9 | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Agree | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Disagree | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Agree% | 89% | 100% | 89% | 100% | 89% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 78% | 100% | 100% | 89% | 100% | 100% | 89% | 89% | 89% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Disagree % | 11% | 0% | 11% | 0% | 11% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 22% | 0% | 0% | 11% | 0% | 0% | 11% | 11% | 11% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
5.000 | 3.778 | 3.222 | 3.778 | 3.861 | 3.861 | 3.861 | 3.861 | 3.639 | 3.639 | 3.639 | 3.639 | 3.861 | 3.861 | 3.861 | 3.417 | 3.417 | 3.417 | 3.417 |
3.222 | 5.000 | 3.111 | 3.556 | 3.750 | 3.750 | 3.750 | 3.750 | 3.528 | 3.528 | 3.528 | 3.528 | 3.750 | 3.750 | 3.750 | 3.306 | 3.306 | 3.306 | 3.306 |
3.333 | 3.667 | 5.000 | 3.889 | 3.875 | 3.875 | 3.875 | 3.875 | 3.653 | 3.653 | 3.653 | 3.653 | 3.875 | 3.875 | 3.875 | 3.431 | 3.431 | 3.431 | 3.431 |
3.444 | 3.667 | 3.444 | 5.000 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.611 | 3.611 | 3.611 | 3.611 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.389 | 3.389 | 3.389 | 3.389 |
4.111 | 4.111 | 4.111 | 4.111 | 5.000 | 4.333 | 4.667 | 4.222 | 4.111 | 4.111 | 4.111 | 4.111 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 3.944 | 3.944 | 3.944 | 3.944 |
3.958 | 3.958 | 3.958 | 3.958 | 4.111 | 5.000 | 4.000 | 3.889 | 3.958 | 3.958 | 3.958 | 3.958 | 3.847 | 3.847 | 3.847 | 3.792 | 3.792 | 3.792 | 3.792 |
3.972 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 4.000 | 4.444 | 5.000 | 3.667 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 3.861 | 3.861 | 3.861 | 3.806 | 3.806 | 3.806 | 3.806 |
3.875 | 3.875 | 3.875 | 3.875 | 3.444 | 4.111 | 3.778 | 5.000 | 3.875 | 3.875 | 3.875 | 3.875 | 3.764 | 3.764 | 3.764 | 3.708 | 3.708 | 3.708 | 3.708 |
3.639 | 3.639 | 3.639 | 3.639 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 5.000 | 4.111 | 3.778 | 3.778 | 3.750 | 3.750 | 3.750 | 3.417 | 3.417 | 3.417 | 3.417 |
3.667 | 3.667 | 3.667 | 3.667 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 3.889 | 5.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 3.778 | 3.778 | 3.778 | 3.444 | 3.444 | 3.444 | 3.444 |
3.569 | 3.569 | 3.569 | 3.569 | 3.903 | 3.903 | 3.903 | 3.903 | 3.000 | 4.000 | 5.000 | 4.111 | 3.681 | 3.681 | 3.681 | 3.347 | 3.347 | 3.347 | 3.347 |
3.639 | 3.639 | 3.639 | 3.639 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 3.972 | 3.444 | 4.222 | 4.000 | 5.000 | 3.750 | 3.750 | 3.750 | 3.417 | 3.417 | 3.417 | 3.417 |
3.537 | 3.537 | 3.537 | 3.537 | 3.537 | 3.537 | 3.537 | 3.537 | 3.648 | 3.648 | 3.648 | 3.648 | 5.000 | 3.222 | 3.667 | 3.148 | 3.148 | 3.148 | 3.148 |
3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.704 | 3.704 | 3.704 | 3.704 | 3.333 | 5.000 | 3.889 | 3.204 | 3.204 | 3.204 | 3.204 |
3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.593 | 3.704 | 3.704 | 3.704 | 3.704 | 3.444 | 3.778 | 5.000 | 3.204 | 3.204 | 3.204 | 3.204 |
3.403 | 3.403 | 3.403 | 3.403 | 3.903 | 3.903 | 3.903 | 3.903 | 3.347 | 3.347 | 3.347 | 3.347 | 3.514 | 3.514 | 3.514 | 5.000 | 4.333 | 3.778 | 4.333 |
2.944 | 2.944 | 2.944 | 2.944 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.278 | 3.278 | 3.278 | 3.278 | 3.444 | 3.444 | 3.444 | 3.889 | 5.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 |
2.979 | 2.979 | 2.979 | 2.979 | 3.903 | 3.903 | 3.903 | 3.903 | 3.347 | 3.347 | 3.347 | 3.347 | 3.514 | 3.514 | 3.514 | 4.111 | 3.889 | 5.000 | 4.444 |
2.944 | 2.944 | 2.944 | 2.944 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.833 | 3.278 | 3.278 | 3.278 | 3.278 | 3.444 | 3.444 | 3.444 | 4.111 | 3.556 | 4.222 | 5.000 |
0.484 | 0.475 | 0.459 | 0.475 | 0.502 | 0.511 | 0.508 | 0.503 | 0.475 | 0.488 | 0.484 | 0.485 | 0.487 | 0.488 | 0.492 | 0.466 | 0.464 | 0.466 | 0.470 |
0.445 | 0.475 | 0.442 | 0.457 | 0.484 | 0.492 | 0.490 | 0.485 | 0.458 | 0.470 | 0.467 | 0.468 | 0.469 | 0.471 | 0.474 | 0.449 | 0.447 | 0.449 | 0.453 |
0.464 | 0.475 | 0.484 | 0.479 | 0.504 | 0.513 | 0.510 | 0.506 | 0.478 | 0.490 | 0.487 | 0.487 | 0.489 | 0.491 | 0.494 | 0.468 | 0.466 | 0.468 | 0.472 |
0.460 | 0.469 | 0.458 | 0.487 | 0.498 | 0.506 | 0.503 | 0.499 | 0.471 | 0.483 | 0.480 | 0.481 | 0.483 | 0.484 | 0.487 | 0.462 | 0.460 | 0.461 | 0.466 |
0.519 | 0.527 | 0.518 | 0.527 | 0.568 | 0.569 | 0.570 | 0.559 | 0.530 | 0.544 | 0.540 | 0.540 | 0.538 | 0.539 | 0.543 | 0.521 | 0.518 | 0.520 | 0.525 |
0.496 | 0.503 | 0.495 | 0.504 | 0.533 | 0.554 | 0.538 | 0.532 | 0.506 | 0.519 | 0.516 | 0.516 | 0.514 | 0.515 | 0.519 | 0.497 | 0.495 | 0.497 | 0.502 |
0.498 | 0.505 | 0.497 | 0.506 | 0.534 | 0.549 | 0.553 | 0.531 | 0.508 | 0.522 | 0.518 | 0.519 | 0.516 | 0.518 | 0.521 | 0.499 | 0.497 | 0.499 | 0.504 |
0.483 | 0.490 | 0.482 | 0.491 | 0.512 | 0.529 | 0.522 | 0.533 | 0.493 | 0.506 | 0.502 | 0.503 | 0.500 | 0.502 | 0.506 | 0.484 | 0.482 | 0.484 | 0.489 |
0.472 | 0.479 | 0.471 | 0.480 | 0.510 | 0.519 | 0.516 | 0.512 | 0.499 | 0.501 | 0.493 | 0.494 | 0.492 | 0.494 | 0.497 | 0.473 | 0.471 | 0.472 | 0.477 |
0.477 | 0.483 | 0.475 | 0.484 | 0.515 | 0.524 | 0.521 | 0.516 | 0.489 | 0.516 | 0.500 | 0.501 | 0.496 | 0.498 | 0.501 | 0.477 | 0.475 | 0.476 | 0.481 |
0.462 | 0.469 | 0.461 | 0.469 | 0.499 | 0.508 | 0.505 | 0.500 | 0.464 | 0.489 | 0.499 | 0.488 | 0.481 | 0.483 | 0.486 | 0.462 | 0.460 | 0.461 | 0.466 |
0.472 | 0.479 | 0.471 | 0.480 | 0.510 | 0.519 | 0.516 | 0.512 | 0.479 | 0.502 | 0.496 | 0.509 | 0.492 | 0.494 | 0.497 | 0.473 | 0.471 | 0.472 | 0.477 |
0.443 | 0.449 | 0.441 | 0.450 | 0.474 | 0.482 | 0.480 | 0.475 | 0.453 | 0.465 | 0.462 | 0.462 | 0.479 | 0.457 | 0.466 | 0.441 | 0.439 | 0.440 | 0.444 |
0.451 | 0.457 | 0.450 | 0.458 | 0.483 | 0.491 | 0.488 | 0.484 | 0.461 | 0.473 | 0.470 | 0.471 | 0.465 | 0.488 | 0.477 | 0.449 | 0.447 | 0.448 | 0.452 |
0.451 | 0.457 | 0.449 | 0.458 | 0.483 | 0.491 | 0.488 | 0.484 | 0.461 | 0.473 | 0.470 | 0.471 | 0.466 | 0.472 | 0.491 | 0.449 | 0.447 | 0.448 | 0.452 |
0.460 | 0.466 | 0.459 | 0.467 | 0.500 | 0.508 | 0.505 | 0.501 | 0.469 | 0.481 | 0.477 | 0.478 | 0.479 | 0.481 | 0.484 | 0.484 | 0.474 | 0.468 | 0.480 |
0.435 | 0.442 | 0.434 | 0.442 | 0.478 | 0.487 | 0.484 | 0.480 | 0.449 | 0.460 | 0.457 | 0.458 | 0.459 | 0.460 | 0.464 | 0.451 | 0.463 | 0.452 | 0.456 |
0.444 | 0.451 | 0.443 | 0.451 | 0.489 | 0.497 | 0.494 | 0.490 | 0.458 | 0.470 | 0.467 | 0.468 | 0.469 | 0.470 | 0.474 | 0.463 | 0.458 | 0.473 | 0.471 |
0.435 | 0.442 | 0.434 | 0.442 | 0.479 | 0.487 | 0.484 | 0.480 | 0.449 | 0.460 | 0.457 | 0.458 | 0.459 | 0.460 | 0.464 | 0.454 | 0.445 | 0.455 | 0.469 |
Dimensions/ Criteria | r | c | r + c | r − c | Weight | Rank of Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimensions | ||||||
TC | 13.981 | 12.841 | 26.823 | 1.140 | 0.196 | 4 |
RB | 14.216 | 14.180 | 28.396 | 0.036 | 0.216 | 1 |
SB | 13.287 | 13.125 | 26.412 | 0.163 | 0.200 | 3 |
RD | 12.466 | 13.529 | 25.995 | −1.064 | 0.206 | 2 |
OL | 11.571 | 11.846 | 23.416 | −0.275 | 0.181 | 5 |
Criteria | ||||||
c11 | 42.180 | 39.925 | 82.104 | 2.255 | 0.0486 | 14 |
c12 | 39.570 | 43.187 | 82.757 | (3.617) | 0.0494 | 12 |
c13 | 42.535 | 39.260 | 81.795 | 3.276 | 0.0484 | 15 |
c14 | 41.551 | 43.464 | 85.015 | (1.914) | 0.0494 | 11 |
c21 | 17.206 | 15.578 | 32.785 | 1.628 | 0.0536 | 7 |
c22 | 16.016 | 16.882 | 32.898 | (0.867) | 0.0547 | 4 |
c23 | 16.127 | 16.429 | 32.556 | (0.302) | 0.0543 | 5 |
c24 | 15.305 | 15.765 | 31.070 | (0.460) | 0.0538 | 6 |
c31 | 54.724 | 49.944 | 104.668 | 4.781 | 0.0492 | 13 |
c32 | 55.470 | 57.007 | 112.477 | (1.537) | 0.0506 | 8 |
c33 | 52.742 | 55.147 | 107.890 | (2.405) | 0.0502 | 10 |
c34 | 54.701 | 55.540 | 110.242 | (0.839) | 0.0503 | 9 |
c41 | 110.172 | 109.000 | 219.172 | 1.172 | 0.0684 | 3 |
c42 | 113.796 | 111.573 | 225.370 | 2.223 | 0.0686 | 2 |
c43 | 113.760 | 117.155 | 230.915 | (3.395) | 0.0692 | 1 |
c51 | 32.825 | 31.720 | 64.545 | 1.105 | 0.0452 | 17 |
c52 | 30.932 | 30.511 | 61.443 | 0.421 | 0.0450 | 19 |
c53 | 32.096 | 31.738 | 63.834 | 0.359 | 0.0451 | 18 |
c54 | 31.357 | 33.242 | 64.600 | (1.885) | 0.0456 | 16 |
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Huang, C.-Y.; Tung, I.-L. Strategies for Heterogeneous R&D Alliances of In Vitro Diagnostics Firms in Rapidly Catching-Up Economies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3688. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17103688
Huang C-Y, Tung I-L. Strategies for Heterogeneous R&D Alliances of In Vitro Diagnostics Firms in Rapidly Catching-Up Economies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(10):3688. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17103688
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Chi-Yo, and I-Ling Tung. 2020. "Strategies for Heterogeneous R&D Alliances of In Vitro Diagnostics Firms in Rapidly Catching-Up Economies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3688. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17103688