Effects of Cognitive/Exercise Dual-Task Program on the Cognitive Function, Health Status, Depression, and Life Satisfaction of the Elderly Living in the Community
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Experimental Intervention
2.3. Measures
2.4. Procedures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Participants and Homogeneity
3.2. Homogeneity in Study Variables before the Experimental Intervention
3.3. Effects of Cognitive/Exercise Dual-Task Program
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage | Composition | Time |
---|---|---|
Demonstration of dual-task training | ||
Warm-up exercise | Stretching, walking in place | 5 min |
-Sit on a chair, and stretch neck, shoulders, flanks, and legs. -Sit on a chair, move arms back and forth, and move legs to walk in place. | ||
Main training | Basic step: Fumanet exercise, dual-task training (weeks 1–5) | 30 min |
-Perform fumanet basic steps 1, 2, and 3 once, one by one. -All of the elderly are requested to perform fumanet basic steps 1, 2, and 3, one by one, and guess the answer for the photo cards on the box in the 4th and 8th spaces of the net within 5 s. (It does not matter if they cannot answer it.) | ||
Task step: Fumanet exercise, dual-task training (weeks 6–10) | 30 min | |
-Perform fumanet task steps 4 and 5 once, one by one. -All of the elderly are requested to perform fumanet task steps 4 and 5, one by one, and guess the answer for the photo cards on the box in the 4th and 8th spaces of the net within 5 s. (It does not matter if they cannot answer it.) | ||
Finishing exercise | Stretching, shaking legs | 5 min |
-Sit on a chair, and stretch neck, shoulders, flanks, and legs. -Sit on a chair and shake legs and ankles to release tense muscles and joints. | ||
Communication time | Sharing opinions | 10 min |
-The elderly are requested to say their opinions while looking at the photo cards used during the main training. |
Characteristics | Intervention Group (N = 32) n (%) | Control Group (N = 33) n (%) | t/χ2 (p) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 12 (37.5) | 13 (39.4) | 0.025 (0.875) |
Female | 20 (62.5) | 20 (60.6) | |
Age (year) | |||
65~69 | 9 (28.1) | 9 (27.3) | 0.187 (0.980) |
70~74 | 9 (28.1) | 8 (24.2) | |
75~79 | 9 (28.1) | 10 (30.3) | |
80≤ | 5 (15.7) | 6 (18.2) | |
Mean ± SD | 73.66 ± 5.92 | 73.91 ± 6.09 | −0.170 (0.866) |
Mean ± SD | 73.78 ± 5.96 | ||
Education | |||
None | 8 (25.0) | 10 (30.3) | 2.078 (0.556) |
Elementary school | 5 (15.6) | 6 (18.2) | |
Middle school | 14 (43.8) | 9 (27.3) | |
High school | 5 (15.6) | 8 (24.2) | |
Marital status | |||
Married | 18 (56.2) | 19 (57.6) | 0.012 (0.914) |
Bereavement | 14 (43.8) | 14 (42.4) | |
Living with | |||
Alone | 13 (40.6) | 14 (42.4) | 0.139 † (0.987) |
Spouse | 8 (25.0) | 9 (27.3) | |
Spouse, child(ren) | 9 (28.1) | 8 (24.2) | |
Child(ren) | 2 (6.3) | 2 (6.1) | |
Religion | |||
Protestant | 14 (43.8) | 18 (54.5) | 1.303 † (0.138) |
Catholic | 11 (34.4) | 11 (33.3) | |
Buddhist | 7 (21.8) | 4 (12.2) | |
Chronic disease | |||
(frequency) | |||
1 | 14 (43.8) | 17 (51.5) | 0.497 † (0.919) |
2 | 6 (18.8) | 6 (18.2) | |
3 | 10 (31.3) | 8 (24.2) | |
4 | 2 (6.3) | 2 (6.1) | |
Drinking | |||
Yes | 32 (100.0) | 33 (100.0) | 0.000 (1.000) |
No | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Smoking | |||
Yes | 13 (40.6) | 16 (48.5) | 0.406 (0.524) |
No | 19 (59.4) | 17 (51.5) | |
Exercise | |||
Regular | 12 (37.5) | 15 (45.5) | 0.423 (0.515) |
Sometimes | 20 (62.5) | 18 (54.5) | |
Participation in dementia | |||
prevention program | |||
Yes | 11 (34.4) | 9 (27.3) | 0.385 (0.535) |
No | 21 (65.6) | 24 (72.7) |
Variables | Intervention Group (N = 32) Mean ± SD | Control Group (N = 33) Mean ± SD | t (p) |
---|---|---|---|
Cognitive function | 21.50 ± 2.10 | 21.39 ± 1.89 | 0.215 (0.831) |
Health state | 62.78 ± 5.63 | 62.36 ± 5.82 | 0.294 (0.770) |
Depression | 10.34 ± 2.49 | 10.97 ± 5.23 | −0.613 (0.542) |
Life satisfaction | 44.31 ± 5.35 | 44.27 ± 5.37 | 0.030 (0.976) |
Variables | Intervention Group (N = 32) | Control Group (N = 33) | t p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre Mean ± SD | Post Mean ± SD | Difference Mean ± SD | Pre Mean ± SD | Post Mean ± SD | Difference Mean ± SD | ||
Cognitive function | 21.50 ± 2.10 | 26.28 ± 3.40 | 4.78 ± 3.07 | 21.39 ± 1.89 | 21.12 ± 1.95 | −0.27 ± 2.45 | 7.349 <0.001 * |
Health status | 62.78 ± 5.63 | 86.91 ± 4.42 | 24.13 ± 3.63 | 62.36 ± 5.82 | 62.52 ± 5.75 | 0.16 ± 2.45 | 16.405 <0.001 * |
Depression | 10.34 ± 2.49 | 3.50 ± 3.48 | −6.84 ± 4.02 | 10.97 ± 5.23 | 9.91 ± 5.16 | −1.06 ± 2.29 | −4.400 <0.001 * |
Life satisfaction | 44.31 ± 5.35 | 52.09 ± 3.65 | 7.78 ± 5.29 | 44.27 ± 5.37 | 44.64 ± 5.27 | 0.37 ± 1.74 | 5.411 <0.001 * |
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Sok, S.; Shin, E.; Kim, S.; Kim, M. Effects of Cognitive/Exercise Dual-Task Program on the Cognitive Function, Health Status, Depression, and Life Satisfaction of the Elderly Living in the Community. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7848. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18157848
Sok S, Shin E, Kim S, Kim M. Effects of Cognitive/Exercise Dual-Task Program on the Cognitive Function, Health Status, Depression, and Life Satisfaction of the Elderly Living in the Community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):7848. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18157848
Chicago/Turabian StyleSok, Sohyune, Eunyoung Shin, Seyoon Kim, and Myeongshin Kim. 2021. "Effects of Cognitive/Exercise Dual-Task Program on the Cognitive Function, Health Status, Depression, and Life Satisfaction of the Elderly Living in the Community" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7848. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18157848