Social Determinants of Diabetes-Related Preventable Hospitalization in Taiwan: A Spatial Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Measurement
2.3. Geographical Incidence Estimation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Minimum | Maximum | Mean (SD) | Coefficient 1,2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | ||||
DRPH rate (per 1000 person-years), 2010–2016 3 | 0 | 104.20 | 33.05 (14.81) | |
Environment Factors | ||||
Area deprivation Index, 2010 | −2.56 | 2.72 | 0.00 (1.00) | 4.42 *** |
DHPC density (per km2), 2010–2016 5 | 0 | 0.30 | 0.01(0.02) | −99.37 ** |
DHPH density (per km2), 2010–2016 6 | 0 | 1.62 | 0.02 (0.10) | −3.18 |
ESS density, 2010–2016 4 | 0.01 | 5.78 | 0.66 (1.07) | −2.97 *** |
Demographic and Health characteristics | ||||
Percent population aged ≥ 65, 2010–2016 | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.14 (0.04) | 51.67 ** |
aDCSI score, 2010–2016 7 | 0.66 | 1.84 | 1.14 (0.19) | 30.59 *** |
Diabetes prevalence (per 1000), 2010–2016 | 2.61 | 79.02 | 29.72 (7.66) | −0.09 |
Variable | Parameter Estimate | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Area deprivation, 2010 | 2.96 | 0.94 | 0.002 |
DHPC density, 2010–2016 | −66.36 | 30.12 | 0.029 |
DHPH density, 2010–2016 | 13.00 | 8.28 | 0.117 |
ESS density, 2010–2016 | −1.85 | 0.83 | 0.027 |
Percent population aged ≥ 65, 2010–2016 | −18.34 | 20.43 | 0.370 |
aDCSI score, 2010–2016 | 26.98 | 3.96 | <0.001 |
Diabetes prevalence (per 1000), 2010–2016 | −0.12 | 0.09 | 0.207 |
AICc 1 | 2822.05 | ||
Adjusted R2 | 21.38% |
Variable | Coefficient (β) | Percentage of Township by 95% of t-Statistic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Median | Max | Mean (SD) | t ≤ 1.96 | −1.96 < t < 1.96 | t ≥ 1.96 | |
Area deprivation | 0.22 | 2.48 | 5.75 | 2.88 (1.28) | 0% | 74.40% | 25.60% |
DHPC density, 2010–2016 | −494.18 | −62.70 | −27.61 | −127.22 (100.25) | 40.30% | 59.70% | 0% |
DHPH density, 2010–2016 | −83.51 | 15.52 | 20.48 | 8.53 (12.94) | 1.40% | 98.60% | 0% |
ESS density, 2010–2016 | −4.58 | −1.77 | 6.29 | −2.15 (1.25) | 28.40% | 71.60% | 0% |
Percent population aged ≥ 65, | −91.03 | −14.81 | 53.73 | −19.45 (37.20) | 7.10% | 92.90% | 0% |
2010–2016 | |||||||
aDCSI score, 2010–2016 | 9.22 | 28.36 | 44.1 | 27.24 (10.28) | 0% | 16.80% | 83.20% |
Diabetes prevalence (per 1000), | −0.71 | −0.19 | 0.06 | −0.23 (0.23) | 23.60% | 76.40% | 0% |
2010–2016 | |||||||
AICc | 2807.02 | ||||||
Adjusted R2 | 28.37% |
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Li, C.-Y.; Chuang, Y.-C.; Chen, P.-C.; Chen, M.S.; Lee, M.-C.; Ku, L.-J.E.; Lee, C.B. Social Determinants of Diabetes-Related Preventable Hospitalization in Taiwan: A Spatial Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2146. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18042146
Li C-Y, Chuang Y-C, Chen P-C, Chen MS, Lee M-C, Ku L-JE, Lee CB. Social Determinants of Diabetes-Related Preventable Hospitalization in Taiwan: A Spatial Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):2146. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18042146
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Chung-Yi, Yung-Chung Chuang, Pei-Chun Chen, Michael S. Chen, Miaw-Chwen Lee, Li-Jung Elizabeth Ku, and Chiachi Bonnie Lee. 2021. "Social Determinants of Diabetes-Related Preventable Hospitalization in Taiwan: A Spatial Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 2146. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18042146