Homeownership, Depression, and Life Satisfaction in China: The Gender and Urban-Rural Disparities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Gender Differences in Psychological Well-Being: How Are They Related to Assets in the Form of Homeownership?
2.2. Homeownership and Psychological Well-Being in China
3. Methods
3.1. Data
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Outcomes of Interest: Psychological Well-Being
3.2.2. Predictor Variables: Homeownership
3.2.3. Moderators: Gender and Residential Location
3.2.4. Control Variables
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
4.2. Multivariate Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Observations | Mean (SD) | % | Min | Max | Gender | Region | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n = 15,764) | Men (n = 15,604) | Rural (n = 15,947) | Urban (n = 15,217) | ||||||
Depression | 31,368 | 6.41 (5.589) | 0 | 51 | 6.972 (5.863) | 5.843 (5.249) | 6.865 (5.840) | 5.937 (5.287) | |
Life Satisfaction | 31,368 | 3.62 (1.077) | 1 | 5 | 3.668 (1.075) | 3.567 (1.076) | 3.608 (1.096) | 3.630 (1.054) | |
Homeownership (current + any other residence) | 30,171 | 0.89 (0.314) | 0 | 1 | |||||
Yes | 26,693 | 88.9 | 50.3% | 49.7% | 53.4% | 46.6% | |||
No | 3478 | 11.1 | 50.1% | 40.9% | 32.8% | 67.2% | |||
Homeownership (current residence) | 31,368 | 0.85 (0.357) | |||||||
Yes | 26,681 | 85.1 | 50.4% | 49.7% | 54.6% | 45.5% | |||
No | 4687 | 14.9 | 49.7% | 50.3% | 31.8% | 68.2% | |||
Age | 31,368 | 45.80 (16.919) | 16 | 98 | 45.66 (16.951) | 45.95 (16.889) | 46.46 (16.817) | 45.23 (17.010) | |
Family Income (log) | 31,368 | 10.78 (1.016) | 1.79 | 16.25 | 10.78 (1.027) | 10.79 (1.006) | 10.52 (0.100) | 11.05 (0.959) | |
Education | 31,368 | 1.90 (1.017) | 1 | 5 | |||||
None/Elementary | 14,474 | 46.1 | 55.9% | 44.1% | 64.4% | 35.6% | |||
Junior High | 9029 | 28.8 | 44.9% | 55.1% | 48.3% | 51.7% | |||
High School | 4581 | 14.6 | 44.9% | 55.1% | 36.2% | 63.8% | |||
College | 3171 | 10.1 | 47.9% | 52.1% | 22.2% | 77.8% | |||
Postgraduate | 113 | 0.4 | 38.9% | 61.1% | 10.7% | 89.3% | |||
Employment | 31,368 | 0.71 (0.455) | 0 | 1 | |||||
Yes | 22,201 | 70.8 | 45.1% | 54.9% | 55.4% | 44.7% | |||
No | 9167 | 29.2 | 62.7% | 37.3% | 41.1% | 58.9% | |||
Household Registration (registered hukou) | 31,368 | 0.26 (0.441) | 0 | 1 | |||||
Agricultural hukou | 23,097 | 73.6 | 50.6% | 49.4% | 64.7% | 13.5% | |||
Urban hukou | 8271 | 26.4 | 49.2% | 50.8% | 35.3% | 86.5% | |||
Marital Status | 31,368 | 0.79 (0.410) | 0 | 1 | |||||
Married | 24,682 | 78.7 | 50.5% | 49.5% | 51.8% | 48.2% | |||
Not Married | 6686 | 21.3 | 49.5% | 50.5% | 48.7% | 51.3% | |||
Party Membership | 31,368 | 0.08 (0.278) | 0 | 1 | |||||
Yes | 2649 | 8.4 | 27.5% | 72.5% | 37.1% | 62.9% | |||
No | 28,719 | 91.6 | 52.4% | 47.6% | 52.5% | 47.5% |
Women | Men | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | |||||||
Homeownership | −0.018 | −0.002 | −0.021 | −0.518 * | −0.462 * | −0.491 * | ||||
(0.237) | (0.226) | (0.230) | (0.229) | (0.223) | (0.225) | |||||
Homeownership (current residence) | 0.083 | 0.072 | −0.623 * | −0.311 | ||||||
(0.276) | (0.261) | (0.315) | (0.238) | |||||||
Age | 0.039 *** | 0.043 *** | 0.045 *** | 0.043 *** | 0.019 *** | 0.023 *** | 0.045 *** | 0.010 | ||
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |||
Family Income (log) | −0.722 *** | −0.680 *** | −0.662 *** | −0.676 *** | −0.608 *** | −0.552 *** | −0.605 *** | −0.469 *** | ||
(0.077) | (0.080) | (0.101) | (0.119) | (0.080) | (0.083) | (0.115) | (0.116) | |||
Education | −0.414 *** | −0.373 *** | −0.546 *** | −0.299 ** | −0.274 *** | −0.229 *** | −0.457 *** | −0.177 + | ||
(0.083) | (0.083) | (0.116) | (0.114) | (0.068) | (0.068) | (0.095) | (0.092) | |||
Employment | 0.040 | 0.066 | −0.518 * | 0.337 | 0.258 | 0.257 | −0.491 + | 0.362 | ||
(0.156) | (0.157) | (0.215) | (0.222) | (0.171) | (0.171) | (0.267) | (0.225) | |||
Household Registration | −0.628 ** | −0.562 ** | 0.195 | −0.509 * | −0.311 + | −0.317 + | 0.238 | −0.361 + | ||
(0.195) | (0.202) | (0.351) | (0.258) | (0.161) | (0.170) | (0.306) | (0.217) | |||
Marital Status | −0.709 *** | −0.701 *** | −0.562 * | −0.815 ** | −0.873 *** | −0.899 *** | −1.529 *** | −0.397 | ||
(0.215) | (0.211) | (0.261) | (0.289) | (0.217) | (0.214) | (0.273) | (0.307) | |||
Party Membership | −0.205 | −0.263 | −0.464 | −0.305 | −0.860 *** | −0.936 *** | −0.709 ** | −0.954 *** | ||
(0.303) | (0.305) | (0.426) | (0.373) | (0.187) | (0.188) | (0.238) | (0.244) | |||
Province FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | ||||
R2 | 0.000 | 0.052 | 0.064 | 0.072 | 0.053 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 0.058 | 0.075 | 0.041 |
n | 14,422 | 14,422 | 14,422 | 7290 | 7057 | 14,718 | 14,718 | 14,718 | 7615 | 6994 |
Women | Men | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | |||||||
Homeownership | 0.169 * | 0.137 + | 0.119 | 0.177 * | 0.172 * | 0.139 * | ||||
(0.072) | (0.073) | (0.075) | (0.072) | (0.070) | (0.071) | |||||
Homeownership (current residence) | −0.040 | 0.133 | 0.141 | 0.102 | ||||||
(0.094) | (0.082) | (0.100) | (0.082) | |||||||
Age | 0.011 *** | 0.011 *** | 0.013 *** | 0.011 *** | 0.016 *** | 0.016 *** | 0.015 *** | 0.016 *** | ||
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |||
Family Income (log) | 0.149 *** | 0.165 *** | 0.138 *** | 0.198 *** | 0.160 *** | 0.176 *** | 0.131 *** | 0.216 *** | ||
(0.024) | (0.026) | (0.030) | (0.040) | (0.024) | (0.025) | (0.034) | (0.037) | |||
Education | −0.075 ** | −0.090 *** | 0.020 | −0.141 *** | −0.055 * | −0.068 ** | −0.001 | −0.107 ** | ||
(0.025) | (0.026) | (0.038) | (0.035) | (0.025) | (0.026) | (0.033) | (0.036) | |||
Employment | −0.282 *** | −0.292 *** | −0.346 *** | −0.265 *** | −0.287 *** | −0.298 *** | −0.290 *** | −0.280 *** | ||
(0.046) | (0.047) | (0.063) | (0.067) | (0.057) | (0.057) | (0.084) | (0.076) | |||
Household Registration | −0.129 * | −0.075 | −0.252 * | −0.032 | −0.128 * | −0.090 | 0.047 | −0.150 * | ||
(0.055) | (0.057) | (0.120) | (0.073) | (0.056) | (0.059) | (0.110) | (0.076) | |||
Marital Status | −0.188 ** | −0.204 *** | −0.075 | −0.252 ** | −0.304 *** | −0.315 *** | −0.107 | −0.436 *** | ||
(0.058) | (0.058) | (0.078) | (0.080) | (0.063) | (0.065) | (0.086) | (0.095) | |||
Party Membership | 0.256 ** | 0.246 * | 0.359 * | 0.224 + | 0.287 *** | 0.286 *** | 0.183 * | 0.363 *** | ||
(0.096) | (0.096) | (0.147) | (0.122) | (0.064) | (0.066) | (0.085) | (0.088) | |||
Province FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | ||||
Pseudo R2 | 0.0005 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.018 |
n | 14,422 | 14,422 | 14,422 | 7290 | 7057 | 14,718 | 14,718 | 14,718 | 7615 | 6994 |
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Seo, B.K.; Hwang, I.H.; Sun, Y.; Chen, J. Homeownership, Depression, and Life Satisfaction in China: The Gender and Urban-Rural Disparities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14833. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192214833
Seo BK, Hwang IH, Sun Y, Chen J. Homeownership, Depression, and Life Satisfaction in China: The Gender and Urban-Rural Disparities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14833. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192214833
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeo, Bo Kyong, In Hyee Hwang, Yi Sun, and Juan Chen. 2022. "Homeownership, Depression, and Life Satisfaction in China: The Gender and Urban-Rural Disparities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14833. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192214833