The Influence of the Pressure-Thermal Agglomeration Methods of Corn Bran on Their Selected Physicochemical Properties and Biogas Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Processing Efficiency
2.2. Energy Consumption during Corn Bran Pretreatment
2.3. Testing the Water Absorption Index (WAI)
2.4. Study of the Degree of Water Solubility Index (WSI)
2.5. Study of the Bulk Density of Processed Corn Bran
2.6. Test of the Durability of Pretreated Corn Bran
2.7. Methane Fermentation of the Processed Raw Materials
2.8. The Energy Potential of the Substrate
2.9. Infrared Spectra Measurements
2.10. Microscopic Structure
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results of Processing Efficiency
3.2. Results of the Energy Consumption during the Corn Bran Processing
3.3. Results of the Water Absorption Index (WAI)
3.4. Results of the Water Solubility Index (WSI)
3.5. Results of the Bulk Density of Processed Corn Bran
3.6. Results of the Durability Measurements of Processed Corn Bran
3.7. Corn Bran Biogas Yield Results
3.8. Results of the Energy Potential of Pretreated Substrates
3.9. Analysis and Characterization of Samples Using FTIR Spectroscopy
3.10. Microscopic Analysis of the Processed Materials
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MC (%) | Q (kg h−1) | SME (kWh kg−1) | WAI (g g−1) | WSI (%) | ρu (kg m−3) | D (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 | 68.18 | 0.0084 | 2.24 | 5.16 | 504.0 | 99.30 |
25 | 75.00 | 0.0090 | 2.34 | 2.94 | 486.0 | 99.41 |
30 | 73.17 | 0.0096 | 2.26 | 8.44 | 452.2 | 99.54 |
35 | 78.95 | 0.0073 | 2.41 | 9.78 | 439.4 | 99.83 |
Parameter | Quadratic RSM Model |
---|---|
Q | 55.4333 − 1.9937∗x − 0.3356∗y + 0.014∗x2 + 0.0223∗x∗y − 0.0003∗y2 |
SME | −0.923 + 0.0037∗x + 0.0061∗y + 4.6667E − 5∗x2 − 0.0001∗x∗y − 1.25E − 6∗y2 |
WAI | 1.1037 + 0.1753∗x + 0.008∗y − 0.0041∗x2 − 0.0003∗x∗y + 5.9375E − 5∗y2 |
WSI | −19.9876 − 0.0244∗x + 0.5411∗y + 0.0093∗x2 − 0.0049∗x∗y − 0.0019∗y2 |
ρu | 10.3829 + 56.4577∗x − 5.2228∗y − 1.3167∗x2 + 0.2171∗x∗y − 0.0067∗y2 |
D | 97.7836 + 0.1337∗x − 0.0149∗y − 0.003∗x2 + 0.001∗x∗y − 0.0002∗y2 |
Depandent Variable | Independent Variable | Sum of Square Effect | df Effect | Mean Square Effect | F-Test | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q | x | 763.43 | 3 | 254.48 | 3816.10 | 0.00 |
y | 481.52 | 2 | 240.76 | 3610.40 | 0.00 | |
x∗y | 495.92 | 6 | 82.65 | 1239.40 | 0.00 | |
SME | x | 0.0454 | 3 | 0.0151 | 10193.70 | 0.00 |
y | 0.0402 | 2 | 0.0201 | 13538.30 | 0.00 | |
x∗y | 0.0119 | 6 | 0.0019 | 1333.40 | 0.00 | |
WAI | x | 6.8794 | 3 | 2.2931 | 136.65 | 0.0000 |
y | 1.0144 | 2 | 0.5072 | 30.22 | 0.0000 | |
x∗y | 1.7105 | 6 | 0.2851 | 16.99 | 0.0000 | |
WSI | x | 4.497 | 3 | 1.499 | 1.79 | 0.1752 |
y | 36.009 | 2 | 18.004 | 21.54 | 0.000004 | |
x∗y | 26.906 | 6 | 4.484 | 5.36 | 0.0012 | |
ρu | x | 0.0941 | 3 | 0.0314 | 674.30 | 0.0000 |
y | 0.0033 | 2 | 0.0017 | 35.90 | 0.0000 | |
x∗y | 0.0474 | 6 | 0.0079 | 169.80 | 0.0000 | |
D | x | 4.90 | 3 | 1.60 | 77.00 | 0.0000 |
y | 4.00 | 2 | 2.00 | 94.00 | 0.0000 | |
x∗y | 3.00 | 6 | 0.50 | 24.00 | 0.0000 |
Sample | Methane Content (%) | Cumulative Production in m3 per Mg of Fresh Mass | Cumulative Production in m3 per Mg of Dry Mass | Cumulative Production in m3 per Mg of Dry Organic Matter | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biogas | Methane | Biogas | Methane | Biogas | Methane | ||
control untreated | 50.29 | 595.31 | 299.39 | 681.28 | 342.63 | 698.46 | 351.26 |
extr 70 rpm 20% | 50.37 | 663.01 | 333.94 | 728.89 | 367.12 | 746.97 | 376.23 |
extr 70 rpm 25% | 50.08 | 657.12 | 329.06 | 728.82 | 364.96 | 753.94 | 377.54 |
extr 70 rpm 30% | 49.85 | 654.88 | 326.48 | 725.20 | 361.54 | 742.99 | 370.41 |
extr 70 rpm 35% | 50.17 | 659.34 | 330.78 | 725.08 | 363.77 | 742.97 | 372.73 |
extr 90 rpm 20% | 49.92 | 667.10 | 332.99 | 733.39 | 366.08 | 751.58 | 375.16 |
extr 90 rpm 25% | 50.26 | 661.66 | 332.57 | 733.85 | 368.86 | 759.15 | 381.57 |
extr 90 rpm 30% | 49.98 | 671.17 | 335.44 | 743.24 | 371.46 | 761.48 | 380.58 |
extr 90 rpm 35% | 50.02 | 674.25 | 337.29 | 741.54 | 370.93 | 759.77 | 380.07 |
extr 110 rpm 20% | 49.71 | 672.49 | 334.26 | 743.71 | 369.67 | 762.03 | 378.77 |
extr 110 rpm 25% | 50.08 | 677.78 | 339.42 | 743.58 | 372.36 | 763.66 | 382.42 |
extr 110 rpm 30% | 50.00 | 686.47 | 343.26 | 754.69 | 377.37 | 773.59 | 386.83 |
extr 110 rpm 35% | 49.88 | 685.37 | 341.84 | 753.06 | 375.61 | 776.08 | 387.09 |
pel 20% | 50.24 | 631.08 | 317.08 | 738.15 | 370.88 | 756.14 | 379.92 |
pel 25% | 50.01 | 612.60 | 306.38 | 728.97 | 364.58 | 746.45 | 373.32 |
pel 30% | 50.31 | 567.20 | 285.37 | 729.44 | 366.98 | 748.05 | 376.34 |
pel 35% | 50.82 | 637.64 | 324.04 | 717.10 | 364.42 | 735.19 | 373.61 |
Position of Bands (cm−1) | Type and Origin of Vibrations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
pel | extr 70 | extr 90 | extr 110 | |
3293 | 3298 | 3299 | 3303 | ν (O-H) in H2O and intramolecular hydrogen bonding |
3003 | 3003 | 3005 | 3003 | |
2920 | 2919 | 2920 | 2921 | ν (C-H) in CH2 and CH3 asymmetrical and symmetrical |
2849 | 2850 | 2848 | 2849 | |
1739 | 1739 | 1740 | 1740 | ν (C=O) |
1706 | 1706 | 1706 | 1705 | |
1643 | 1639 | 1638 | 1635 | ν (C=C) or/and δ (O-H) adsorbed H2O |
1530 | 1528 | 1528 | 1528 | ν (C=C) |
1451 | 1452 | 1452 | 1452 | δ (-OH in plane), δ (CH2), δ (C-H) |
1408 | 1410 | 1410 | 1408 | |
1362 | 1367 | 1367 | 1366 | |
1333 | 1332 | 1333 | 1333 | δ (C-H) and δ (O-H) |
1238 | 1235 | 1234 | 1235 | δ (C-H) and antisymmetrical bridge oxygen stretching –OH in-plane bending |
1145 | 1145 | 1145 | 1145 | antisymmetrical in phase ring stretching and ν (C-O-C) |
1072 | 1072 | 1072 | 1073 | |
1110 | 1011 | 1009 | 1011 | |
990 | 991 | 992 | 991 | ν (C-O) and ring stretching modes |
925 | 927 | 927 | 927 | CH2 rocking β-linkage of cellulose ring breathing and antisymmetrical out of phase stretching -OH out-of-plane bending CH2 rocking |
858 | 850 | 848 | 850 | |
758 | 755 | 756 | 754 | |
700 | 703 | 701 | 701 | |
600 | 600 | 603 | 597 | |
568 | 568 | 568 | 567 | |
515 | 517 | 523 | 515 | |
477 | 472 | 475 | 474 |
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Kupryaniuk, K.; Wójtowicz, A.; Mazurkiewicz, J.; Słowik, T.; Matwijczuk, A. The Influence of the Pressure-Thermal Agglomeration Methods of Corn Bran on Their Selected Physicochemical Properties and Biogas Efficiency. Energies 2021, 14, 6997. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14216997
Kupryaniuk K, Wójtowicz A, Mazurkiewicz J, Słowik T, Matwijczuk A. The Influence of the Pressure-Thermal Agglomeration Methods of Corn Bran on Their Selected Physicochemical Properties and Biogas Efficiency. Energies. 2021; 14(21):6997. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14216997
Chicago/Turabian StyleKupryaniuk, Karol, Agnieszka Wójtowicz, Jakub Mazurkiewicz, Tomasz Słowik, and Arkadiusz Matwijczuk. 2021. "The Influence of the Pressure-Thermal Agglomeration Methods of Corn Bran on Their Selected Physicochemical Properties and Biogas Efficiency" Energies 14, no. 21: 6997. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14216997