Valuing Recreational Services of the National Forest Parks Using a Tourist Satisfaction Method †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methodological Framework
2.1.1. Utility Correlates to Economic Value
2.1.2. Utility and Tourist Satisfaction
2.1.3. Empirical Model
2.2. Questionnaire Design and Data Collection
2.2.1. Questionnaire Design
- 1.
- Rreational attributes of NFPs: The tourist satisfaction or tourist welfare primarily depends on a range of recreational attributes of the NFPs. To correctly identify these attributes, we conducted an extensive literature review, which enabled us to identify the six core park attributes of the level of tourist satisfaction, including the park natural resources [28,29,30], accessibility [31,32], infrastructure that relates to tourists’ basic needs [31,33], and park management [29]. Table 1 shows the details of these attributes in addition to several control variables considered in this study.
- 2.
- Measurement of tourist satisfaction: The level of tourist satisfaction was measured using the China tourist satisfaction index, which was developed by “The China tourist satisfaction evaluation system” in 2012 and is administrated by the China National Tourism Administration. The tourist satisfaction index is characterized by five categories: flat satisfaction, loyalty, demand, expectation, and recommend intention. Each category is measured using a 5-point Likert scale from ‘Completely dissatisfied’ to ‘Completely satisfied’. The validity tests of this satisfaction index are presented in Table 2.
- 3.
- Travel cost: This covers all the travel expenses occurred during the travel process, from a tourist’s home origin to the park destination. The basic calculation formula is given by Equation (3):
- 4.
- Socio-economic characteristics. These include age, sex, education, marital status, household income, and whether a respondent is a repeat tourist or is visiting from areas outside of the park [34].
2.2.2. Data Collection
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Model Results for the Whole Sample
3.2. Valuing the National Forest Parks’ Recreational Service
3.3. Model Results for the Two Sub-Samples
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attribute | Attribute Description | Type of Variable | Variable Name | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Recreational attributes | Rate of vegetation coverage | The vegetation coverage rate <60% The vegetation coverage rate 60–85% The vegetation coverage rate >85% | Dummy | Forest * Forest+ Forest++ |
Quantity of rubbish | No. garbage can distributed per 200 m: 1; No. pieces in a visible scope: >10 No. garbage can distributed per 200 m: 2; No. pieces in a visible scope: 3–10 No. garbage can distributed per 200 m: 4; No. pieces in a visible scope: <3 | Dummy | Garbage− Garbage * Garbage+ | |
Traffic condition | Less convenient, Time spent from city to park: >180 min Partially convenient, Time spent from city to park: 60–180 min Well convenient, Time needed from city to park: <60 min | Dummy | Traffic * Traffic+ Traffic++ | |
Congestion | No. people observed in a visible scope(per 100 m2): >60 No. people observed in a visible scope(per 100 m2): 50 No. people observed in a visible scope(per 100 m2): 35 No. people observed in a visible scope(per 100 m2): 20 No. people observed in a visible scope(per 100 m2): <10 | Dummy | Congestion−− Congestion− Congestion * Congestion+ Congestion++ | |
Support facility | Elements including eco-lavatory, wood path, parking lot, service center, and special eateries and shops, each item earns 1 point (Excellent = 5, Good = 4, Medium = 3, Average = 2,Inferior = 1). | Continuous | Support | |
Recreation facility | Including 5 factors such as playground, song and dance, tourism guide service, sightseeing vehicle, as well as a channel of the official information. With each item earning 1 point. (Excellent = 5, Good = 4, Medium = 3, Average = 2, Inferior = 1). | Continuous | Recreation | |
Control variable | Area | National Forest Parks (hm2) | Continuous | Area |
Temperature | Average monthly temperature (°C) | Continuous | Temperature | |
Temperature^2 | Average monthly temperature squared (°C) | Continuous | Temperature^2 | |
Rainfall | Average monthly precipitation (mm) | Continuous | Rainfall | |
Air | Aero-anion concentration monitored every quarter (10,000/cm3) | Continuous | Air | |
Humanity | Number of cultural attractions with historical and cultural heritage open to the public | Continuous | Humanity |
Tourist Satisfaction Scale | Score | |
---|---|---|
In general, I am satisfied with this park visit. This visit meets my expectation. | 5-pt Likert Scale: 1 ‘completely agree’ 5 ‘completely disagree’ | |
The overall travel meets my expectation. | ||
If there is an opportunity, I would like to revisit this site. | ||
I would like to recommend the park to my friends and relatives. | ||
Number of items | 5 | |
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient | 0.854 | |
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure | 0.893 | |
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | Approx. Chi-Square | 11,990.865 |
df. | 21 | |
Sig. | 0.000 |
Variable | Linear Form | Ordered Probit Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | |
Cost | −3.66 × 10−4 *** | 10−5 | 10−4 *** | 10−5 |
Forest+ | 0.066 ** | 0.033 | 0.116 *** | 0.043 |
Forest++ | 0.120 *** | 0.037 | 0.200 *** | 0.048 |
Traffic+ | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.069 | 0.045 |
Traffic++ | 0.041 | 0.026 | 0.048 | 0.034 |
Garbage− | −0.103 *** | 0.035 | −0.145 *** | 0.045 |
Garbage+ | 0.131 *** | 0.033 | 0.142 *** | 0.043 |
Congestion−− | −0.166 *** | 0.032 | −0.174 *** | 0.042 |
Congestion− | −0.092 *** | 0.034 | −0.127 *** | 0.043 |
Congestion+ | 0.228 *** | 0.035 | 0.281 *** | 0.046 |
Congestion++ | −0.091 ** | 0.046 | −0.182 | 0.059 |
Support facility | 0.040 *** | 0.016 | 0.080 *** | 0.021 |
Recreation facility | 0.045 *** | 0.017 | 0.093 *** | 0.021 |
Humanity | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.001 | 0.001 |
Air | 0.045 *** | 0.005 | 0.062 *** | 0.007 |
Area | −0.0001 ** | 10−5 | 10−4 *** | 10−5 |
Temperature | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.001 | 0.001 |
Temperature^2 | −0.001 *** | 0.000 | −0.002 * | 0.000 |
Rainfall | −0.007 | 0.007 | −0.012 | 0.009 |
Revisit or not | −0.051 * | 0.026 | −0.071 | 0.034 |
Age | −0.013 * | 0.007 | −0.014 | 0.010 |
Age^2 | 10−4 * | 0.000 | 10−4 | 10−4 |
Gender | 0.016 | 0.026 | 0.027 | 0.033 |
Education | −0.074 * | 0.016 | −0.099 *** | 0.021 |
Marriage | 0.015 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.026 |
HH income | 0.000 | 0.009 | −0.002 | 0.011 |
Residence | −0.267 *** | 0.043 | −0.278 *** | 0.055 |
Cons | 3.438 | 0.178 | - | - |
Number of observation | 4531 | 4531 | ||
R2 | 0.1029 | 0.0495 | ||
Log-likelihood | −5218.121 |
Linear Form | Ordered Probit Model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
WTP | Proportion | WTP | Proportion | |
Forest * | - | - | - | - |
Forest+ | 180.921 | 0.62 | 270.394 | 0.93 |
Forest++ | 327.263 | 1.13 | 468.133 | 1.61 |
Traffic * | - | - | - | - |
Traffic+ | 100.846 | 0.35 | 162.410 | 0.56 |
Traffic++ | 110.793 | 0.38 | 112.289 | 0.39 |
Garbage− | −281.882 | −0.97 | −339.634 | −1.17 |
Garbage * | - | - | - | - |
Garbage+ | 356.450 | 1.23 | 333.010 | 1.15 |
Congestion−− | −454.590 | −1.56 | −407.551 | −1.40 |
Congestion− | −251.720 | −0.87 | −297.075 | −1.02 |
Congestion * | - | - | - | - |
Congestion+ | 623.184 | 2.14 | 655.801 | 2.26 |
Congestion++ | −249.647 | −0.86 | −426.315 | −1.46 |
Support facility | 109.289 | 0.38 | 184.988 | 0.63 |
Recreation facility | 122.951 | 0.42 | 214.781 | 0.74 |
Linear Form | Ordered Probit Model | |||||||
Local Tourists | Nonlocal Tourists | Local Tourists | NonLocal Tourists | |||||
Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | |
Cost | 10−3 *** | 10−4 | 4 *** | 10−5 | 10−3 *** | 10−4 | 10−4 *** | 10−5 |
Forest+ | 0.068 | 0.075 | 0.067 * | 0.037 | 0.105 * | 0.087 | 0.101 ** | 0.050 |
Forest++ | 0.152 ** | 0.082 | 0.112 *** | 0.042 | 0.208 *** | 0.097 | 0.133 *** | 0.057 |
Traffic+ | 0.020 | 0.075 | 0.004 | 0.040 | 0.083 | 0.087 | 0.013 | 0.054 |
Traffic++ | 0.129 ** | 0.057 | 0.007 | 0.030 | 0.161 *** | 0.066 | 0.003 | 0.040 |
Garbage− | −0.111 | 0.074 | −0.119 | 0.041 | −0.157 * | 0.086 | −0.136 *** | 0.055 |
Garbage+ | 0.128 * | 0.075 | 0.137 | 0.037 | 0.208 *** | 0.090 | 0.131 *** | 0.051 |
Congestion−− | −0.242 *** | 0.089 | −0.126 *** | 0.038 | −0.360 *** | 0.104 | −0.111 ** | 0.052 |
Congestion− | −0.142 ** | 0.073 | −0.096 ** | 0.045 | −0.115 * | 0.086 | −0.166 *** | 0.060 |
Congestion+ | 0.298 *** | 0.081 | 0.179 *** | 0.044 | 0.303 *** | 0.096 | 0.216 *** | 0.061 |
Congestion++ | −0.148 | 0.101 | −0.059 | 0.053 | −0.107 | 0.118 | −0.043 | 0.071 |
Support facility | 0.131 *** | 0.033 | 0.073 ** | 0.019 | 0.168 *** | 0.038 | 0.103 *** | 0.026 |
Recreation facility | 0.051 | 0.038 | 0.047 *** | 0.019 | 0.057 | 0.045 | 0.063 *** | 0.025 |
Humanity | 0.004 ** | 0.002 | −0.002 ** | 0.001 | 0.003 ** | 0.002 | −0.003 *** | 0.001 |
Air | 0.054 *** | 0.012 | 0.037 *** | 0.006 | 0.063 *** | 0.014 | 0.051 *** | 0.008 |
Area | 10−4 | 10−4 | 104 * | 0.60 10−4 | 10−4 | 10−4 | 10−4 | 10−4 |
Temperature | 0.020 | 0.022 | −0.001 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.026 | −0.001 | 0.001 |
Temperature^2 | −0.003 *** | 0.001 | −0.001 *** | 0.000 | −0.003 ** | 0.001 | −0.002 *** | 0.003 |
Rainfall | 0.002 | 0.015 | −0.009 | 0.007 | −0.001 | 0.018 | −0.014 | 0.010 |
Revisit or not | −0.064 | 0.056 | −0.045 | 0.030 | −0.081 | 0.065 | −0.067 | 0.040 |
Age | −0.025 | 0.015 | −0.002 | 0.008 | −0.025 | 0.018 | −0.002 | 0.011 |
Age^2 | 10−4 | 10−4 | 10−5 | 10−4 | 10−4 | 10−4 | 10−4 | 10−4 |
Gender | 0.007 | 0.055 | 0.018 | 0.029 | 0.003 | 0.064 | 0.035 | 0.039 |
Education | −0.019 | 0.034 | −0.095 *** | 0.018 | −0.024 | 0.040 | −0.127 *** | 0.024 |
Marriage | 0.034 | 0.041 | 0.000 | 0.023 | 0.037 | 0.048 | 0.003 | 0.031 |
HH income | 0.002 | 0.018 | −0.002 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.021 | −0.006 | 0.013 |
Cons | 3.187 | 0.374 | 3.324 | 0.202 | - | - | - | - |
No. of observation | 1205 | 3326 | 1205 | 3326 | ||||
R2 | 0.1341 | 0.1039 | 0.0526 | 0.0539 | ||||
Log-likelihood | −1472.593 | −3704.635 |
Linear Form | Ordered Probit Model | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local Tourist | Nonlocal Tourist | Local Tourist | Nonlocal Tourist | |||||
WTP | Proportion | WTP | Proportion | WTP | Proportion | WTP | Proportion | |
Forest * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Forest+ | 26.58 | 0.33 | 208.11 | 0.57 | 28.38 | 0.36 | 255.23 | 0.70 |
Forest++ | 59.73 | 0.75 | 348.00 | 0.95 | 56.05 | 0.70 | 336.49 | 0.92 |
Traffic * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Traffic+ | 8.04 | 0.10 | 12.67 | 0.03 | 22.39 | 0.28 | 33.19 | −0.09 |
Traffic++ | 50.92 | 0.64 | 23.14 | 0.06 | 43.30 | 0.54 | 6.55 | 0.02 |
Garbage− | −43.63 | −0.55 | −369.05 | −1.01 | −42.27 | −0.53 | −346.47 | −0.94 |
Garbage * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Garbage+ | 50.29 | 0.63 | 424.16 | 1.16 | 56.05 | 0.70 | 332.63 | 0.91 |
Congestion−− | −95.09 | −1.20 | −389.58 | −1.06 | −96.77 | −1.22 | −281.65 | −0.77 |
Congestion− | −55.95 | −0.70 | −297.15 | −0.81 | −47.15 | −0.59 | −421.73 | −1.15 |
Congestion * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Congestion+ | 117.47 | 1.48 | 556.03 | 1.51 | 81.58 | 1.03 | 549.46 | 1.50 |
Congestion++ | −58.43 | −0.73 | −182.66 | −0.50 | −28.76 | −0.36 | −110.33 | −0.30 |
Support facility | 51.55 | 0.65 | 226.12 | 0.62 | 45.30 | 0.57 | 260.83 | 0.71 |
Recreation facility | 20.08 | 0.24 | 145.43 | 0.40 | 15.47 | 0.19 | 160.09 | 0.44 |
Total | 138.05 | 1.73 | 813.38 | 2.22 | 106.93 | 1.34 | 829.32 | 2.26 |
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Kang, N.; Wang, E.; Yu, Y.; Duan, Z. Valuing Recreational Services of the National Forest Parks Using a Tourist Satisfaction Method. Forests 2021, 12, 1688. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f12121688
Kang N, Wang E, Yu Y, Duan Z. Valuing Recreational Services of the National Forest Parks Using a Tourist Satisfaction Method. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1688. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f12121688
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Nannan, Erda Wang, Yang Yu, and Zenghui Duan. 2021. "Valuing Recreational Services of the National Forest Parks Using a Tourist Satisfaction Method" Forests 12, no. 12: 1688. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f12121688