Bio-Fabrication and Experimental Validation of an Mg - 25Ca - 5Zn Alloy Proposed for a Porous Metallic Scaffold
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. Methods
3.1. SEM-EDS
3.2. XRD
3.3. TEM-FIB
3.4. Micro-Indentation
3.5. Cell Viability
4. Results
4.1. SEM-EDS
4.2. XRD
4.3. TEM
4.4. Micro-Indentation
4.5. Cell Viability
4.6. Validation by Finite Element Method, Load Progression versus Comparison to BDM
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The optimization of the casting process of a Mg-Ca-Zn alloy has a microstructural limit, which is due to the eutectic mixture. Even when the process is optimized, a fine dispersion between phases will continue to appear, resulting in an origin for crack nucleation.
- (2)
- The period of exposure to elements such as Mg, Ca and Zn within the body causes pathophysiology to occur. Being clear about the period of exposure in days for the effects to occur is a key factor in understanding the beneficial effect that they can contribute prior to hydrolytic degradation in vivo.
- (3)
- Zn improves the mechanical response when hardening this type of alloys, however, exceeding the permitted limits damages the toxicological limit, which will have an impact on cell viability. Viz, Zhuang, et al. reported Zn dose-dependent and over-boosted concentration caused cell death due to cytotoxicity [90]. Elements such as Sr and Ca have been reported to be able to counteract and reduce the toxicity of Zn [133,134]. Lu et al. reported that Zn promotes the absorption of the hydrogen that is released due to the Mg reaction in vitro [135].
- (4)
- An annealing process on this alloy will dissolve the intermetallic phases that occur and help to homogenize the distribution of the solutes in the Mg matrix, however, the precipitates could have a detrimental effect on the corrosion rate.
- (5)
- The melting of Mg, Ca and Zn and their modification by diffusion are possible from MgCa master alloys. This process manages to diffuse Zn in powder over MgCa; the use of a vacuum system will allow a clean atmosphere. Thus, the alloy microstructure and grain size will be finer.
- (6)
- The coatings on Mg alloys are very important, depending on the type of medical application for which they are to be used. A coating used on Mg alloys has the purpose of increasing the implant time in vivo, which will provide mechanical resistance to the fracture; for this application, using a coating that reduces the appearance of pitting corrosion is a multidisciplinary strategy that will completely depend on the initial weeks, during which it is necessary to maintain the mechanical integrity of the implant. It is suggested to evaluate a coating based on Chitosan that allows the maintenance of an intact implant surface for six weeks to limit the places where crack propagation can begin.
- (7)
- The elastic modulus was 74.2 GPa for the longitudinal direction and 66.2 GPa in the transverse direction. This was determined from the repetitions of the test, which showed that the elastic modulus was always higher in the longitudinal direction, while the hardness followed a similar pattern, reported as 278.9 and 264.3 HV in longitudinal and transverse direction, respectively. An anisotropy condition between the longitudinal and transverse direction is fulfilled by having different elastic modulus and hardness. The determination of the elastic modulus and hardness in each triad for each degree of freedom could be useful to relate to the orientation of the planes and to have the behavior of the elastic constants characterized.
- (8)
- The ideal application for this type of alloy corresponds to anatomical sites where it is only exposed to gravity and forces caused by muscles, such as the movement of the upper extremities and the skull.
- (9)
- Experimenting with texture control techniques on Mg alloys could be an effective strategy to determine the ideal method for manufacturing Mg-based implants. However, the mechanical behavior of Mg depends on the adequate relationship between the volumetric fraction of elements and the formation of lamellar long period stacking order (LPSO) secondary phases [127,136,137].
7. Declarations
- Ethics approval and consent to participate: N/A
- Consent for publication: N/A
- Availability of data and materials: OK
- Competing interests: No conflict of interest.
- Funding
- N/A
- Authors’ contributions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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% | Element | Degradation Days | Weight in g. | Complies for Toxicology g/Days | Toxicological Limit in g/Days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
69.18 | Mg | 150 | 20.75 | 0.140 | 0.700 |
4.99 | Zn | 150 | 1.49 | 0.010 | 0.015 |
25.83 | Ca | 150 | 7.74 | 0.052 | 0.800 |
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Becerra, L.H.C.; Castro, A.T. Bio-Fabrication and Experimental Validation of an Mg - 25Ca - 5Zn Alloy Proposed for a Porous Metallic Scaffold. Crystals 2021, 11, 1416. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11111416
Becerra LHC, Castro AT. Bio-Fabrication and Experimental Validation of an Mg - 25Ca - 5Zn Alloy Proposed for a Porous Metallic Scaffold. Crystals. 2021; 11(11):1416. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11111416
Chicago/Turabian StyleBecerra, Luis Humberto Campos, and Alejandro Torres Castro. 2021. "Bio-Fabrication and Experimental Validation of an Mg - 25Ca - 5Zn Alloy Proposed for a Porous Metallic Scaffold" Crystals 11, no. 11: 1416. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11111416