Carbon Dynamics and Fertility in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Characterization
2.2. Studied BC
2.3. Incubation Experiment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Carbon Mineralization
3.2. Changes in Soil Properties and Fertility Characteristics
3.3. Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of BC on Carbon Mineralization
4.2. Effect of BC on Soil Properties and Fertility Characteristics
4.3. BC Addition Rate Effects on Soil Carbon Mineralization and Soil Fertility
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Biochar | Compost | Pc Soil | Eh Soil | An Soil |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(BC) | (SAO) | (MAI) | (SAI) | ||
pH | 9.9 1 | 8.41 1 | 6.1/5.0 3 | 7.5/7.2 3 | 6.5/6.2 3 |
EC (dS/m) | 0.77 1/1.36 2 | 3.79 1 | 0.45 | 2.21 | 0.81 |
Sand (%) | 11 | 24 | 33 | ||
Silt (%) | 30 | 36 | 33 | ||
Clay (%) | 59 | 39 | 34 | ||
Soil Texture | Clay | Clay loam | Clay loam | ||
Total C (%) | 82.5 | 23.3 | 2.03 | 1.11 (0.81) 4 | 0.94 |
Total N (g/kg) | 6.99 | 22.6 | 2.71 | 2.32 | 1.58 |
Total P (g/kg) | 0.55 | 10.2 | 1.16 | 0.98 | 0.77 |
Ex. K (cmol(+)/kg soil) | 1.91 | 6.43 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.21 |
Ex. Na (cmol(+)/kg soil) | 1.26 | 1.09 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.37 |
Ex. Ca (cmol(+)/kg soil) | 3.62 | 2.70 | 4.85 | 2.94 | 2.24 |
Ex. Mg (cmol(+)/kg soil) | 0.40 | 2.72 | 0.64 | 0.80 | 0.36 |
CEC (cmol(+)/kg soil) | 5.20 | 19.7 | 8.58 | 11.5 | 14.2 |
BS (%) | 100 | 69 | 71 | 37 | 22 |
M3-P (mg/kg) | 96.6 | 6874 | 163 | 236 | 94.0 |
M3-K (mg/kg) | 616 | 8911 | 68.4 | 108 | 94.1 |
M3-Ca (g/kg) | 4.09 | 14.5 | 2.03 | 8.22 | 2.99 |
M3-Mg (mg/kg) | 278 | 3972 | 143 | 344 | 401 |
M3-Fe (mg/kg) | 65.5 | 396 | 524 | 589 | 1199 |
M3-Mn (mg/kg) | 20.9 | 188 | 29.0 | 213 | 185 |
M3-Cu (mg/kg) | 0.02 | 6.22 | 9.77 | 9.95 | 3.17 |
M3-Pb (mg/kg) | ND 5 | 1.23 | 10.8 | 11.7 | 1.54 |
M3-Zn (mg/kg) | 0.35 | 62.4 | 20.4 | 7.98 | 5.28 |
Rate | CO2 Evolved (mg C/100 g Dry Weight) | TMC (mg CO2-C/g C) |
---|---|---|
SAO Soil | ||
0% | 842 ± 8.7 A | 333 ± 3.4 A |
0.5% | 768 ± 18 B | 278 ± 6.4 B |
1.0% | 783 ± 15 B | 253 ± 4.7 C |
2.0% | 763 ± 21 B | 207 ± 5.7 D |
MAI Soil | ||
0% | 829 ± 30 A | 526 ± 19 A |
0.5% | 782 ± 18 A | 423 ± 9.6 B |
1.0% | 797 ± 17 A | 417 ± 8.7 B |
2.0% | 803 ± 10 A | 355 ± 4.5 C |
SAI Soil | ||
0% | 692 ± 20 C | 455 ± 14 A |
0.5% | 735 ± 18 BC | 452 ± 11 A |
1.0% | 798 ± 24 A | 464 ± 14 A |
2.0% | 747 ± 10 B | 365 ± 4.9 B |
Rate | pH | Ex-K | Ex-Na | Ex-Ca | Ex-Mg | CEC | TC | TN | TP | C/N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
--------------coml(+)/kg soil-------------- | -----------g/kg----------- | |||||||||
SAO Soil | ||||||||||
0% | 5.66 b | 2.55 b | 0.72 b | 14.9 a | 3.58 a | 16.4 a | 23.9 c | 4.37 ab | 1.55 c | 5.5 c |
0.5% | 5.75 b | 2.87 a | 0.91 a | 15.0 a | 3.73 a | 16.4 a | 28.0 b | 4.43 a | 1.77 b | 6.3 b |
1.0% | 5.76 b | 2.40 b | 0.73 b | 14.4 a | 3.36 a | 16.0 a | 31.8 a | 4.28 b | 1.69 bc | 7.4 a |
2.0% | 5.93 a | 2.55 b | 0.63 b | 15.5 a | 3.41 a | 16.3 a | 34.5 a | 4.27 b | 2.21 a | 8.1 a |
MAI Soil | ||||||||||
0% | 7.53 c | 2.64 b | 0.66 a | 22.9 a | 3.37 a | 9.7 b | 18.2 c | 3.64 b | 0.88 bc | 5.0 c |
0.5% | 7.58 b | 2.92 b | 0.68 a | 25.5 a | 3.78 a | 10.1 b | 21.9 b | 3.62 b | 0.75 c | 6.0 bc |
1.0% | 7.58 bc | 2.92 ab | 0.68 a | 25.5 a | 3.78 a | 10.7 a | 22.2 b | 4.06 a | 1.05 ab | 5.5 b |
2.0% | 7.65 a | 3.24 a | 0.76 a | 25.9 a | 3.75 a | 10.0 b | 32.4 a | 4.15 a | 1.18 a | 7.8 a |
SAI Soil | ||||||||||
0% | 7.04 c | 2.14 c | 0.59 a | 13.9 a | 4.24 a | 13.4 a | 13.7 c | 2.86 b | 1.26 a | 4.8 c |
0.5% | 7.11 b | 2.30 bc | 0.54 a | 15.3 a | 4.52 a | 13.3 a | 18.3 b | 2.89 b | 1.11 a | 6.3 b |
1.0% | 7.14 b | 2.61 a | 0.62 a | 15.6 a | 4.56 a | 13.6 a | 21.4 b | 3.06 a | 0.88 b | 7.0 b |
2.0% | 7.24 a | 2.45 ab | 0.54 a | 14.9 a | 4.23 a | 12.8 b | 26.6 a | 3.07 a | 0.64 c | 8.7 a |
Rate | P | K | Ca | Mg | Fe | Mn | Cu | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAO Soil | |||||||||
0% | 645 a | 461 a | 2701 b | 533 a | 953 a | 5.7 ab | 8.64 c | 10.3 b | 26.8 b |
0.5% | 653 a | 467 a | 3216 a | 556 a | 948 a | 37.2 a | 9.02 bc | 10.2 b | 28.6 b |
1.0% | 486 b | 408 b | 3118 a | 444 b | 739 b | 31.6 c | 9.36 ab | 11.0 b | 27.8 b |
2.0% | 537 b | 457 a | 3188 a | 474 ab | 777 b | 3.5 bc | 9.83 a | 12.3 a | 30.6 a |
MAI Soil | |||||||||
0% | 769 ab | 474 c | 7594 a | 636 ab | 694 ab | 286 a | 8.73 a | 12.9 a | 12.2 a |
0.5% | 671 b | 481 bc | 7799 a | 611 b | 621 b | 271 a | 7.79 b | 11.4 b | 10.6 b |
1.0% | 832 a | 545 a | 7142 a | 712 a | 739 a | 310 a | 7.60 b | 10.7 b | 10.3 b |
2.0% | 795 a | 534 ab | 7697 a | 660 ab | 707 ab | 301 a | 7.66 b | 11.3 b | 11.1 ab |
SAI Soil | |||||||||
0% | 476 b | 384 c | 3569 a | 750 a | 1257 a | 197 a | 1.70 a | 0.84 a | 9.48 c |
0.5% | 462 b | 392 bc | 3292 a | 712 a | 1147 a | 186 a | 1.66 a | 0.67 ab | 10.1 b |
1.0% | 564 a | 474 a | 3313 a | 759 a | 1200 a | 196 a | 1.54 b | 0.57 bc | 11.1 a |
2.0% | 470 b | 437 ab | 3648 a | 726 a | 1183 a | 194 a | 1.29 c | 0.48 c | 9.53 bc |
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Tsai, C.-C.; Chang, Y.-F. Carbon Dynamics and Fertility in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application. Agronomy 2019, 9, 511. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy9090511
Tsai C-C, Chang Y-F. Carbon Dynamics and Fertility in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application. Agronomy. 2019; 9(9):511. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy9090511
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsai, Chen-Chi, and Yu-Fang Chang. 2019. "Carbon Dynamics and Fertility in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application" Agronomy 9, no. 9: 511. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy9090511