Animals

13 pages, 738 KiB

Open AccessReview

Food Grinding Behavior: A Review of Causality and Influential Factors

by Hao Tang, Wei-Wei Ge, Wan-Hong Wei, Sheng-Mei Yang and Xin Dai

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1865; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131865 - 24 Jun 2024

Food waste is a common issue arising from grinding of food by experimental animals, leading to excessive food scraps falling into cages. In the wild, animals grind food by gnawing vegetation and seeds, potentially damaging the ecological environment. However, limited ecology studies have [...] Read more.

Food waste is a common issue arising from grinding of food by experimental animals, leading to excessive food scraps falling into cages. In the wild, animals grind food by gnawing vegetation and seeds, potentially damaging the ecological environment. However, limited ecology studies have focused on food grinding behavior since the last century, with even fewer on rodent food grinding, particularly recently. Although food grinding’s function is partially understood, its biological purposes remain under-investigated and driving factors unclear. This review aims to explain potential causes of animal food grinding, identify influencing factors, and discuss contexts and limitations. Specifically, we emphasize recent progress on gut microbiota significance for food grinding. Moreover, we show abnormal food grinding is determined by degree of excess normal behavior, emphasizing food grinding is not meaningless. Findings from this review promote comprehensive research on the myriad factors, multifaceted roles, and intricate evolution underlying food grinding behavior, benefiting laboratory animal husbandry and ecological environment protection, and identifying potential physiological benefits yet undiscovered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

15 pages, 484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Evaluation of Milk Thistle Meal as a Protein Feedstuff for Diets of Dairy Cattle

by Modinat Tolani Lambo, Rui Liu, Xianglong Zhang, Yonggen Zhang, Yang Li and Manji Sun

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1864; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131864 - 24 Jun 2024

Abstract

The objective of this work is to investigate the chemical and nutritional value of milk thistle meal (MTM) in order to improve it and to provide theoretical support for its application in dairy cattle production. MTM was assessed in comparison with seven conventional [...] Read more.

The objective of this work is to investigate the chemical and nutritional value of milk thistle meal (MTM) in order to improve it and to provide theoretical support for its application in dairy cattle production. MTM was assessed in comparison with seven conventional protein feed sources, namely, soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CS), canola meal (CN), palm kernel meal (PK), rice bran meal (RB), corn germ meal (CG), and sesame meal (SS). The chemical composition of these feedstuffs was assessed using wet chemical analysis, the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System was used to evaluate the carbohydrate and protein fractions, and the in situ nylon bag technique and the modified three-step in vitro method were used to assess the rumen degradation and intestinal digestibility. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared technology was used to determine the feedstuff protein spectral molecular structure and its amino acid profile was also assessed. The result showed that MTM acid detergent fiber, lignin, unavailable nitrogen, and non-degradable carbohydrate content were higher than those of the other feedstuffs. It had a 17% and 36% rumen effective degradation rate of neutral detergent fiber and dry matter, respectively, and had the lowest small intestinal rumen undegradable protein digestibility rate. It was low in leucine, histidine, arginine, and proline, but high in methionine. The total area of amide I and amide II in the protein secondary structure was similar to that of CN and CS, and the amide I and II ratio was not different from that of RB. To sum up, MTM has a poor carbohydrate composition and is high in fiber but, in comparison to most other protein feeds, has a higher crude protein rumen effective degradation rate, similar to that of SBM, and it is a good source of methionine, a limiting amino acid. Hence, its nutritional value can be further improved for application in dairy feeding through processes such as microbial or enzymatic fermentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritive Value or Bioutilization Technology of Alternative Forages for Ruminant Nutrition)

15 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tolerability of 2 and 4 mg/kg Dosing Every 12 Hour of a Cannabidiol- and Cannabidiolic Acid-Rich Hemp Extract on Mixed-Breed Dogs Utilized for Teaching in a Closed Colony

by Trista Mills, Stephanie Myers, Daniel Hughes and Joseph Wakshlag

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1863; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131863 - 24 Jun 2024

Abstract

With the increase in popularity of utilizing cannabidiol (CBD) for human ailments, owners are actively interested in the possible utilization of cannabinoid products for their pets. The evaluation of CBD-rich hemp as an anti-anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, and anti-epileptic supplement has been assessed in [...] Read more.

With the increase in popularity of utilizing cannabidiol (CBD) for human ailments, owners are actively interested in the possible utilization of cannabinoid products for their pets. The evaluation of CBD-rich hemp as an anti-anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, and anti-epileptic supplement has been assessed in previous studies in dogs, with adverse events such as ataxia or lethargy noted. In this study, the utilization of CBD-rich hemp was assessed at two concentrations to ascertain the impact on behavior as well as the tolerability of the medication given in a typically recommended dose and then twice that dose. Eighteen dogs were utilized in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 3 × 3 designed study. Each group of six dogs was provided placebo, 2 mg/kg, and 4 mg/kg of a cannabidiol/cannabidiolic acid (CBD/CBDA)-rich hemp in two-week intervals with one-week washout periods between each treatment period. Throughout the 10-week treatment period, student evaluations were performed, simulating clients’ subjective assessments. Improvements in anxiety-related behavior and adverse events related to lethargy and ataxia were not observed and may indicate that the utilization of CBD-rich hemp products for behavioral changes may require higher dosing to mitigate unwanted behaviors in normal, healthy dogs. Furthermore, serum chemistry and serum cortisol were evaluated after each treatment period showing only a mildly significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase when dosing at 4 mg/kg every 12 h, which is consistent with previously reported CBD dosing at these higher concentrations. Adverse events associated with CBD/CBDA-rich hemp extract given at 2 and 4 mg/kg every 12 h for two weeks were not reported, suggesting that using CBD-rich hemp in young, healthy dogs was safe during two weeks of treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives in Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology)

15 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Globetrotting Horses: Welfare Discourses and Disciplinary Power in the Transportation of Horses by Air

by Lucia Gräschke

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1862; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131862 - 24 Jun 2024

Viewed by 118

Abstract

Every year, many horses are transported by air. Alongside sport horses traveling to tournaments worldwide, mainly breeding horses, such as shuttle stallions and broodmares, thoroughbreds traded at auctions, and leisure horses are transported by air. Research in veterinary science has highlighted welfare concerns [...] Read more.

Every year, many horses are transported by air. Alongside sport horses traveling to tournaments worldwide, mainly breeding horses, such as shuttle stallions and broodmares, thoroughbreds traded at auctions, and leisure horses are transported by air. Research in veterinary science has highlighted welfare concerns during air transportation. Equine welfare is constituted in the language and discourse evolving from social, political, and ethical views about the treatment of horses. Consequently, this study targets power in creating equine welfare by analyzing the welfare discourses, transportation practices that generate welfare, and their impact on horses and humans in the transportation of horses by air. In detail, this research uses a Foucauldian discourse analysis to examine how welfare discourses and linked transportation practices constitute horses and humans using disciplinary power. The empirical material consists of 81 newspaper articles about horse transportation by air, five video clips, and four interviews with representatives of horse transport agencies that have set standards for the transportation of horses by air. The analysis discovers four different welfare discourses and various practices that guide the carrying of horses by air. The discourses have created inactive horses and human professionals in the business of horse transportation by air. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Empirical Research on Animal Welfare Policy)

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12 pages, 1008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence survey of Hepatitis E Virus in Domestic Pigs in Guangdong, China

by Dingyu Liu, Baoling Liu, Zhenwen He, Changhong Qiao, Qin Luo, Xiangyu Chen, Xiaohu Wang, Hua Xiang, Jing Chen, Pian Zhang, Yuan Huang, Gang Wang, Chen Tan and Rujian Cai

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1861; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131861 - 24 Jun 2024

Viewed by 176

Abstract

The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute and chronic Hepatitis E and is a global public health concern. HEV genotypes 3 (HEV-3) and 4 (HEV-4) are common to humans and animals, and domestic pigs and wild boars have been identified as the main [...] Read more.

The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute and chronic Hepatitis E and is a global public health concern. HEV genotypes 3 (HEV-3) and 4 (HEV-4) are common to humans and animals, and domestic pigs and wild boars have been identified as the main reservoirs. However, limited information is available on the status of HEV infection in pigs, particularly in the Guangdong Province, China. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of HEV in pig farms within the Guangdong Province. A total of 1568 serum samples were collected from 25 farms and tested for anti-HEV IgG antibodies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results revealed that 57.53% (902/1568) of serum samples from 24 farms (24/25, 96%) were positive for anti-HEV IgG antibodies. Year, season, region, and age were all linked risk factors for HEV in Guangdong, with season and region showing more significant impacts. The results showing a high seroprevalence of HEV confirmed its circulation among domestic pigs in the Guangdong Province, China. The presence of this antibody indicates that HEV infection was or is present on farms, posing a risk of zoonotic transmission of HEV from pigs to exposed workers and from pork or organs to consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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8 pages, 763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Evidence of Leishmania infantum Antibodies in Sheep (Ovis aries) from Southern Germany

by Benjamin Ulrich Bauer, María Eugenia Lebrero, Martin Ganter, Teresa Navarro, Antonio Fernández, Marta Ruíz de Arcaute, Aurora Ortín, Sergio Villanueva-Saz, Diana Marteles, Héctor Ruiz, María Climent, Pablo Quílez and Delia Lacasta

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1860; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131860 - 24 Jun 2024

Viewed by 194

Abstract

In Europe, Leishmania infantum is the most prevalent Leishmania species, and this protozoan is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. A recent publication has shown that sheep harbor L. infantum antibodies. This raises questions about the epidemiological role of small ruminants. Therefore, sera from small [...] Read more.

In Europe, Leishmania infantum is the most prevalent Leishmania species, and this protozoan is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. A recent publication has shown that sheep harbor L. infantum antibodies. This raises questions about the epidemiological role of small ruminants. Therefore, sera from small ruminants located in two southern German federal states, Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW) and Bavaria (BAV), were analyzed with an ELISA to determine the presence of L. infantum antibodies. The species, sex and age (gimmer vs. ewe) were recorded, and a univariate analysis was conducted to determine possible associations. In total, seven sheep flocks (274 sheep/10 goats) from BW and seven sheep flocks (277 sheep/78 goats) from BAV were examined. In BW, four sheep from three flocks tested positive for L. infantum antibodies. In BAV, the same number of positive sheep were detected but in four flocks. The total seropositivity rate in sheep was 1.45%. All goats tested negative. No significant association (p > 0.05) was detected between Leishmania seropositivity and the variables evaluated. Our study reveals the exposure of sheep to L. infantum in a non-endemic area. Further investigation is needed to determine whether sheep can be used as sentinels to identify new phlebotomine habitats and Leishmania risk areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leishmania Infection in Animals)

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15 pages, 1805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Craniocervical Morphometry in Pomeranians—Part II: Associations with Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia

by Koen Santifort, Sophie Bellekom, Ines Carrera and Paul Mandigers

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1859; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131859 - 23 Jun 2024

Viewed by 194

Abstract

Background: The aim of Part II of this two-part study is to describe and analyze the association of various aspects and measurements related to the morphometry of the skull and craniocervical region to CM/SM status of Pomeranians, by means of computed tomography (CT) [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of Part II of this two-part study is to describe and analyze the association of various aspects and measurements related to the morphometry of the skull and craniocervical region to CM/SM status of Pomeranians, by means of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Prospectively, Pomeranians were included that underwent both CT and MRI studies of the head and cervicothoracic vertebral column. For those cases where qualitative classifications differed between observers, the experienced observer re-evaluated the studies and decided on a final classification that was used for further analysis. For quantitative measurements, the means of the observers’ measurements were used for analysis. Results: Among statistically significant differences in measurements, we found that dogs with SM had a significantly shorter clivus length based on both MRI (p = 0.01) and CT measurements (p = 0.01), and a significantly smaller caudal cranial fossa area based on both MRI (p = 0.02) and CT measurements (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Significant morphometrical differences were identified between dogs with or without CM/SM. The findings in this study add to those already described in other breeds and provide further insight into factors that may play a role in the pathogenesis of CM/SM in Pomeranians. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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22 pages, 769 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Impacts of Maternal Nutrition on Sow Performance and Potential Positive Effects on Piglet Performance

by Alexa Gormley, Ki Beom Jang, Yesid Garavito-Duarte, Zixiao Deng and Sung Woo Kim

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1858; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131858 - 23 Jun 2024

Viewed by 180

Abstract

The objectives of this review are to identify the nutritional challenges faced by modern sows and present potential solutions to mitigate excessive maternal tissue loss and reproductive failure as it relates to recent genetic improvements. Current feeding programs have limitations to support the [...] Read more.

The objectives of this review are to identify the nutritional challenges faced by modern sows and present potential solutions to mitigate excessive maternal tissue loss and reproductive failure as it relates to recent genetic improvements. Current feeding programs have limitations to support the rapid genetic improvements in reproductive performance for modern sows. Since 2012, both litter size at birth and fetal weight have increased by 2.26 pigs per litter and 0.22 kg per piglet, respectively, thereby increasing the nutrient needs for sows during gestation and lactation. Prediction models generated in this review predict that modern sows would need 31% more lysine during gestation when compared with current feeding programs. Physiological challenges facing modern sows are also addressed in this review. High oxidative stress, pelvic organ prolapse, and lameness can directly affect the sow, whereas these physiological challenges can have negative impacts on colostrum and milk quality. In response, there is growing interest in investigating the functional roles of select bioactive compounds as feed additives to mitigate the severity of these challenges. Selenium sources, catechins, and select plant extracts have been utilized to reduce oxidative stress, calcium chloride and phytase have been used to mitigate pelvic organ prolapse and lameness, algae and yeast derivatives have been used to improve colostrum and milk quality, and fiber sources and probiotics have been commonly utilized to improve sow intestinal health. Collectively, this review demonstrates the unique challenges associated with managing the feeding programs for modern sows and the opportunities for revision of the amino acid requirements as well as the use of select bioactive compounds to improve reproductive performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal Nutrition and Neonatal Development of Pig)

13 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of Microencapsulation of Arginine in Carnauba Wax (Copernicia prunifera) and Its Dietary Effect on the Quality of Beef

by German Contreras-Lopez, Ivan A. Garcia-Galicia, Luis Manuel Carrillo-Lopez, Agustin Corral-Luna, Lorenzo Buenabad-Carrasco, Mieke Titulaer, José A. Villarreal-Balderrama and Alma D. Alarcon-Rojo

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1857; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131857 - 23 Jun 2024

Viewed by 286

Abstract

The objective of this exploratory study was to assess if microencapsulated arginine influences the physicochemical quality of beef. The study included three genetic groups: Angus, Hereford, and Angus × Hereford crossbreed. Two encapsulation systems were used with carnauba wax, at ratios of 3:1 [...] Read more.

The objective of this exploratory study was to assess if microencapsulated arginine influences the physicochemical quality of beef. The study included three genetic groups: Angus, Hereford, and Angus × Hereford crossbreed. Two encapsulation systems were used with carnauba wax, at ratios of 3:1 and 2:1, carnauba wax:core (arginine), respectively. A control treatment was also included with no arginine addition. Encapsulated arginine with a 3:1 ratio increased redness by 19.66 at 28 d aged beef compared to the control and 2:1 ratio with values of 18.55 and 16.77, respectively (p = 0.01). Encapsulated arginine at a 3:1 ratio showed the lowest meat shear force values with 24.32 N at 28 d of ageing (p < 0.001). The Angus breed also had a low value of 24.02 N (p < 0.001). Finally, the highest values of intramuscular fat were observed with the inclusion of arginine in a 3:1 ratio. The fat value reached 2.12% with a 3:1 ratio (p = 0.002), while in the Angus breed it was 1.59%. The addition of carnauba wax-encapsulated arginine can improve meat quality. It enhances red color, tenderness, and marbling in bovine meat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Feed Additives/Supplements on the Quality of Animal Products)

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9 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transfer of Caffeine and its Major Metabolites to Chicken Eggs

by Mailson da Silva Teixeira, Carolina Julia Costa Saraiva, Bárbara Pereira dos Santos, Thais Cristina Vann, Leonardo José Camargos Lara and Benito Soto-Blanco

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1856; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131856 - 22 Jun 2024

Viewed by 263

Abstract

This study aimed to determine whether the eggs of laying hens fed caffeine contain this compound and its primary metabolites (theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine). Laying hens were distributed into four experimental groups fed rations containing 0 (control), 150, 300, or 450 μg/g of [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine whether the eggs of laying hens fed caffeine contain this compound and its primary metabolites (theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine). Laying hens were distributed into four experimental groups fed rations containing 0 (control), 150, 300, or 450 μg/g of caffeine. For residual analysis, six eggs per group were collected after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The concentrations of caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine were determined in the white and yolk of each egg by a high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) method. All four compounds were detected in the white and yolk of eggs produced by hens fed caffeine, but their levels in the egg white were approximately twice those in the yolk. The major metabolite found in eggs was theophylline (57.5% of caffeine metabolites in the egg white and 58.5% in the yolk), followed by theobromine (39.9% in the egg white and 41.5% in the yolk), and paraxanthine (2.64% in the egg white and non-detected in the yolk). In summary, caffeine and its metabolites, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine, are transferred to the chicken eggs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

20 pages, 1058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fattening Pigs with Tannin-Rich Source (Ceratonia siliqua L.) and High Doses of Vitamin E: Effects on Growth Performance, Economics, Digestibility, Physiology, and Behaviour

by Diego Nicolas Bottegal, María Ángeles Latorre, Sandra Lobón, Marçal Verdú and Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1855; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131855 - 22 Jun 2024

Viewed by 402

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the impact on growth, economic results, apparent nutrient digestibility (CTTAD), physiological variables, and animal behaviour when 214 fattening pigs (78 ± 8.5 kg of initial body weight and 130 ± 4.5 days of age) of both sexes (gilts [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess the impact on growth, economic results, apparent nutrient digestibility (CTTAD), physiological variables, and animal behaviour when 214 fattening pigs (78 ± 8.5 kg of initial body weight and 130 ± 4.5 days of age) of both sexes (gilts and boars) were fed two levels of carob pulp (Cp, 0 vs. 20%) and two doses of vitamin E (Vit E, 30 vs. 300 IU/kg) for 40 days. No interaction effects between factors studied (Cp, Vit E, and sex) were observed on the variables. Most productive traits were unaffected by Cp or Vit E inclusion. However, the Cp increased the feed conversion ratio during the first 20 days. The Cp group showed a higher CTTAD of ether extract and hemicellulose but lower CTTAD of crude protein. Pigs fed Cp had a lower plasmatic urea content than the control group. The high Vit E doses increased the CTTAD of every nutrient and the plasmatic α-tocopherol content. The pigs fed Cp tended to spend more time eating in the early morning, likely to mitigate tannins’ astringent effects. Dietary inclusion of 20% Cp in finishing high-conformation pigs is possible without affecting overall performance though it reduces nutrient CTTAD and increases feeding cost. Supra-nutritional doses of Vit E do not affect pig performance but increase the α-tocopherol deposition with potential antioxidant effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploration of Sustainable Feed Resources and Pig Dietary Strategies)

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13 pages, 1772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Craniocervical Morphometry in Pomeranians—Part I: Intra-Observer, Interobserver, and Intermodality (CT vs. MRI) Agreement

by Koen Santifort, Sophie Bellekom, Ines Carrera and Paul Mandigers

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1854; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131854 - 22 Jun 2024

Viewed by 260

Abstract

Background: Currently, there are no diagnostic imaging-based studies that have focused specifically on the craniocervical morphology of Pomeranian dogs in relation to Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia (CM/SM). The aims of Part I of this two-part study are to assess the intra-observer, interobserver, and [...] Read more.

Background: Currently, there are no diagnostic imaging-based studies that have focused specifically on the craniocervical morphology of Pomeranian dogs in relation to Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia (CM/SM). The aims of Part I of this two-part study are to assess the intra-observer, interobserver, and intermodality reliability and agreement for various aspects of the craniocervical morphology of Pomeranians with and without CM/SM. Methods: Prospectively, Pomeranians were included that underwent both CT and MRI studies of the head and cervicothoracic vertebral column. Two observers (experienced and novice) independently performed CM and SM classifications, qualitative assessments, and quantitative measurements. The experienced observer performed these assessments twice. A third observer (experienced) performed CM and SM normal or abnormal classifications. Results: Ninety-nine (99) dogs were included. Interobserver reliability was influenced by observer experience level. For the experienced versus novice observers, substantial interobserver agreement was found for classification of SM as normal or abnormal (Cohen’s kappa = 0.63), while interobserver agreement was fair for classification of SM as normal or abnormal (Cohen’s kappa = 0.31). Interobserver, intra-observer, and intermodality reliability were variable for different measurements and assessments, and best overall for the CT-based measurements. Conclusions: Interobserver reliability and agreement results should be taken into account in the evaluation of results of future studies as well as the evaluation of imaging studies of Pomeranians presented clinically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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17 pages, 8241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Influence of Guanidinoacetic Acid on Growth Performance, Body Temperature, Blood Metabolites, and Intestinal Morphometry in Broilers: A Comparative Sex-Based Experiment

by Abdulaziz A. Al-Abdullatif, Mahmoud M. Azzam, Emad M. Samara, Mohammed A. Al-Badwi, Xinyang Dong and Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1853; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131853 - 22 Jun 2024

Viewed by 205

Abstract

It is well known that female and male broilers showcase variations in their growth performance, influenced by various physiological factors. This experiment aims to explore potential differences between female and male broilers concerning growth performance, body temperature, blood metabolites, carcass traits, and intestinal [...] Read more.

It is well known that female and male broilers showcase variations in their growth performance, influenced by various physiological factors. This experiment aims to explore potential differences between female and male broilers concerning growth performance, body temperature, blood metabolites, carcass traits, and intestinal architecture in response to guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation. A total of 240 Ross 308 broiler chickens were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial design and randomly allocated into 48 boxes, each containing 5 birds. The experiment comprised six treatments, with eight replicates per treatment. The main factors investigated were dietary GAA levels (0%, 0.06%, and 0.12%) and sex (male and female). Male broilers demonstrated superior body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) compared to females (p< 0.05). GAA supplementation at 0.12% concentration notably improved BWG and reduced FI and feed conversion ratio (FCR) across experimental phases (p < 0.05). However, interactions between sex and GAA were minimal except for reduced FI and FCR (p < 0.05) in both sexes during early growth stages. Regardless of GAA treatment, the male birds exhibited more elevated shank and head temperatures than the females. Carcass traits were largely unaffected by GAA supplementation or sex, except for higher heart yield in the males. Serum metabolite levels were not different between treatment groups at 10 and 24 days of age, except for a higher level of serum creatinine at 10 days in the female birds with 0.06% GA supplementation (p < 0.05). Intestinal morphology was significantly affected by GAA and sex, depending on the segment of intestine, in which GAA supplementation significantly increased villus height, crypt depth, villus width, surface area, and goblet cell count, while the males consistently exhibited higher values of these parameters than the females, and differences were observed between intestinal segments, especially in the ileum and duodenum, at different ages. In conclusion, the interactions between GAA and sex had minimal influences on growth performance indices. However, male broilers demonstrated a more pronounced response to GAA concerning ileal architecture. This study highlights the importance of supplementing broiler chicken diets with GAA for optimizing male broiler performance and intestinal function. The inclusion of GAA into broiler diets needs further study to reveal the underlying mechanisms driving these sex-specific responses and assess the long-term impacts of GAA supplementation on broiler health and productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poultry Nutrition and Management)

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22 pages, 4269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Causes of Admission, Mortality and Pathological Findings in European Hedgehogs: Reports from Two University Centers in Italy and Switzerland

by Ilaria Prandi, Eva Dervas, Elena Colombino, Giuseppe Bonaffini, Stefania Zanet, Riccardo Orusa, Serena Robetto, Massimo Vacchetta, Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld, Giuseppe Quaranta, Udo Hetzel and Maria Teresa Capucchio

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1852; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131852 - 22 Jun 2024

Viewed by 232

Abstract

European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are nocturnal insectivores frequently found in urban areas. In the last decades, their population has declined in various European countries and human activities have emerged as significant contributors to this trend. While the literature has mainly focused [...] Read more.

European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are nocturnal insectivores frequently found in urban areas. In the last decades, their population has declined in various European countries and human activities have emerged as significant contributors to this trend. While the literature has mainly focused on trauma as the major cause of mortality, few authors have considered pathological findings. The present study is based on the results of full post-mortem examinations performed on 162 European hedgehogs in Italy and 109 in Switzerland. Unlike in previous studies, the main cause of mortality was infectious diseases (60.5%), followed by traumatic insults (27.7%). The lungs were the main organ affected, showing mostly lymphoplasmacytic (45.9%), granulomatous (18.1%) or suppurative (8.2%) pneumonia. Nematodes were detected in 57.2% of all lungs and were significantly associated with pneumonia (p-value < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report infectious diseases as the main cause of hedgehog death, emphasizing the need for wildlife rescue centers to adopt appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Further research is necessary to determine the broad range of infectious agents that affect this species and elucidate their interplay with the host. Finally, citizen sensitization should be implemented to promote responsible behaviors that could reduce human-related traumatic events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Diseases: Pathology and Diagnostic Investigation)

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17 pages, 1743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Dietary Pterostilbene on the Immune Response, Antioxidant Function, and Jejunal Structure of Broilers

by Zesheng Yin, Xue Sun, Xuehong Chai, Xin Zhou, Yingjie Wang, Mengru Liu and Xingjun Feng

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1851; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131851 - 22 Jun 2024

Viewed by 189

Abstract

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pterostilbene (PTE) supplementation in feed on Arbor Acres broilers in terms of serum biochemical parameters, immune and inflammatory responses, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphological structure. For a duration of 42 days, a total [...] Read more.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pterostilbene (PTE) supplementation in feed on Arbor Acres broilers in terms of serum biochemical parameters, immune and inflammatory responses, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphological structure. For a duration of 42 days, a total of 480 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into four groups. Each group was assigned to receive either the basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg of PTE. Each treatment consisted of eight replicates, with 15 chicks per replicate. In comparison with the control group, three PTE treatments significantly increased the lymphocyte transformation rate in the spleen of broilers. The automated biochemical analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and RT-qPCR analysis kits found that 400 mg/kg of PTE significantly increased the serum levels of complement C3, IL-4, and iNOS; reduced the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and mRNA levels of the genes IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, NLRP3, and IFN-γ; significantly improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, GSH-Px, and T-SOD in the jejunum; and significantly reduced the MDA contents in the serum and jejunum of broilers. Nikon microscope observations and ImagePro Plus 6.0 measure results found that 400 mg/kg of PTE supplementation significantly reduced the relative length and weight of the jejunum and improved the jejunal villi structure, resulting in increased intestinal villi, deepened crypt, and an enhanced ratio of villi height to crypt depth (VH/CD). RT-qPCR and Western blot found that dietary PTE also resulted in increased mRNA levels of the genes Claudin-2, Occludin, ZO-1, and Sirt1, and decreased NF-κB protein levels in the jejunum. The results of this study demonstrated that dietary PTE improved the immune function and intestinal health of broilers by reducing inflammation and increasing the antioxidant capacity of the animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Animal Nutrition and Feeding)

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28 pages, 83238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive Fish Biometrics for Enhancing Precision and Understanding of Aquaculture Farming through Statistical Morphology Analysis and Machine Learning

by Fernando Joaquín Ramírez-Coronel, Oscar Mario Rodríguez-Elías, Edgard Esquer-Miranda, Madaín Pérez-Patricio, Anna Judith Pérez-Báez and Eduardo Antonio Hinojosa-Palafox

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1850; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131850 - 21 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Aquaculture requires precise non-invasive methods for biomass estimation. This research validates a novel computer vision methodology that uses a signature function-based feature extraction algorithm combining statistical morphological analysis of the size and shape of fish and machine learning to improve the accuracy of [...] Read more.

Aquaculture requires precise non-invasive methods for biomass estimation. This research validates a novel computer vision methodology that uses a signature function-based feature extraction algorithm combining statistical morphological analysis of the size and shape of fish and machine learning to improve the accuracy of biomass estimation in fishponds and is specifically applied to tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). These features that are automatically extracted from images are put to the test against previously manually extracted features by comparing the results when applied to three common machine learning methods under two different lighting conditions. The dataset for this analysis encompasses 129 tilapia samples. The results give promising outcomes since the multilayer perceptron model shows robust performance, consistently demonstrating superior accuracy across different features and lighting conditions. The interpretable nature of the model, rooted in the statistical features of the signature function, could provide insights into the morphological and allometric changes at different developmental stages. A comparative analysis against existing literature underscores the competitiveness of the proposed methodology, pointing to advancements in precision, interpretability, and species versatility. This research contributes significantly to the field, accelerating the quest for non-invasive fish biometrics that can be generalized across various aquaculture species in different stages of development. In combination with detection, tracking, and posture recognition, deep learning methodologies such as the one provided in the latest studies could generate a powerful method for real-time fish morphology development, biomass estimation, and welfare monitoring, which are crucial for the effective management of fish farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Aquaculture Production Systems)

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12 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Homology in Sex Determination in Two Distant Spiny Frogs, Nanorana quadranus and Quasipaa yei

by Yu Xiao, Guangjiong Liao, Wei Luo, Yun Xia and Xiaomao Zeng

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1849; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131849 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 845

Abstract

Sex determination is remarkably diverse, with frequent transitions between sex chromosomes, in amphibians. Under these transitions, some chromosomes are more likely to be recurrently co-opted as sex chromosomes, as they are often observed across deeply divergent taxa. However, little is known about the [...] Read more.

Sex determination is remarkably diverse, with frequent transitions between sex chromosomes, in amphibians. Under these transitions, some chromosomes are more likely to be recurrently co-opted as sex chromosomes, as they are often observed across deeply divergent taxa. However, little is known about the pattern of sex chromosome evolution among closely related groups. Here, we examined sex chromosome and sex determination in two spiny frogs, Nanorana quadranus and Quasipaa yei. We conducted an analysis of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data from a total of 34 individuals to identify sex-specific makers, with the results verified by PCR. The results suggest that chromosome 1 is a homologous sex chromosome with an XY pattern in both species. This chromosome has been evolutionarily conserved across these closely related groups within a period of time. The DMRT1 gene is proposed to be implicated in homology across two distantly related spiny frog species as a putative candidate sex-determining gene. Harboring the DMRT1 gene, chromosome 1 would have been independently co-opted for sex determination in deeply divergent groups of anurans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sex Determination in Ectothermic Vertebrates)

18 pages, 1273 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Omentum—A Forgotten Structure in Veterinary Surgery in Small Animals’ Surgery

by Magdalena Morawska-Kozłowska, Aleksandra Wilkosz and Yauheni Zhalniarovich

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1848; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131848 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 275

Abstract

The greater and lesser omentum are derived from embryonic mesogastrium. The expansive greater omentum in dogs covers intestinal coils, while in cats, it is smaller. Comprising distinct portions, the greater omentum is rich in lymphatics and blood vessels. Conversely, the lesser omentum spans [...] Read more.

The greater and lesser omentum are derived from embryonic mesogastrium. The expansive greater omentum in dogs covers intestinal coils, while in cats, it is smaller. Comprising distinct portions, the greater omentum is rich in lymphatics and blood vessels. Conversely, the lesser omentum spans the liver, stomach, and duodenum. Studies on canine omentum reveal unique immune cell composition and regenerative potential attributed to adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs). These cells hold promise in regenerative medicine, showing enhanced abilities compared with ADSCs from other sources. The omentum is critical in tissue repair and pathology, making it invaluable in veterinary surgery across various medical fields. The aim of this article was to research current knowledge about the applications of the omentum in veterinary surgery and the possibilities of using this structure in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

11 pages, 1334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Two Intravenous Propofol Doses after Jugular Administration for Short Non-Surgical Procedures in Red-Eared Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans)

by Lucia Victoria Bel, Paolo Selleri, Carmen Maria Turcu, Constantin Cerbu, Ioana Adriana Matei, Marco Masi and Iulia Melega

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1847; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131847 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 193

Abstract

This study compares the effects of two different doses of propofol administered intravenously (IV), in the jugular vein, to red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). In this crossover study, 5 or 10 mg/kg propofol was administered to six Trachemys scripta elegans after [...] Read more.

This study compares the effects of two different doses of propofol administered intravenously (IV), in the jugular vein, to red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). In this crossover study, 5 or 10 mg/kg propofol was administered to six Trachemys scripta elegans after cannulation of the jugular vein. Each turtle received each dose, G1 (5 mg/kg IV) and G2 (10 mg/kg IV), after a 7-day washout period. The parameters evaluated were heart rate, palpebral reflex, cloacal reflex, muscle relaxation, ease of handling, sensitivity to anterior and posterior pinch stimuli, and possibility of intubation. Additionally, respiratory rate was measured when possible, and the times from propofol administration to full recovery and from intubation to extubation were recorded. None of the turtles in G1 could be intubated, and this dose provided little relaxation and ease of handling, with a duration of effect until full recovery of 12.16 ± 8.32 (SD) min for this group. In G2, five out of the six turtles could be intubated, and the duration of effect was 32.33 ± 5.85 (SD) min. Heart rates were influenced by manipulation for catheter placement. There were statistically significant differences (p value ≤ 0.05) between the two groups in muscle relaxation degree, handling, cloacal reflex, and possibility of intubation. The 5 mg/kg propofol dose was not sufficient to induce anesthesia, even when administered in the jugular vein, in red-eared sliders. A dose of 10 mg/kg IV or higher should be used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Herpetological Medicine and Surgery)

12 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Hyperprolific Sows: A Study of Gross Morphology of Reproductive Organs and Oxytocin Receptor Distribution across Parities

by Yosua Kristian Adi, Preechaphon Taechamaeteekul, Sawang Kesdangsakonwut, Paisan Tienthai, Roy N. Kirkwood and Padet Tummaruk

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1846; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131846 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 225

Abstract

This study investigated the gross morphology of reproductive organs and oxytocin receptor distribution across different parities in hyperprolific sows. A total of thirty-two reproductive organs from Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows were categorized into three groups based on parity numbers: 1 (n [...] Read more.

This study investigated the gross morphology of reproductive organs and oxytocin receptor distribution across different parities in hyperprolific sows. A total of thirty-two reproductive organs from Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows were categorized into three groups based on parity numbers: 1 (n = 10), 2–5 (n = 12), and ≥ 6 (n = 10). All sows were culled due to management problems, and none had reproductive disorders. A gross morphology examination of the ovaries, uterus, and the rest of the reproductive tract was conducted. Using immunohistochemistry, the levels of oxytocin receptor were evaluated in five layers of the uterus, the epithelial, superficial glandular, deep glandular, and circular and longitudinal smooth muscles of the myometrium, and were quantified using an H-score. On average, the age and body weight of sows and the total number of piglets born per litter were 799.8 ± 327.8 days, 213.2 ± 31.7 kg, and 15.5 ± 4.8, respectively. The numbers of ovulations in sows in parity number 1 (19.9 ± 2.4) were lower than those in sows in parity numbers 2–5 (29.7 ± 2.0, p = 0.004) and ≥ 6 (27.7 ± 2.1, p = 0.022). The uterine weights of sows in parity number 1 (902.9 ± 112.5 g) were lower than those of parity numbers 2–5 (1442.1 ± 111.8 g, p = 0.001) and ≥ 6 (1394.3 ± 125.1 g, p = 0.004). The length of the uterus in sows with parity number 1 (277.9 ± 26.1 cm) was shorter than those in sows with parity numbers 2–5 (354.6 ± 25.9 cm, p = 0.033) and tended to be shorter than those in sows with parity numbers ≥ 6 (346.6 ± 29.0 cm, p = 0.068). The immunolocalization of oxytocin receptors could be detected in various parts of the porcine endometrium and myometrium. Among the five tissue layers of the uterus, the H-score of oxytocin receptors in the deep uterine glands was greater than in the superficial uterine glands (p = 0.023) and the circular muscle layer of the myometrium (p = 0.011), but it did not differ from the epithelial layer of the endometrium (p = 0.428) or the longitudinal muscle layer of the myometrium (p = 0.081). Sows with parity numbers ≥ 6 had a lower oxytocin receptor H-score than those with parity numbers 1 (p < 0.001) and 2–5 (p < 0.001). In conclusion, these data emphasize the notable variations in several reproductive parameters and the levels of oxytocin receptor within the uterus of hyperprolific sows. Across the majority of uterine tissue layers, there was a marked decrease in the H-score of the oxytocin receptor in the older sows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

17 pages, 4149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Different Founding Effects Underlie Dominant Blue Eyes (DBE) in the Domestic Cat

by Marie Abitbol, Caroline Dufaure de Citres, Gabriela Rudd Garces, Gesine Lühken, Leslie A. Lyons and Vincent Gache

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1845; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131845 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 624

Abstract

During the last twenty years, minimal white spotting associated with blue eyes was selected by feline breeders to create the Altai, Topaz, and Celestial breeds. Additionally, certain breeders introduced this trait in their lineages of purebred cats. The trait has been called “dominant [...] Read more.

During the last twenty years, minimal white spotting associated with blue eyes was selected by feline breeders to create the Altai, Topaz, and Celestial breeds. Additionally, certain breeders introduced this trait in their lineages of purebred cats. The trait has been called “dominant blue eyes (DBE)” and was confirmed to be autosomal dominant in all lineages. DBE was initially described in outbred cats from Kazakhstan and Russia and in two purebred lineages of British cats from Russia, as well as in Dutch Maine Coon cats, suggesting different founding effects. We have previously identified two variants in the Paired Box 3 (PAX3) gene associated with DBE in Maine Coon and Celestial cats; however, the presence of an underlying variant remains undetermined in other DBE breeding lines. Using a genome-wide association study, we identified a single region on chromosome C1 that was associated with DBE in British cats. Within that region, we identified PAX3 as the strongest candidate gene. Whole-genome sequencing of a DBE cat revealed an RD-114 retrovirus LTR (long terminal repeat) insertion within PAX3 intron 4 (namely NC_018730.3:g.206975776_206975777insN[433]) known to contain regulatory sequences. Using a panel of 117 DBE cats, we showed that this variant was fully associated with DBE in two British lineages, in Altai cats, and in some other DBE lineages. We propose that this NC_018730.3:g.206975776_206975777insN[433] variant represents the DBE^ALT (Altai Dominant Blue Eye) allele in the domestic cat. Finally, we genotyped DBE cats from 14 lineages for the three PAX3 variants and showed that they were not present in four lineages, confirming genetic heterogeneity of the DBE trait in the domestic cat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

12 pages, 844 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Ballou’s Ancestral Inbreeding Coefficient: Formulation and New Estimate with Higher Reliability

by Tetsuro Nomura

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1844; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131844 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 186

Abstract

Inbreeding is unavoidable in small populations. However, the deleterious effects of inbreeding on fitness-related traits (inbreeding depression) may not be an inevitable phenomenon, since deleterious recessive alleles causing inbreeding depression might be purged from populations through inbreeding and selection. Inbreeding purging has been [...] Read more.

Inbreeding is unavoidable in small populations. However, the deleterious effects of inbreeding on fitness-related traits (inbreeding depression) may not be an inevitable phenomenon, since deleterious recessive alleles causing inbreeding depression might be purged from populations through inbreeding and selection. Inbreeding purging has been of great interest in conservation biology and animal breeding, because populations manifesting lower inbreeding depression could be created even with a small number of breeding animals, if inbreeding purging exists. To date, many studies intending to detect inbreeding purging in captive and domesticated animal populations have been carried out using pedigree analysis. Ballou’s ancestral inbreeding coefficient (F_{BAL_ANC}) is one of the most widely used measurements to detect inbreeding purging, but the theoretical basis for F_{BAL_ANC} has not been fully established. In most of the published works, estimates from stochastic simulation (gene-dropping simulation) have been used. In this report, the author provides a mathematical basis for F_{BAL_ANC}and proposes a new estimate by hybridizing stochastic and deterministic computation processes. A stochastic simulation suggests that the proposed method could considerably reduce the variance of estimates, compared to ordinary gene-dropping simulation, in which whole gene transmissions in a pedigree are stochastically determined. The favorable property of the proposed method results from the bypass of a part of the stochastic process in the ordinary gene-dropping simulation. Using the proposed method, the reliability of the estimates of F_{BAL_ANC} could be remarkably enhanced. The relationship between F_{BAL_ANC} and other pedigree-based parameters is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

17 pages, 6156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Genetic Assessment of Invasive Corbicula Lineages in Southern South America: A Case Study in Argentina

by Leandro A. Hünicken, Esteban M. Paolucci, Pablo D. Lavinia and Francisco Sylvester

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1843; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131843 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 188

Abstract

The broad global distribution of freshwater clams belonging to the genus Corbicula is driven by multiple hermaphroditic lineages. These lineages, characterized by shared morphological traits and phenotypic plasticity, pose challenges to morphological identification. Genetic markers, such as the mitochondrial COI gene, play a [...] Read more.

The broad global distribution of freshwater clams belonging to the genus Corbicula is driven by multiple hermaphroditic lineages. These lineages, characterized by shared morphological traits and phenotypic plasticity, pose challenges to morphological identification. Genetic markers, such as the mitochondrial COI gene, play a crucial role in delineating these lineages and their ranges. Morphotypes represent observed phenotypic variations, while lineages are defined based on genetic markers. Here, we comprehensively review Corbicula’s distribution in Argentina, discriminate extant lineages based on both morphological and genetic (COI) data, and describe variations in internal and external morphologies using 15 Argentine populations. Genetic analyses identified two mitochondrial lineages: the AR morphotype (FW5 haplotype) and CS morphotype (FW17 haplotype). Strikingly, despite having similar vectors, origins, and invasive stages, Corbicula lineages exhibit virtually segregated distributions. However, mitochondrial haplotypes are found in sympatry mainly in northeastern Argentina where individuals with intermediate morphotypes exist, suggesting the presence of hybrids due to maternal genome retention. These findings contribute to the clarification of the identity and distribution of Corbicula lineages in Argentina, where the genus has been found for over half a century. Similar studies are needed in other areas to better understand the invasion patterns of this successful and adaptable group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alien and Pest Molluscs: Invasion Dynamics, Impacts, Control Methods and Ecosystem Services in a Changing World)

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8 pages, 1992 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Equine Corneal Wound Healing Using Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome: Case Report

by Alejandro Casado-Santos, Elsa González-Cubero, Maria Luisa González-Fernández, Yaiza González-Rodríguez, Mª Belén García-Rodríguez and Vega Villar-Suárez

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1842; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131842 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 213

Abstract

Corneal ulcers are a common and potentially vision-threatening condition in horses that can be challenging to treat with conventional therapies alone. This case report describes the successful treatment of a non-healing corneal ulcer in a 28-year-old Hispano-Bretón mare using the secretome derived from [...] Read more.

Corneal ulcers are a common and potentially vision-threatening condition in horses that can be challenging to treat with conventional therapies alone. This case report describes the successful treatment of a non-healing corneal ulcer in a 28-year-old Hispano-Bretón mare using the secretome derived from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). Despite initial treatment with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and surgical debridement, the corneal ulcer failed to heal properly, exhibiting persistent epithelial defects and stromal complications. As an alternative regenerative approach, the ASC secretome, a rich source of trophic factors, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles, was topically administered to the affected eye. Remarkably, within one week of secretome treatment, the clinical signs of blepharospasm and epiphora resolved, and the corneal ulcer exhibited complete re-epithelialization, regained transparency, and reduced neovascularization. No recurrence was observed during the 1.5-year follow-up period. This case highlights the potential therapeutic benefits of the ASC secretome in promoting corneal wound healing and suggests its promise as a novel cell-free therapy for treating refractory corneal ulcers in horses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stem-Cell-Based Therapies in Veterinary Medicine—Current Status and Perspectives)

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17 pages, 4912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards an Objective Measurement Tool for ADHD-like Traits in Family Dogs: A Comprehensive Test Battery

by Barbara Csibra, Vivien Reicher, Melitta Csepregi, Kíra Kristóf and Márta Gácsi

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1841; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131841 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 196

Abstract

Family dogs exhibit neuropsychological deficits similar to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in humans. Questionnaire methods have mostly been used to assess ADHD-like behaviours in dogs. In addition to our validated questionnaire (Dog ADHD and Functionality Rating Scale–DAFRS; 2024), we developed a simple behavioural [...] Read more.

Family dogs exhibit neuropsychological deficits similar to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in humans. Questionnaire methods have mostly been used to assess ADHD-like behaviours in dogs. In addition to our validated questionnaire (Dog ADHD and Functionality Rating Scale–DAFRS; 2024), we developed a simple behavioural test battery covering the ADHD symptom domains (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity) in dogs. Our main aim was (i) to provide a final external validation step to the DAFRS by examining its associations with the test variables (N = 59); and (ii) to compare owner- and trainer-rated factor scores’ associations with the test variables (n = 38). We developed four tests covering the ADHD symptom domains: the attention test (inattention), the plush dog test (impulsivity), the leash test, and the sit test (hyperactivity). All four behavioural variables correlated with their respective questionnaire scores, i.e., the strongest for hyperactivity, and the least strong for inattention. Both owner- and trainer-rated scores (n = 38) correlated with the relevant test variables in an expected direction. Dogs’ training status was linked only to the sit test results. Test–retest analyses (n = 34) indicated moderate-to-excellent agreement across all behavioural variables. Our findings support the validity of our novel human-analogue questionnaire for dogs as the behavioural tests strongly correlate with the relevant questionnaire scores, indicating that the two constructs together can effectively assess inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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13 pages, 2335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Gabapentin or Alprazolam in Cats during Postoperative, Short-Term Hospitalization

by Virginia Papageorgiou, Charalampos Ververidis, Mathios E. Mylonakis, Ioannis Savvas and George Kazakos

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1840; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131840 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 236

Abstract

This prospective, randomized study aimed to assess the anxiolytic efficacy of gabapentin or alprazolam in cats during short-term postoperative hospitalization. Sixty cats were randomly assigned to three groups (gabapentin-treated [100 mg per cat], alprazolam-treated [0.125 mg per cat], or placebo-treated), with treatments administered [...] Read more.

This prospective, randomized study aimed to assess the anxiolytic efficacy of gabapentin or alprazolam in cats during short-term postoperative hospitalization. Sixty cats were randomly assigned to three groups (gabapentin-treated [100 mg per cat], alprazolam-treated [0.125 mg per cat], or placebo-treated), with treatments administered twice daily for two days. Stress levels were evaluated using Cat Stress Scores, serum cortisol, and glucose concentrations. Pain scores, food consumption, and adverse effects such as sedation were also monitored. Fifty-five cats completed the study. Both medications demonstrated similar reductions in stress levels. Cats receiving gabapentin had lower pain scores, while those receiving alprazolam exhibited significantly increased food intake on the first postoperative day. However, both medications resulted in comparable levels of sedation. In the context of postoperative hospitalization, pharmacological intervention with anxiolytics could be effective in reducing stress levels. Despite potential side effects, gabapentin and alprazolam may contribute to an improved quality of short-term hospitalization for cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaesthesia and Analgesia in Companion Animals)

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11 pages, 4527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Novel Candidate Genes Influencing Semen Traits in Landrace Pigs

by Zhanwei Zhuang, Kebiao Li, Kai Yang, Guangxiong Gao, Zhili Li, Xiaoping Zhu and Yunxiang Zhao

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1839; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131839 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 216

Abstract

Artificial insemination plays a crucial role in pig production, particularly in enhancing the genetic potential of elite boars. To accelerate genetic progress for semen traits in pigs, it is vital to understand and identify the underlying genetic markers associated with desirable traits. Herein, [...] Read more.

Artificial insemination plays a crucial role in pig production, particularly in enhancing the genetic potential of elite boars. To accelerate genetic progress for semen traits in pigs, it is vital to understand and identify the underlying genetic markers associated with desirable traits. Herein, we genotyped 1238 Landrace boars with GeneSeek Porcine SNP50 K Bead chip and conducted genome-wide association studies to identify genetic regions and candidate genes associated with 12 semen traits. Our study identified 38 SNPs associated with the analyzed 12 semen traits. Furthermore, we identified several promising candidate genes, including HIBADH, DLG1, MED1, APAF1, MGST3, MTG2, and ZP4. These candidate genes have the potential function to facilitate the breeding of boars with improved semen traits. By further investigating and understanding the roles of these genes, we can develop more effective breeding strategies that contribute to the overall enhancement of pig production. The results of our study provide valuable insights for the pig-breeding industry and support ongoing research efforts to optimize genetic selection for superior semen traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Improvement in Pigs)

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11 pages, 436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Tryptophan Supplementation in Diets with Different Protein Levels on the Production Performance of Broilers

by Kailai Xie, Xiajie Feng, Shuqing Zhu, Jingwen Liang, Yingfen Mo, Xiaohua Feng, Shangwu Ye, Ying Zhou, Gang Shu, Songbo Wang, Ping Gao, Canjun Zhu, Yijie Fan, Qingyan Jiang and Lina Wang

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1838; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani14131838 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 249

Abstract

Tryptophan plays an important role in the pig industry but has the potential to improve performance in the poultry industry. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of tryptophan supplementation in diets with different protein levels on the feed intake, [...] Read more.

Tryptophan plays an important role in the pig industry but has the potential to improve performance in the poultry industry. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of tryptophan supplementation in diets with different protein levels on the feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (F/G) of broilers. A total of 180 twenty-one-day-old broilers (half male and half female) were weighed and randomly allocated to twelve groups, with six male and six female groups. Each group consisted of 15 broilers. The broilers were fed low- (17.2%), medium- (19.2%), or high- (21.2%) protein diets with or without extra tryptophan (up to 0.25%) during the 28-day experiment. Food intake and body weight were measured weekly during the trial period. Male broilers fed a medium-protein diet containing more tryptophan showed a lower F/G. In the low-protein diet groups, additional tryptophan caused a significant reduction in the feed intake of female broilers during the first two weeks. Moreover, the serum GLP-1, cholesterol, and bile acid levels, as well as the expression of FXR mRNA in the ileum, were significantly increased. Additionally, the FXR mRNA in the hypothalamus and the GCG and GLP-1R mRNAs in the ileum tended to increase in these broilers. In summary, the tryptophan concentration in the diet can influence the feed intake and metabolism of broilers. Under a standard diet, an appropriate amount of tryptophan is beneficial to the F/G of male broilers, while under a low-protein diet, tryptophan supplementation may cause a short-term reduction in the feed intake of female broilers by increasing serum GLP-1 and bile acid signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition in Poultry)

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