Cooperative Approaches and Academic Motivation towards Enhancing Pre-Service Teachers’ Achievement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Context
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Need Supportive Teaching
2.3.2. Motivation
2.3.3. Achievement
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Teacher as a Social Context Questionnaire (TASC-Q) and Student Motivation Questionnaire (SMOTIV)
3.2. Associations between Need-Supportive Teaching Categories, Motivation Categories and Achievement
4. Discussion
4.1. Synergistic Interplay between Motivation and Need-Supportive Teaching Dimensions
4.2. Students’ Achievement Depending on Teaching Providing Basic Psychological Needs and the Time Development of Motivation
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Item | M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Factor Loading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor Autonomy support. 7 items. Cronbach Alpha = 0.72 | |||||
1. My teachers give me a lot of freedom in how I organize the activities [Els professors em donen molta llibertat per organitzar activitats] | 4.25 | 0.62 | −0.48 | 0.69 | 0.60 |
2. My teachers listen to my ideas [Els professors escolten les meves idees] | 4.27 | 0.66 | −0.35 | −0.74 | 0.77 |
3. It seems like my teachers are always telling me what activities to do [Sembla que els professors sempre diuen quines activitats he de realitar] | 3.06 | 0.94 | −0.19 | −0.36 | -- |
4. My teachers don’t give me much choice in how I organize the activities [Els professors no em donen moltes opcions en com organitzar les activitats] | 4.31 | 0.63 | −0.34 | −0.64 | 0.46 |
5. My teachers listen to my opinion [Els professors escolten la meva opinió] | 4.30 | 0.64 | −0.36 | −0.67 | 0.66 |
6. My teachers don’t explain how I can use things we learn in the classes [Els professors no expliquen com utilitzar el que aprenc a les classes] | 4.13 | 0.83 | −0.99 | 1.35 | 0.48 |
7. My teachers are always criticising how I organize the activities [Els professors sempre critiquen com organitzo les activitats] | 4.09 | 0.76 | −0.43 | −0.37 | 0.54 |
8. My teachers explain why what I do in classes is important to me [Els professors m’expliquen perquè el que faig a les classes és important per a mi] | 4.42 | 0.70 | −0,78 | −0.59 | 0.32 |
Factor: Structure. Cronbach. 4 items. Alpha = 0.62 | |||||
9. My teachers make clear what they expect of me in class [Els professors deixen clar el que esperen de mi a classe] | 4.00 | 0.81 | −0.34 | −0.61 | 0.66 |
10. If I can’t solve a problem, my teachers show me the different strategies to try [Si no sé resoldre un problema, els professors m’ensenyen diferents estratègies per intentar-ho] | 3.83 | 0.78 | −0.35 | −0.10 | 0.37 |
11. Every time I do something wrong, my teachers respond differently [Cada vegada que faig alguna cosa errònia, els professors responen de manera diferent] | 3.09 | 0.78 | 0.11 | −0.03 | -- |
12. My teachers don’t tell me what they expect of me [Els professors no m’expliquen el que esperen de mi] | 4.03 | 0.71 | −0.55 | 0.56 | 0.72 |
13. My teachers check whether I’m ready before they start a new topic [Els professors analitzen si estic preparat abans de començar un nou tema] | 3.92 | 0.64 | 0.07 | −0.55 | -- |
14. My teachers show me how to solve a problem [Els professors m’ensenyen com resoldre un problema] | 4.08 | 0.73 | −0.75 | 1.87 | -- |
15. My teachers keep changing how they respond towards me [Els professors canvien la manera d’adreçar-se a mi] | 3.81 | 0.72 | −0.20 | −0.10 | 0.44 |
16. My teachers make sure I understand before they move on [Els professors s’asseguren que entenc un tema abans de continuar] | 3.82 | 0.78 | −0.71 | 1.18 | -- |
Factor Involvement. 8 items. Cronbach Alpha = 0.80 | |||||
17. My teachers know me well [Els professors em coneixen bé] | 3.10 | 0.90 | −0.28 | 0.42 | 0.66 |
18. My teachers just don’t understand me [Els professors, simplement, no m’entenen] | 4.05 | 0.68 | −0.25 | −0.18 | 0.46 |
19. My teachers talk to me [Els professors parlen amb mi] | 4.01 | 0.82 | −0.35 | −0.64 | 0.49 |
20. I can’t count on my teachers when I need them [No puc confiar amb els professors quan els necessito] | 4.43 | 0.61 | −0.81 | 1.16 | 0.58 |
21. My teachers like me [Agrado als professors] | 3.85 | 0.68 | −0.57 | 1.96 | 0.71 |
22. My teachers dedicate time to me [Els professors em dediquen temps] | 3.85 | 0.70 | 0.21 | −0.92 | 0.73 |
23. My teachers really care about me [Els professors es preocupen per mi] | 3.68 | 0.76 | 0.05 | −0.46 | 0.83 |
24. I can’t depend on my teachers for important things [No puc dependre dels professors en questions importants] | 3.83 | 0.94 | −0.91 | 1.04 | 0.32 |
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Item | M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Factor Loading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor Autonomy support. 7 items. Cronbach Alpha = 0.72 | |||||
1. My teachers give me a lot of freedom in how I organize the activities | 4.25 | 0.62 | −0.48 | 0.69 | 0.60 |
2. My teachers listen to my ideas | 4.27 | 0.66 | −0.35 | −0.74 | 0.77 |
3. It seems like my teachers are always telling me what activities to do | 3.06 | 0.94 | −0.19 | −0.36 | -- |
4. My teachers don’t give me much choice in how I organize the activities | 4.31 | 0.63 | −0.34 | −0.64 | 0.46 |
5. My teachers listen to my opinion | 4.30 | 0.64 | −0.36 | −0.67 | 0.66 |
6. My teachers don’t explain how I can use things we learn in the classes | 4.13 | 0.83 | −0.99 | 1.35 | 0.48 |
7. My teachers are always criticising how I organize the activities | 4.09 | 0.76 | −0.43 | −0.37 | 0.54 |
8. My teachers explain why what I do in classes is important to me | 4.42 | 0.70 | −0,78 | −0.59 | 0.32 |
Factor: Structure. Cronbach. 4 items. Alpha = 0.62 | |||||
9. My teachers make clear what they expect of me in class | 4.00 | 0.81 | −0.34 | −0,61 | 0.66 |
10. If I can’t solve a problem, my teachers show me the different strategies to try | 3.83 | 0.78 | −0.35 | −0.10 | 0.37 |
11. Every time I do something wrong, my teachers respond differently | 3.09 | 0.78 | 0.11 | −0.03 | -- |
12. My teachers don’t tell me what they expect of me | 4.03 | 0.71 | −0.55 | 0.56 | 0.72 |
13. My teachers check whether I’m ready before they start a new topic | 3.92 | 0.64 | 0.07 | −0.55 | -- |
14. My teachers show me how to solve a problem | 4.08 | 0.73 | −0.75 | 1.87 | -- |
15. My teachers keep changing how they respond towards me | 3.81 | 0.72 | −0.20 | −0.10 | 0.44 |
16. My teachers make sure I understand before they move on | 3.82 | 0.78 | −0.71 | 1.18 | -- |
Factor Involvement. 8 items. Cronbach Alpha = 0.80 | |||||
17. My teachers know me well | 3.10 | 0.90 | −0.28 | 0.42 | 0.66 |
18. My teachers just don’t understand me | 4.05 | 0.68 | −0.25 | −0.18 | 0.46 |
19. My teachers talk to me | 4.01 | 0.82 | −0.35 | −0.64 | 0.49 |
20. I can’t count on my teachers when I need them | 4.43 | 0.61 | −0.81 | 1.16 | 0.58 |
21. My teachers like me | 3.85 | 0.68 | −0.57 | 1.96 | 0.71 |
22. My teachers dedicate time to me | 3.85 | 0.70 | 0.21 | −0.92 | 0.73 |
23. My teachers really care about me | 3.68 | 0.76 | 0.05 | −0.46 | 0.83 |
24. I can’t depend on my teachers for important things | 3.83 | 0.94 | −0.91 | 1.04 | 0.32 |
Item | M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Factor Loading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor SMOTIV-in class. 6 items. Cronbach Alpha = 0.92 | |||||
1. I’m motivated to know my capacities | 3.84 | 1.13 | −0.83 | −0.11 | 0.79 |
2. I’m motivated to learn new learning methodologies | 3.50 | 1.49 | −0.47 | −1,29 | 0.91 |
3. I’m motivated to know girls’ and boys’ reactions | 3.51 | 1.41 | −0.50 | −1,09 | 0.82 |
4. I’m motivated to know how to value my practice | 3.84 | 0.99 | −0.79 | 0.41 | 0.74 |
5. I’m motivated to value my learning process | 3.50 | 1.32 | −0.40 | −1.12 | 0.83 |
6. I’m motivated to continue training as a future teacher | 3.84 | 1.33 | −0.69 | −0.97 | 0.91 |
Factor SMOTIV-out class. 7 items Cronbach Alpha = 0.84 | |||||
7. I’m motivated to know if I can overcome the challenge | 4.35 | 0.74 | −0.81 | −0.18 | 0.74 |
8. I’m motivated to know my limits | 4.22 | 0.76 | −0.53 | −0.59 | 0.78 |
9. I’m motivated to know how to treat girls and boys appropriately | 4.42 | 0.71 | −0.80 | −0.61 | 0.80 |
10. I’m motivated to know if I will be able to solve challenges | 4.27 | 0.87 | −0.92 | −0.10 | 0.66 |
11. I’m motivated to know if I can overcome the challenge | 4.27 | 0.76 | −0.63 | −0.52 | 0.55 |
12. I’m motivated to carry out good teaching practice | 4.36 | 0.69 | −0.60 | −0.73 | 0.52 |
13. I’m motivated to reformulate the action taken at the school | 4.30 | 0.74 | −1.29 | 3.19 | 0.54 |
Factor | Possible Range | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Autonomy support | 1–5 | 4.25 | 0.43 | -- | ||||
2. Structure | 1–5 | 3.92 | 0.52 | 0.41 ** | -- | |||
3. Involvement | 1–5 | 3.85 | 0.49 | 0.50 ** | 0.47 ** | -- | ||
4. SMOTIV-in class | 1–5 | 3.67 | 1.10 | 0.004 | 0.09 | 0.23 * | -- | |
5. SMOTIV-out class | 1–5 | 4.31 | 0.54 | 0.33 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.44 ** | -- |
6. Achievement | 0–10 | 7.51 | 0.95 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.30** | 0.31 ** | 0.12 |
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Cañabate, D.; Gras, M.E.; Serra, T.; Colomer, J. Cooperative Approaches and Academic Motivation towards Enhancing Pre-Service Teachers’ Achievement. Educ. Sci. 2021, 11, 705. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/educsci11110705
Cañabate D, Gras ME, Serra T, Colomer J. Cooperative Approaches and Academic Motivation towards Enhancing Pre-Service Teachers’ Achievement. Education Sciences. 2021; 11(11):705. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/educsci11110705
Chicago/Turabian StyleCañabate, Dolors, Maria Eugènia Gras, Teresa Serra, and Jordi Colomer. 2021. "Cooperative Approaches and Academic Motivation towards Enhancing Pre-Service Teachers’ Achievement" Education Sciences 11, no. 11: 705. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/educsci11110705