A Cross-Sectional Study of the Dental Arch Relationship and Palatal Morphology after Cleft Surgery in Italian Children with Unilateral Cleft and Lip Palate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Analysis of Dental Arch Relationship and Palatal Morphology
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Grades | Dental Arch Relationship (DAR) |
---|---|
1 | Class I or Class II apical base relationship. Positive overjet and overbite, or markedly increased overjet but no overbite at both central incisors. Case classified as grade 2 in absence of overbite and considerably increased overjet. |
2 | Class I apical base relationship. Positive overjet and overbite at the non-cleft incisor; stable overjet and overbite at the cleft-side incisor following tilting or derotation. Case classified as grade 3 in the case of moderate open bite. |
3 | Edge-to-edge or mild skeletal class III apical base relationship. One or both central incisors are edge-to-edge or in a close anterior cross-bite. |
4 | (a) Class III apical base relationship. Anterior cross-bite at both central incisors or anterior cross-bite at one incisor and edge-to-edge for the other one. (b) As grade 3 but with marked open bite. |
Grades | Palatal Morphology (PM) |
1 | Good anterior and posterior height; minor surface irregularities; nil or minor deviation of the arch form. |
2 | Moderate reduction in anterior and posterior height; moderate surface irregularities; moderate deviation of the arch form. |
3 | Severe reduction in palate height; severe surface irregularities; severe deviation in the arch form. |
The initial grade is based on the worst feature of the three and it may be modified depending on the degree of severity of the other ones. |
Variables [n (%)] | UCLP Children (n = 66) | DPR (n = 46) | EPR (n = 20) |
---|---|---|---|
Eurocran dental arch relationship scores | |||
1 | 11 (16.7) | 11 (23.9) | 0 (0.0) |
2 | 30 (45.5) | 24 (52.2) | 6 (30.0) |
3 | 14 (21.2) | 8 (17.4) | 6 (30.0) |
4 | 11 (16.7) | 3 (6.5) | 8 (40.0) |
Eurocran palatal morphology scores | |||
1 | 39 (59.1) | 35 (76.1) | 4 (20.0) |
2 | 22 (33.3) | 10 (21.7) | 12 (60.0) |
3 | 5 (7.6) | 1 (2.2) | 4 (20.0) |
Missing upper lateral incisor—cleft side | |||
Yes | 22 (33.3) | 11 (23.9) | 11 (55.0) |
No | 44 (66.7) | 35 (76.1) | 9 (45.0) |
Missing upper lateral incisor—non-cleft side | |||
Yes | 9 (13.6) | 3 (6.5) | 6 (30.0) |
No | 57 (86.4) | 43 (93.5) | 14 (70.0) |
Missing upper lateral incisor—bilateral | |||
Yes | 3 (4.5) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (10.0) |
No | 63 (95.5) | 45 (97.8) | 18 (90.0) |
Variables | DAR | PM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Favourable | Unfavourable | p Value | Favourable | Unfavourable | p Value | |
Sex (n (%)) | 0.004 | 0.062 | ||||
Male | 19 (47.5) | 21 (52.5) | 20 (50.0) | 20 (50.0) | ||
Female | 22 (84.6) | 4 (15.4) | 19 (73.1) | 7 (26.9) | ||
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 10.4 ± 2.8 | 9.6 ± 2.9 | 0.273 | 10.3 ± 2.5 | 9.7 ± 3.3 | 0.406 |
Race/Ethnicity (n (%)) | 0.003 | 0.005 | ||||
Caucasian | 35 (68.6) | 16 (31.4) | 33 (64.7) | 18 (35.5) | ||
Asian | 2 (25.0) | 6 (75.0) | 2 (25.0) | 6 (75.0) | ||
Hispanic | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | ||
Black | 4 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Cleft side (n (%)) | 0.962 | 0.539 | ||||
Left | 26 (61.9) | 16 (38.1) | 26 (61.9) | 16 (38.1) | ||
Right | 15 (62.5) | 9 (37.5) | 13 (54.2) | 11 (45.8) | ||
Missing lateral incisor – Cleft side (n (%)) | 0.370 | 0.595 | ||||
Yes | 12 (54.5) | 10 (45.5) | 12 (54.5) | 10 (45.5) | ||
No | 29 (65.9) | 15 (34.1) | 27 (61.4) | 17 (38.6) | ||
Missing lateral incisor – Non-cleft side (n (%)) | 0.072 | 0.040 | ||||
Yes | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) | 2 (22.2) | 7 (77.8) | ||
No | 38 (66.7) | 19 (33.3) | 37 (64.9) | 20 (35.1) | ||
Surgical Protocol (n (%)) | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
DPR | 35 (76.1) | 11 (23.9) | 35 (76.1) | 11 (23.9) | ||
EPR | 6 (30.0) | 14 (70.0) | 4 (20.0) | 16 (80.0) | ||
Neonatal maxillary plate (n (%)) | <0.001 | 0.021 | ||||
Yes | 31 (81.6) | 7 (18.4) | 27 (71.1) | 11 (28.9) | ||
No | 10 (35.7) | 18 (64.3) | 12 (57.1) | 16 (42.9) |
Variables | Crude Effect | ||
---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p Value | |
Sex | 0.004 | ||
Male | 1.00 | ||
Female | 6.08 | (1.77, 20.86) | |
Age (years) | 1.11 | (0.92, 1.33) | 0.270 |
Ethnicity | 0.048 | ||
Non-Caucasian | 1.00 | ||
Caucasian | 3.28 | (1.02, 10.79) | |
Missing non-cleft-side lateral incisor | 0.068 | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.25 | (0.56, 1.11) | |
Surgical Protocol | 0.001 | ||
EPR | 1.00 | ||
DPR | 7.42 | (2.30, 23.97) | |
Neonatal maxillary plate | <0.001 | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 7.97 | (2.58, 24.60) |
Variables | Adjusted Effect | ||
---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p Value | |
Sex | 0.013 | ||
Male | 1.00 | ||
Female | 6.08 | (1.47, 25.23) | |
Surgical Protocol | 0.032 | ||
EPR | 1.00 | ||
DPR | 4.77 | (1.14, 19.93) | |
Neonatal maxillary plate | 0.020 | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 4.68 | (1.27, 17.16) |
Variables | Crude Effect | ||
---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p Value | |
Sex | 0.066 | ||
Male | 1.00 | ||
Female | 2.71 | (0.94, 7.88) | |
Age (years) | 1.08 | (0.90, 1.29) | 0.400 |
Ethnicity | 0.093 | ||
Non-Caucasian | 1.00 | ||
Caucasian | 2.75 | (0.84, 8.97) | |
Missing non-cleft side lateral incisor | 0.028 | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.15 | (0.03, 0.82) | |
Surgical Protocol | <0.001 | ||
EPR | 1.00 | ||
DPR | 12.72 | (3.51, 46.15) | |
Neonatal maxillary plate | 0.023 | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 3.27 | (1.17, 9.13) |
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Defabianis, P.; Guagnano, R.; Romano, F. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Dental Arch Relationship and Palatal Morphology after Cleft Surgery in Italian Children with Unilateral Cleft and Lip Palate. Children 2023, 10, 1559. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children10091559
Defabianis P, Guagnano R, Romano F. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Dental Arch Relationship and Palatal Morphology after Cleft Surgery in Italian Children with Unilateral Cleft and Lip Palate. Children. 2023; 10(9):1559. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children10091559
Chicago/Turabian StyleDefabianis, Patrizia, Rosa Guagnano, and Federica Romano. 2023. "A Cross-Sectional Study of the Dental Arch Relationship and Palatal Morphology after Cleft Surgery in Italian Children with Unilateral Cleft and Lip Palate" Children 10, no. 9: 1559. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children10091559