Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Volatile Profiles of Germinated Brown Rice from the Japonica and Indica Subspecies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Sample Materials and Germination Process of Brown Rice
2.3. Sample Preparation and Metabolomics Analysis
2.4. Metabolomics Data Processing
2.5. Volatile Analysis by HS-SPME-GC-MS
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Metabolic Changes in BR upon the Germination Process
3.2. Metabolic Differentiations between Japonica and Indica Rice Subspecies
3.3. Metabolic Pathway Analysis
3.4. Changes in Volatile Profiles Induced by Germination
3.5. Comparisons between Volatile Profiles of the Japonica and the Indica Subspecies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Japonica Cultivars | Brown Rice (BR) | Germinated Brown Rice (GBR) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volatile Compounds | NJ | LJ | TH | NJ | LJ | TH | ||||||||||||||||||
Myrcene | 1.96 | ± | 0.48 | b | 2.25 | ± | 0.49 | b | 2.85 | ± | 0.12 | a | 0.39 | ± | 0.05 | c | 0.24 | ± | 0.03 | c | 0.25 | ± | 0.06 | c |
Butanal | 1.34 | ± | 0.06 | b | 2.28 | ± | 0.40 | a | 2.03 | ± | 0.29 | a | 0.32 | ± | 0.05 | c | 0.36 | ± | 0.04 | c | 0.35 | ± | 0.04 | c |
1-Octen-3-ol | 3.34 | ± | 0.41 | b | 4.04 | ± | 0.39 | a | 4.03 | ± | 0.23 | a | 1.40 | ± | 0.12 | c | 1.64 | ± | 0.19 | c | 1.40 | ± | 0.13 | c |
Methyl acetate | 0.47 | ± | 0.02 | c | 0.60 | ± | 0.10 | c | 0.66 | ± | 0.10 | c | 1.75 | ± | 0.27 | b | 2.18 | ± | 0.19 | a | 1.87 | ± | 0.14 | b |
(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal | 2.70 | ± | 0.31 | b | 3.51 | ± | 0.29 | a | 3.32 | ± | 0.29 | a | 0.91 | ± | 0.19 | c | 0.93 | ± | 0.28 | c | 0.82 | ± | 0.14 | c |
Heptanal | 14.38 | ± | 1.93 | b | 15.82 | ± | 2.25 | b | 18.32 | ± | 1.50 | a | 6.33 | ± | 1.39 | c | 5.75 | ± | 1.25 | c | 5.98 | ± | 0.55 | c |
α-Pinene | 8.80 | ± | 2.54 | a | 7.79 | ± | 1.51 | a | 7.67 | ± | 1.12 | a | 2.08 | ± | 0.27 | b | 2.59 | ± | 0.37 | b | 2.69 | ± | 0.59 | b |
1-Hexanol | 7.07 | ± | 0.58 | c | 8.21 | ± | 0.39 | b | 9.46 | ± | 0.48 | a | 3.13 | ± | 0.83 | d | 2.97 | ± | 0.70 | d | 3.17 | ± | 0.51 | d |
Pentanal | 18.37 | ± | 2.78 | b | 19.03 | ± | 3.29 | b | 21.95 | ± | 0.74 | a | 7.62 | ± | 0.86 | d | 10.55 | ± | 1.02 | c | 9.32 | ± | 0.72 | cd |
Hexanal | 131.9 | ± | 16.8 | c | 152.6 | ± | 18.7 | b | 176.4 | ± | 16.6 | a | 68.2 | ± | 12.9 | d | 72.4 | ± | 14.7 | d | 60.6 | ± | 10.4 | d |
Ethanol | 2.78 | ± | 0.45 | c | 2.35 | ± | 0.35 | c | 2.27 | ± | 0.16 | c | 5.72 | ± | 1.06 | a | 5.67 | ± | 0.88 | a | 4.65 | ± | 0.44 | b |
2-Pentylfuran | 2.90 | ± | 0.62 | c | 3.33 | ± | 0.44 | b | 4.13 | ± | 0.38 | a | 0.59 | ± | 0.17 | d | 0.37 | ± | 0.16 | d | 0.36 | ± | 0.10 | d |
Ethyl hexadecanoate | 3.35 | ± | 0.41 | b | 3.91 | ± | 0.34 | b | 3.52 | ± | 0.58 | b | 9.53 | ± | 2.13 | a | 10.67 | ± | 2.53 | a | 10.59 | ± | 0.87 | a |
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline | 1.59 | ± | 0.16 | b | 1.94 | ± | 0.12 | a | 1.98 | ± | 0.19 | a | 0.73 | ± | 0.07 | d | 0.79 | ± | 0.11 | d | 0.95 | ± | 0.08 | c |
2-Heptanone | 17.05 | ± | 2.20 | b | 20.96 | ± | 1.19 | a | 18.91 | ± | 2.36 | ab | 10.14 | ± | 1.03 | c | 7.34 | ± | 1.30 | cd | 7.02 | ± | 1.87 | d |
Indica cultivars | Brown rice (BR) | Germinated brown rice (GBR) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Volatile compounds | ZZ | ZJZ | LY | ZZ | ZJZ | LY | ||||||||||||||||||
Myrcene | 2.60 | ± | 0.37 | b | 2.38 | ± | 0.43 | bb | 3.34 | ± | 0.66 | a | 0.22 | ± | 0.02 | c | 0.42 | ± | 0.04 | c | 0.27 | ± | 0.06 | c |
Butanal | 2.14 | ± | 0.25 | a | 1.61 | ± | 0.16 | 1.93 | ± | 0.25 | a | 0.32 | ± | 0.01 | c | 0.32 | ± | 0.04 | c | 0.36 | ± | 0.04 | c | |
1-Octen-3-ol | 4.15 | ± | 0.27 | a | 3.41 | ± | 0.39 | b | 4.04 | ± | 0.38 | a | 1.45 | ± | 0.09 | c | 1.20 | ± | 0.10 | c | 1.34 | ± | 0.11 | c |
Methyl acetate | 0.64 | ± | 0.10 | d | 0.73 | ± | 0.05 | d | 0.68 | ± | 0.10 | d | 2.37 | ± | 0.20 | a | 1.61 | ± | 0.14 | c | 2.07 | ± | 0.24 | b |
(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal | 2.86 | ± | 0.29 | b | 3.53 | ± | 0.13 | a | 2.53 | ± | 0.33 | b | 0.92 | ± | 0.10 | c | 0.89 | ± | 0.23 | c | 0.76 | ± | 0.18 | c |
Heptanal | 19.31 | ± | 1.77 | a | 18.44 | ± | 1.33 | a | 15.54 | ± | 2.56 | b | 5.36 | ± | 0.88 | c | 6.54 | ± | 1.14 | c | 5.78 | ± | 1.01 | c |
α-Pinene | 7.22 | ± | 0.81 | a | 8.08 | ± | 1.15 | a | 7.33 | ± | 1.28 | a | 3.10 | ± | 0.36 | b | 2.28 | ± | 0.36 | b | 2.59 | ± | 0.44 | b |
1-Hexanol | 8.03 | ± | 0.37 | b | 7.41 | ± | 0.43 | b | 8.69 | ± | 0.91 | a | 3.65 | ± | 0.35 | c | 2.87 | ± | 0.49 | cd | 2.16 | ± | 0.33 | d |
Pentanal | 20.51 | ± | 2.63 | b | 19.45 | ± | 2.45 | b | 24.44 | ± | 3.29 | a | 8.01 | ± | 0.96 | c | 11.23 | ± | 0.57 | c | 8.53 | ± | 0.80 | c |
Hexanal | 186.3 | ± | 23.5 | a | 151.4 | ± | 14.7 | b | 157.8 | ± | 9.90 | b | 57.35 | ± | 6.03 | c | 76.90 | ± | 18.47 | c | 68.58 | ± | 6.22 | c |
Ethanol | 2.35 | ± | 0.22 | d | 2.46 | ± | 0.23 | d | 2.03 | ± | 0.34 | d | 5.44 | ± | 0.60 | c | 6.36 | ± | 0.73 | b | 7.40 | ± | 0.36 | a |
2-Pentylfuran | 4.16 | ± | 0.20 | a | 3.06 | ± | 0.55 | b | 1.69 | ± | 0.21 | c | 0.37 | ± | 0.12 | d | 0.35 | ± | 0.15 | d | 0.44 | ± | 0.14 | d |
Ethyl hexadecanoate | 3.92 | ± | 0.43 | c | 2.89 | ± | 0.30 | c | 3.34 | ± | 0.41 | c | 6.86 | ± | 1.00 | b | 9.75 | ± | 0.98 | a | 9.96 | ± | 1.36 | a |
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline | 2.25 | ± | 0.31 | a | 1.66 | ± | 0.13 | b | 1.86 | ± | 0.15 | b | 0.83 | ± | 0.04 | c | 0.65 | ± | 0.04 | cd | 0.51 | ± | 0.08 | d |
2-Heptanone | 16.98 | ± | 1.84 | b | 21.24 | ± | 1.28 | a | 17.41 | ± | 1.49 | b | 6.85 | ± | 1.15 | d | 9.47 | ± | 1.41 | c | 6.57 | ± | 0.83 | d |
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Zhou, C.; Zhou, Y.; Hu, Y.; Li, B.; Zhang, R.; Zheng, K.; Liu, J.; Wang, J.; Zuo, M.; Liu, S. Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Volatile Profiles of Germinated Brown Rice from the Japonica and Indica Subspecies. Foods 2021, 10, 2448. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10102448
Zhou C, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Li B, Zhang R, Zheng K, Liu J, Wang J, Zuo M, Liu S. Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Volatile Profiles of Germinated Brown Rice from the Japonica and Indica Subspecies. Foods. 2021; 10(10):2448. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10102448
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Chenguang, Yaojie Zhou, Yuqian Hu, Bin Li, Roujia Zhang, Kaiyi Zheng, Jie Liu, Jing Wang, Min Zuo, and Siyao Liu. 2021. "Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Volatile Profiles of Germinated Brown Rice from the Japonica and Indica Subspecies" Foods 10, no. 10: 2448. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10102448