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Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome
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Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2022) | Viewed by 29714

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alexandros Mavrommatis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
Interests: nutritional physiology; natural antioxidants; molecular metabolism; bioactive compounds; oxidation mechanisms; antioxidants; prevention of oxidation; functional peptides; antioxidant markers; circular economy; Immune-oxidative status
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Eleni Tsiplakou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
Interests: ruminant nutrition; feed additives; fatty acids; antioxidants; sheep and goats; dairy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to population growth rate predictions, the global population is anticipated to reach 9.15 billion by 2050. Consequently, both dairy products and meat consumption are expected to increase in 2050 by 58% and 73%, respectively, compared to their 2010 levels, due to the aforementioned demands. At the same time, methane (CH4) emissions are expected to rise by 30% until 2050, as a result of meat and milk increasing demands if mitigation strategies are not implemented. Hence, concern on the unbalanced nature of this growth and its attendant environmental and socioeconomic consequences are rapidly increasing. These current challenges require the design of multidisciplinary approach strategies, particularly to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and improve animal productivity and product quality. Several bioactive compounds such as seaweed, microalgae, agro-industrial byproducts, essential oils, oilseeds, phytogenic, etc. are studied as rumen engineering tools capable of shaping future livestock.

However, multitargeted strategies require holistic tools too. In this light, the advent of metaomics techniques such as the 16S rRNA sequencing provides a much broader genomic and functional perspective in rumen microbial ecology.

The aim of this Special Issue is to present recent research and reviews focused on the impact of novel feed additives and bioactive compounds on rumen microbiome communities. The Special Issue is not narrowed out to the cataloging of rumen microbial populations rather than an in-depth understanding of their biochemical function related to environmental impact, feed efficiency, product quality, and its perspective as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity genes.

We look forward to receiving your contributions. 

Dr. Alexandros Mavrommatis
Prof. Dr. Eleni Tsiplakou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 16S rRNA
  • metagenomics
  • metatranscriptomics
  • methane mitigation strategies
  • application of molecular techniques
  • feed efficiency
  • archaea
  • protozoa
  • ruminant nutrition
  • cattle
  • sheep and goats
  • functional dairy products
  • antimicrobial resistance

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

13 pages, 2337 KiB  
Article
Effect of Spirulina Dietary Supplementation in Modifying the Rumen Microbiota of Ewes
by Christos Christodoulou, Alexandros Mavrommatis, Dimitris Loukovitis, George Symeon, Vassilios Dotas, Basiliki Kotsampasi and Eleni Tsiplakou
Animals 2023, 13(4), 740; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani13040740 - 19 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2003
Abstract
Supplementing ruminant diets with microalgae, may prove an effective nutritional strategy to manipulate rumen microbiota. Forty-eight ewes were divided into four homogenous groups (n = 12) according to their fat-corrected milk yield (6%), body weight, age, and days in milk, and were [...] Read more.
Supplementing ruminant diets with microalgae, may prove an effective nutritional strategy to manipulate rumen microbiota. Forty-eight ewes were divided into four homogenous groups (n = 12) according to their fat-corrected milk yield (6%), body weight, age, and days in milk, and were fed individually with concentrate, alfalfa hay, and wheat straw. The concentrate of the control group (CON) had no Spirulina supplementation, while in the treated groups 5 (SP5), 10 (SP10), and 15 g (SP15) of Spirulina were supplemented as an additive in the concentrate. An initial screening using metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology was followed by RT-qPCR analysis for the targeting of specific microbes, which unveiled the main alterations of the rumen microbiota under the Spirulina supplementation levels. The relative abundance of Eubacterium ruminantium and Fibrobacter succinogenes in rumen fluid, as well as Ruminococcus albus in rumen solid fraction, were significantly increased in the SP15 group. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Prevotella brevis was significantly increased in the rumen fluid of the SP5 and SP10 groups. In contrast, the relative abundance of Ruminobacter amylophilus was significantly decreased in the rumen fluid of the SP10 compared to the CON group, while in the solid fraction it was significantly decreased in the SP groups. Moreover, the relative abundance of Selenomonas ruminantium was significantly decreased in the SP5 and SP15 groups, while the relative abundance of Streptococcus bovis was significantly decreased in the SP groups. Consequently, supplementing 15 g Spirulina/ewe/day increased the relative abundance of key cellulolytic species in the rumen, while amylolytic species were reduced only in the solid fraction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
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17 pages, 1958 KiB  
Article
Inclusion of Camelina sativa Seeds in Ewes’ Diet Modifies Rumen Microbiota
by Christos Christodoulou, Alexandros Mavrommatis, Dimitris Loukovitis, George Symeon, Vassilios Dotas, Basiliki Kotsampasi and Eleni Tsiplakou
Animals 2023, 13(3), 377; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani13030377 - 22 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1887
Abstract
Supplementing ruminant diets with unconventional feedstuffs (Camelina sativa seeds; CS) rich in bioactive molecules such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, may prove a potential eco-efficient strategy to manipulate rumen microbiome towards efficiency. Forty-eight ewes were divided into four homogenous groups (n = [...] Read more.
Supplementing ruminant diets with unconventional feedstuffs (Camelina sativa seeds; CS) rich in bioactive molecules such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, may prove a potential eco-efficient strategy to manipulate rumen microbiome towards efficiency. Forty-eight ewes were divided into four homogenous groups (n = 12) according to their fat-corrected milk yield (6%), body weight, and age, and were fed individually with concentrate, alfalfa hay, and wheat straw. The concentrate of the control group (CON) had no CS inclusion, whereas the treated groups were supplemented with CS at 60 (CS6), 110 (CS11), and 160 (CS16) g·kg−1 of concentrate, respectively. Rumen digesta was collected using an esophageal tube and then liquid and solid particles were separated using cheesecloth layers. An initial bacteriome screening using next-generation sequencing of 16S was followed by specific microbes targeting with a RT-qPCR platform, which unveiled the basic changes of the rumen microbiota under CS supplementation levels. The relative abundances of Archaea and methanogens were significantly reduced in the solid particles of CS11 and CS16. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Protozoa was significantly increased in both rumen fluid and solid particles of the CS6, whereas that of Fungi was significantly reduced in the rumen particle of the CS16. In rumen fluid, the relative abundance of Fibrobacter succinogens and Ruminobacter amylophilus were significantly increased in the CS6 and CS11, respectively. In the solid particles of the CS11, the relative abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens was significantly reduced, whereas those of Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and Ruminobacter amylophilus were significantly increased. Additionally, the relative abundance of Selenomonas ruminantium was significantly increased in both CS11 and CS16. Consequently, the highest CS content in the concentrate reduced the relative abundance of methanogens without inducing radical changes in rumen microorganisms that could impair ruminal fermentation and ewes’ performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
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22 pages, 1143 KiB  
Article
Effects of Post-Ruminal Urea Supplementation during the Seasonal Period on Performance and Rumen Microbiome of Rearing Grazing Nellore Cattle
by Mailza Gonçalves de Souza, Irene Alexandre Reis, Isabela Pena Carvalho de Carvalho, Marco Aurélio De Felicio Porcionato, Laura Franco Prados, Yury Tatiana Granja-Salcedo, Gustavo Rezende Siqueira and Flávio Dutra de Resende
Animals 2022, 12(24), 3463; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12243463 - 08 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1481
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of urea with post-ruminal absorption in the supplementation of growing Nellore cattle reared on pasture during a seasonal period. For the study, two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, rumen and blood parameters were evaluated using [...] Read more.
The objective was to evaluate the effects of urea with post-ruminal absorption in the supplementation of growing Nellore cattle reared on pasture during a seasonal period. For the study, two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, rumen and blood parameters were evaluated using eight rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls with initial body weight (BW) of 763 ± 44 kg, distributed in a double Latin square 4 × 4. In experiment 2, 120 Nellore steers with initial BW of 380 ± 35 kg were used for performance evaluation, distributed in a randomized block design (blocking factor or initial BW). The evaluated treatments were 1: (TP-U) (control) = supplement with 24% crude protein (CP) containing urea as a source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN; 3%) and soybean meal, 2: (TP-PRU) = 24% CP supplement containing post-ruminal urea (PRU; 3.6%) and soybean meal; 3: (NPN-U-PRU) = 24% CP supplement containing urea + post-ruminal urea (U = 3% and PRU = 3.9%), without soybean meal; 4: (NPN-PRU) = supplement with 24% CP containing post-ruminal urea (7.5%), without soybean meal. The supplement was offered at 3 g/kg BW per animal, daily, once a day. All animals were kept on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS PROC MIXED, and the data were evaluated by the following contrasts: C1 = TP-U/TP-PRU vs. NPN-U-PRU/NPN-PRU (Soybean meal replacement by NPN); C2 = TP-U vs. TP-PRU (conventional urea vs. post-immune urea); C3 = NPN-U-PRU vs. NPN-PRU (low and high post-ruminal urea-PRU level). The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and NDF was lower when soybean meal was replaced by non-protein nitrogen, also being different between the levels of post-ruminal urea used in the supplement. Ruminal pH was different when soybean meal was replaced by NPN (p = 0.003). Total concentration of short-chain fatty acids, concentrations of isobutyrate (p = 0.003), valerate (p = 0.001), and isovalerate (p = 0.001) were different, and blood urea was different when soybean meal was replaced by NPN (p = 0.006). Simpson’s diversity index was higher in the rumen of animals supplemented with TP-U than in those supplemented with TP-PRU (p = 0.05). A total of 27 phyla, 234 families, and 488 genera were identified. Nitrospirota and Gemmatimonadota phyla were detected just in the rumen of steers supplemented with TP-PRU. The performance (final BW, weight gain and gain per area) of the animals was different, being higher (p = 0.04) in animals supplemented with soybean meal, compared to NPN. The removal of soybean meal from the supplement and its replacement with either conventional urea plus post-ruminal urea or only post-ruminal urea compromises the performance of the animals. The lower the post-ruminal urea inclusion level, the lower the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and NDF, when compared to animals supplemented with higher levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
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12 pages, 295 KiB  
Article
Effect of Yerba Mate Extract as Feed Additive on Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Emissions in Beef Cattle
by Yuli A. Pena-Bermudez, Rafaela Vincenzi, Paulo Meo-Filho, Leandro S. Sakamoto, Richard Lobo, Gabriela Benetel, Annelise Lobo, Carol Matos, Vanderlei Benetel, Cesar G. Lima, Alexandre Berndt, Laura M. Cardenas and Ives C. S. Bueno
Animals 2022, 12(21), 2997; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12212997 - 31 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1444
Abstract
The inclusion of plant extracts that contain secondary compounds with the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and improve animal performance has gained attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of yerba mate extract [...] Read more.
The inclusion of plant extracts that contain secondary compounds with the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and improve animal performance has gained attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis ST. Hilaire) (YME) on the ruminal parameters. Eight castrated cattle were divided into four groups, a control without YME (0%) and three treatment groups with 0.5, 1 and 2% inclusion of YME in the dry matter. The inclusion of YME did not show differences in ruminal methane emissions (CH4), and total apparent digestibility (p = 0.54). Likewise, YME did not modify ruminal pH, but positively affected NH3-N, which decreased linearly as the extract level in the diet increased (p = 0.01). No short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were influenced by YME, except isovaleric acid (p = 0.01), which showed a lower concentration in the inclusion of 2% YME. Our results show that up to 2% YME does not affect digestibility, ruminal fermentation parameters, or the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
10 pages, 2416 KiB  
Article
Ruminal Bacterial Community Successions in Response to Monensin Supplementation in Goats
by Xi Guo, Yuqin Liu, Yu Jiang, Junhu Yao and Zongjun Li
Animals 2022, 12(17), 2291; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12172291 - 04 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1428
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the effects of monensin on methanogenesis and ruminal fermentation in ruminants were time-dependent. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we investigated the ruminal bacterial community successions during the adaptation to monensin supplementation and subsequent withdrawal in goats. The experiment [...] Read more.
Previous studies have demonstrated that the effects of monensin on methanogenesis and ruminal fermentation in ruminants were time-dependent. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we investigated the ruminal bacterial community successions during the adaptation to monensin supplementation and subsequent withdrawal in goats. The experiment included a baseline period of 20 days followed by a treatment period of 55 days with 32 mg monensin/d and a washout period of 15 days. Monensin supplementation reduced the α diversity and changed the structure of ruminal microflora. The α diversity was gradually restored during adaption, but the structure was still reshaped. The temporal dynamics of 261 treatment- and/or time-associated ruminal bacteria displayed six patterns, with two as monensin-sensitive and four as monensin-resistant. The monensin sensitivity and resistance of microbes do not follow a clear dichotomy between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell types. Moreover, the temporal dynamic patterns of different bacterial species within the same genus or family also displayed variation. Of note, the relative abundance of the total ruminal cellulolytic bacteria gradually increased following monensin treatment, and that of the total amylolytic bacteria were increased by monensin, independent of the duration. In conclusion, under the pressure of monensin, the ruminal ecosystem was reshaped through a series of succession processes, and the carbohydrate-degrading bacteria presented a higher level of adaptability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
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13 pages, 638 KiB  
Article
Effects of Polymeric Media-Coated Gynosaponin on Microbial Abundance, Rumen Fermentation Properties and Methanogenesis in Xinjiang Goats
by Peng Li, Irum Mohd Mehmood and Wei Chen
Animals 2022, 12(16), 2035; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12162035 - 10 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1161
Abstract
Gynosaponin is known to modulate rumen methanogenesis and microbial fermentation characteristics in ruminants. The current experiment aimed to determine the time-dependent effects of intraruminal polymeric media-coated gynosaponin (PMCG) supplementation on the methanogenesis, rumen fermentation properties and microbial abundance in Xinjiang goats. Eight goats [...] Read more.
Gynosaponin is known to modulate rumen methanogenesis and microbial fermentation characteristics in ruminants. The current experiment aimed to determine the time-dependent effects of intraruminal polymeric media-coated gynosaponin (PMCG) supplementation on the methanogenesis, rumen fermentation properties and microbial abundance in Xinjiang goats. Eight goats were used in a 2 × 2 crossover arrangement with a PMCG group (8 g/kg DMI) and a control group (0 g/kg DMI). The experiment was divided into four phases, each lasted 21 d. Ruminal contents were obtained for analysis of rumen fermentation properties and microbial abundance. Protozoa numbers were counted by microscope and the abundance of methanogens, rumen fungi and cellulolytic bacteria were quantified by real-time PCR. The results indicated that PMCG significantly reduced methane production (p < 0.05) during the first two phases but this increased to baseline again during the last two phases. Meanwhile, the concentration of acetate decreased remarkably, which resulted in a significant reduction in the acetate to propionate ratio and total VFA concentration (p < 0.05). However, other rumen properties and dry matter intake were not affected (p > 0.05). During the first and second phases, the protozoa numbers and gene copies of methanogens, total bacteria and F. succinogens relative to the 16 s rDNA were all slightly decreased, but the statistical results were not significant. However, the ruminal supplementation of PMCG had little effect on other tested microbes. Accordingly, it was concluded that the addition of PMCG had an inhibitory effect on methane production probably due to a decline in methanogen numbers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
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20 pages, 837 KiB  
Article
Chitosan/Calcium–Alginate Encapsulated Flaxseed Oil on Dairy Cattle Diet: In Vitro Fermentation and Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation
by Maghsoud Besharati, Ilias Giannenas, Valiollah Palangi, Tugay Ayasan, Fatemeh Noorian, Aristide Maggiolino and Jose Manuel Lorenzo
Animals 2022, 12(11), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111400 - 29 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2329
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using chitosan nanoparticles and calcium alginate in the encapsulation of flaxseed oil on the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and in vitro fermentation. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using chitosan nanoparticles and calcium alginate in the encapsulation of flaxseed oil on the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and in vitro fermentation. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments. The experimental treatments included: diets without oil additive (control), diet containing 7% flaxseed oil, diet containing 14% flaxseed oil, diet containing 7% oil encapsulated with 500 ppm chitosan nanocapsules, diet containing 14% flaxseed oil encapsulated with 1000 ppm chitosan nanocapsules, diet containing 7% of flaxseed oil encapsulated with 500 ppm of calcium alginate nanocapsules, diet containing 14% flaxseed oil encapsulated with 1000 ppm calcium alginate nanocapsules. The results showed that encapsulation of flaxseed oil with calcium alginate (14%) had a significant effect on gas production (p < 0.05). The treatment containing calcium alginate (14%) increased the digestibility of dry matter compared to the control treatment, but the treatments containing chitosan caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05). The results indicated that the percentage of ruminal saturated fatty acids decreased by encapsulation of flaxseed oil with chitosan (14% and 7%). The percentage of oleic unsaturated fatty acid by encapsulating flaxseed oil with chitosan (14%) had a significant increase compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). As a result, encapsulating flaxseed oil with chitosan (14%) reduced the unsaturated fatty acids generated during ruminal biohydrogenation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
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8 pages, 300 KiB  
Article
Residual Feed Intake and Rumen Metabolism in Growing Pelibuey Sheep
by Carlos Arce-Recinos, Nadia Florencia Ojeda-Robertos, Ricardo Alfonso Garcia-Herrera, Jesús Alberto Ramos-Juarez, Ángel Trinidad Piñeiro-Vázquez, Jorge Rodolfo Canul-Solís, Luis Enrique Castillo-Sanchez, Fernando Casanova-Lugo, Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez and Alfonso Juventino Chay-Canul
Animals 2022, 12(5), 572; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12050572 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1773
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the residual feed intake (RFI), volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and enteric methane (CH4) from growing Pelibuey sheep. In this case, 12 non-castrated Pelibuey with an initial average live weight (LW) of 21.17 ± [...] Read more.
This study was carried out to evaluate the residual feed intake (RFI), volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and enteric methane (CH4) from growing Pelibuey sheep. In this case, 12 non-castrated Pelibuey with an initial average live weight (LW) of 21.17 ± 3.87 kg and an age of 3 months, were housed in individual pens and fed a basal diet with 16% of crude protein and 11 MJ ME for 45 days. Dry matter intake (DMI) was measured and the daily weight gain (DWG) was calculated using a linear regression between the LW and experimental period. Mean metabolic live weight (LW0.75) was calculated. RFI was determined by linear regression with DWG and LW0.75 as independent variables. Lambs were classified as low, medium, and high RFI. Feed efficiency was determined as DWG/DMI. For determining rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration NH3-N), and VFA, ruminal fluid was obtained using an esophageal probe on day 40. Feed intake of low RFI lambs was approximately 16% lower (p < 0.05) while growth rate was not significantly different. Their average energy loss, expressed as CH4 production per kilogram of metabolic weight, was 17% lower (p < 0.05). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
27 pages, 3082 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Forage-to-Concentrate Ratio on Schizochytrium spp.-Supplemented Goats: Modifying Rumen Microbiota
by Alexandros Mavrommatis, Dimitrios Skliros, Kyriaki Sotirakoglou, Emmanouil Flemetakis and Eleni Tsiplakou
Animals 2021, 11(9), 2746; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11092746 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2449
Abstract
The inclusion of feed additives and the implementation of various nutritional strategies are studied to modify the rumen microbiome and consequently its function. Nevertheless, rumen enzymatic activity and its intermediate products are not always matched with the microbiome structure. To further elucidate such [...] Read more.
The inclusion of feed additives and the implementation of various nutritional strategies are studied to modify the rumen microbiome and consequently its function. Nevertheless, rumen enzymatic activity and its intermediate products are not always matched with the microbiome structure. To further elucidate such differences a two-phase trial using twenty-two dairy goats was carried out. During the first phase, both groups (20HF n = 11; high forage and 20HG n = 11; high grain) were supplemented with 20 g Schizochytrium spp./goat/day. The 20HF group consumed a diet with a forage:concentrate (F:C) ratio of 60:40 and the 20HG-diet consisted of a F:C = 40:60. In the second phase, the supplementation level of Schizochytrium spp. was increased to 40 g/day/goat while the F:C ratio between the two groups were remained identical (40HF n = 11; high forage and 40HG n = 11; high grain). By utilizing a next-generation sequencing technology, we monitored that the high microalgae inclusion level and foremost in combination with a high grains diet increased the unmapped bacteria within the rumen. Bacteroidetes and Prevotella brevis were increased in the 40HG -fed goats as observed by using a qPCR platform. Additionally, methanogens and Methanomassiliicoccales were increased in high microalgae-fed goats, while Methanobrevibacter and Methanobacteriales were decreased. Fibrolytic bacteria were decreased in high microalgae-fed goats, while cellulolytic activity was increased. Ammonia was decreased in high grains-fed goats, while docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids showed a lower degradation rate in the rumen of high forage-fed goats. The alteration of the F:C ratio in goats supplemented with Schizochytrium spp. levels modified both ruminal microbiota and enzymatic activity. However, there was no significant consistency in the relations between them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
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Review

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33 pages, 1320 KiB  
Review
Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds: Implications for Methane Emissions and Ruminant Nutrition
by Nurul Fitri Sari, Partha Ray, Caroline Rymer, Kirsty E. Kliem and Sokratis Stergiadis
Animals 2022, 12(21), 2998; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12212998 - 31 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3578
Abstract
Methane (CH4) emission from enteric fermentation of ruminant livestock is a source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and has become a significant concern for global warming. Enteric methane emission is also associated with poor feed efficiency. Therefore, research has focused on identifying [...] Read more.
Methane (CH4) emission from enteric fermentation of ruminant livestock is a source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and has become a significant concern for global warming. Enteric methane emission is also associated with poor feed efficiency. Therefore, research has focused on identifying dietary mitigation strategies to decrease CH4 emissions from ruminants. In recent years, plant-derived bioactive compounds have been investigated for their potential to reduce CH4 emissions from ruminant livestock. The organosulphur compounds of garlic have been observed to decrease CH4 emission and increase propionate concentration in anaerobic fermentations (in vitro) and in the rumen (in vivo). However, the mode of action of CH4 reduction is not completely clear, and the response in vivo is inconsistent. It might be affected by variations in the concentration and effect of individual substances in garlic. The composition of the diet that is being fed to the animal may also contribute to these differences. This review provides a summary of the effect of garlic and its bioactive compounds on CH4 emissions by ruminants. Additionally, this review aims to provide insight into garlic and its bioactive compounds in terms of enteric CH4 mitigation efficacy, consistency in afficacy, possible mode of action, and safety deriving data from both in vivo and in vitro studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
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12 pages, 1662 KiB  
Review
Selected Alternative Feed Additives Used to Manipulate the Rumen Microbiome
by Marta Michalak, Konrad Wojnarowski, Paulina Cholewińska, Natalia Szeligowska, Marcel Bawej and Jakub Pacoń
Animals 2021, 11(6), 1542; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11061542 - 25 May 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6766
Abstract
In recent years, a boost in the ruminant population has been observed, and consequently, an increase in the animals’ demand for nutrients and methane emissions. Methane emission is generated during the microbial fermentation of feed in the rumen, and a percentage even up [...] Read more.
In recent years, a boost in the ruminant population has been observed, and consequently, an increase in the animals’ demand for nutrients and methane emissions. Methane emission is generated during the microbial fermentation of feed in the rumen, and a percentage even up to 12% of the energy obtained by this process can be wasted. In addition, the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry is being increasingly restricted. restricted. As a result, there is a continuous search for innovative feed additives that can serve as alternatives to antibiotics, and will also be safe for both people and the environment. In the present review article, additives were selected on basis that, according to studies conducted so far, may positively affect the microbiome of the digestive system by improving indicators and/or reducing methane production. Among them, probiotics, prebiotics or their combination—synbiotics are at the forefront of research. However, additives in the form of algae or plant origin are also gaining ground in popularity, such as essential oils, fermented wheat straw or Gelidium amansii, due to their general recognition as safe (GRAS) for both humans and environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Modulating Rumen Microbiome)
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