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Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species

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A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Clinical Studies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (14 May 2021) | Viewed by 34710

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet

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Guest Editor

The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London WC1E 7HU, UK
Interests: anatomic, comparative, and diagnostic pathology; dermatopathology; ocular pathology; domestic and laboratory animals; exotic, zoo and wildlife pathology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Gustavo A. Ramírez

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Guest Editor

Department of Animal Science, Agrifood, Forestry and Veterinary Campus, Universitat de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Spain
Interests: anatomic, comparative and diagnostic pathology; oncopathology; dermatopathology; domestic and exotic pathology; zoo and wildlife pathology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Comparative pathology, translational research, and clinical trials involving companion animals have the ultimate goal of advancing our medical knowledge of both human and veterinary species. Furthermore, comparative pathology plays a fundamental role in the One-Health concept. The National Cancer Institute have long recognized the potential of naturally occurring tumors in veterinary species to advance the study of human cancer, and for that reason the Comparative Oncology Program (COP) was established more than a decade ago. Furthermore, companion, laboratory (from mouse to non-human primates), and wildlife animals play a pivotal role in our understanding of infectious diseases—particularly those with a zoonotic component.

Immunohistochemistry is a routine diagnostic technique that is often essential to reach a final diagnosis. It is almost always part of any anatomic pathology study in cancer, infectious, or developmental diseases.

In this Special Issue of the prestigious journal Animals (a Q1 veterinary sciences journal), we aim to gather high-quality papers addressing different areas of pathology, with a special focus on comparative aspects with the human species. Researchers working in veterinary pathology, veterinary microbiology and infectious diseases, and veterinary parasitology are welcome to contribute in-depth reviews, original full articles, and unique case reports. The use of immunohistochemical techniques will be of particular interest.

Dr. Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
Dr. Gustavo A. Ramírez
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

domestic animals
immunohistochemistry
laboratory animals
oncology
veterinary pathology
veterinary microbiology and infectious diseases
veterinary parasitology
zoo and wildlife pathology
zoonosis

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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1 pages, 165 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Veterinary Comparative Pathology, a Scientific Tool for a Thriving Planet

by Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet and Gustavo A. Ramírez Rivero

Animals 2023, 13(9), 1504; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani13091504 - 28 Apr 2023

Viewed by 758

Abstract

In recent years, Earth has overcome unpredictable challenges [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

Research

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14 pages, 2877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Fusarium Mycotoxins on the Liver of Gilts and Their Suckling Piglets

by Tamara Dolenšek, Tanja Švara, Tanja Knific, Mitja Gombač, Boštjan Luzar and Breda Jakovac-Strajn

Animals 2021, 11(9), 2534; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11092534 - 28 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2628

Abstract

Mycotoxins are common fungal secondary metabolites in both animal feed and human food, representing widespread toxic contaminants that cause various adverse effects. Co-contamination with different mycotoxins is frequent; therefore, this study focused on feed contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins, namely, deoxynivalenol (5.08 mg/kg), zearalenone (0.09 mg/kg), and fusaric acid (21.6 mg/kg). Their effects on the liver of gilts and their piglets were chosen as the research subject as pigs are one of the most sensitive animal species that are also physiologically very similar to humans. The gilts were fed the experimental diet for 54 ± 1 day, starting late in their pregnancy and continuing until roughly a week after weaning of their piglets. Livers of gilts and their piglets were assessed for different histopathological changes, apoptosis, and proliferation activity of hepatocytes. On histopathology, gilts fed the experimental diet had a statistically significant increase in hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis (p = 0.0318) as well as sinusoidal leukocytosis with inflammatory infiltrates of hepatic lobules (p = 0.0004). The amount of interlobular connective tissue in the liver of experimental gilts was also significantly decreased (p = 0.0232), implying a disruption in the formation of fibrous connective tissue. Apoptosis of hepatocytes and of cells in hepatic sinusoids, further assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay, showed a statistically significant increase (p = 0.0224 and p = 0.0007, respectively). No differences were observed in piglet livers. These results indicated that Fusarium mycotoxins elicited increased apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation in the liver of gilts, but caused no effects on the liver of piglets at these concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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17 pages, 7868 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Canine Gastric Carcinomas: A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study and Similarities with the Human Counterpart

by Alexandros Hardas, Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet, Sam Beck, William E. Becker, Gustavo A. Ramírez and Simon L. Priestnall

Animals 2021, 11(5), 1409; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11051409 - 14 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4607

Abstract

Canine gastric carcinoma (CGC) affects both sexes in relatively equal proportions, with a mean age of nine years, and the highest frequency in Staffordshire bull terriers. The most common histological subtype in 149 CGC cases was the undifferentiated carcinoma. CGCs were associated with increased chronic inflammation parameters and a greater chronic inflammatory score when Helicobacter spp. were present. Understanding the molecular pathways of gastric carcinoma is challenging. All markers showed variable expression for each subtype. Expression of the cell cycle regulator 14-3-3σ was positive in undifferentiated, tubular and papillary carcinomas. This demonstrates that 14-3-3σ could serve as an immunohistochemical marker in routine diagnosis and that mucinous, papillary and signet-ring cell (SRC) carcinomas follow a 14-3-3σ independent pathway. p16, another cell cycle regulator, showed increased expression in mucinous and SRC carcinomas. Expression of the adhesion molecules E-cadherin and CD44 appear context-dependent, with switching within tumor emboli potentially playing an important role in tumor cell survival, during invasion and metastasis. Within neoplastic emboli, acinar structures lacked expression of all markers, suggesting an independent molecular pathway that requires further investigation. These findings demonstrate similarities and differences between dogs and humans, albeit further clinicopathological data and molecular analysis are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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17 pages, 4803 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase

by Maria Morini, Angelo Peli, Riccardo Rinnovati, Giuseppe Magazzù, Noemi Romagnoli, Alessandro Spadari and Marco Pietra

Animals 2021, 11(5), 1376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11051376 - 12 May 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2851

Abstract

Severe equine asthma (EA) syndrome is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by exaggerated contraction, inflammation, and structural alteration of the airways in adult horses, when exposed to airborne molds and particulate material. However, little is known about the relationship between the degree and type of inflammation on one hand, and the severity of the disease and the response to treatment on the other. Furthermore, to date, very few studies evaluate the diagnostic value of histology and immunohistochemical features of endoscopic biopsies on subjects with severe equine asthma. To investigate the expression of two inflammatory markers (NKA and IL-8) before, during, and after the exacerbation of severe EA, a histological and immunohistochemical study was carried out on a series of biopsy samples collected by bronchoscopy from six EA-affected horses subjected to process exacerbation through environmental stimuli and then to pharmacological treatment. The application of a histological biopsy scoring system revealed a significant difference between control cases and the EA-affected horses in all experimental phases (asymptomatic, early exacerbation phase, late exacerbation phase, and remission phase). For immunohistochemistry (IHC), only the intensity of NKA positivity increases significantly between control horses and the EA horses at late exacerbation and remission phases. In EA-affected horses, a difference was detected by comparing histology between asymptomatic and remission phase, meanwhile, NKA and IL-8 showed no differences between the experimental phases. Based on these results we can assert that: (1) The endoscopic biopsies generate reliable and homogeneous samples in the entire bronchial tree; (2) the clinical improvement associated with treatment is characterized by a significant worsening of the histological findings; and (3) the NKA immunopositivity seems to increase significantly rather than decrease, as one would have expected, after pharmacological treatment. Further studies are necessary both to implement the number of samples and to use other markers of inflammation to characterize the potential role of cytokines in the diagnosis and therapeutic approach of severe equine asthma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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17 pages, 22140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunohistological Evaluation of Von Willebrand Factor in the Left Atrial Endocardium and Atrial Thrombi from Cats with Cardiomyopathy

by Wan-Ching Cheng, Lois Wilkie, Tsumugi Anne Kurosawa, Melanie Dobromylskyj, Simon Lawrence Priestnall, Virginia Luis Fuentes and David J. Connolly

Animals 2021, 11(5), 1240; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11051240 - 26 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2347

Abstract

Aortic thromboembolism (ATE) occurs in cats with cardiomyopathy and often results in euthanasia due to poor prognosis. However, the underlying predisposing mechanisms leading to left atrial (LA) thrombus formation are not fully characterised. von Willebrand Factor (vWF) is a marker of endothelium and shows increased expression following endothelial injury. In people with poor LA function and LA remodelling, vWF has been implicated in the development of LA thrombosis. In this study we have shown (1) the expression of endocardial vWF protein detected using immunohistofluorescence was elevated in cats with cardiomyopathy, LA enlargement (LAE) and clinical signs compared to cats with subclinical cardiomyopathy and control cats; (2) vWF was present at the periphery of microthrombi and macrothrombi within the LA where they come into contact with the LA endocardium and (3) vWF was integral to the structure of the macrothrombi retrieved from the atria. These results provide evidence for damage of the endocardial endothelium in the remodelled LA and support a role for endocardial vWF as a pro-thrombotic substrate potentially contributing to the development of ATE in cats with underlying cardiomyopathy and LAE. Results from this naturally occurring feline model may inform research into human thrombogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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16 pages, 3626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pathological Study of Facial Eczema (Pithomycotoxicosis) in Sheep

by Miguel Fernández, Valentín Pérez, Miguel Fuertes, Julio Benavides, José Espinosa, Juan Menéndez, Ana L. García-Pérez and M. Carmen Ferreras

Animals 2021, 11(4), 1070; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11041070 - 09 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3257

Abstract

Facial eczema (FE) is a secondary photosensitization disease of farm ruminants caused by the sporidesmin A, produced in the spores of the saprophytic fungus Pithomyces chartarum. This study communicates an outbreak of ovine FE in Asturias (Spain) and characterizes the serum biochemical pattern and the immune response that may contribute to liver damage, favoring cholestasis and the progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Animals showed clinical signs of photosensitivity, with decrease of daily weight gain and loss of wool and crusting for at least 6 months after the FE outbreak. Serum activity of γ-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased in sheep with skin lesions. In the acute phase, edematous skin lesions in the head, hepatocytic and canalicular cholestasis in centrilobular regions, presence of neutrophils in small clumps surrounding deposits of bile pigment, ductular proliferation, as well as cholemic nephrosis, were observed. Macrophages, stained positively for MAC387, were found in areas of canalicular cholestasis. In the chronic phase, areas of alopecia and crusting were seen in the head, and the liver was atrophic with large regeneration nodules and gallstones. Fibrosis around dilated bile ducts, “typical” and “atypical” ductular reaction and an inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and pigmented macrophages, with iron deposits and lipofuscin, were found. The surviving parenchyma persisted with a jigsaw pattern characteristic of biliary cirrhosis. Concentric and eccentric myointimal proliferation was found in arteries near damaged bile ducts. In cirrhotic livers, stellated cells, ductular reaction, ectatic bile ducts and presence of M2 macrophages and lymphocytes, were observed in areas of bile ductular reaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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13 pages, 1066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

KIT Somatic Mutations and Immunohistochemical Expression in Canine Oral Melanoma

by Ginevra Brocca, Beatrice Poncina, Alessandro Sammarco, Laura Cavicchioli and Massimo Castagnaro

Animals 2020, 10(12), 2370; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani10122370 - 10 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2453

Abstract

Canine oral melanoma (COM) is an aggressive neoplasm with a low response to therapies, sharing similarities with human mucosal melanomas. In the latter, significant alterations of the proto-oncogene KIT have been shown, while in COMs only its exon 11 has been adequately investigated. In this study, 14 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded COMs were selected considering the following inclusion criteria: unequivocal diagnosis, presence of healthy tissue, and a known amplification status of the gene KIT (seven samples affected and seven non-affected by amplification). The DNA was extracted and KIT target exons 13, 17, and 18 were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for KIT and Ki67 was performed, and a quantitative index was calculated for each protein. PCR amplification and sequencing was successful in 97.62% of cases, and no single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was detected in any of the exons examined, similarly to exon 11 in other studies. The immunolabeling of KIT was positive in 84.6% of the samples with a mean value of 3.1 cells in positive cases, yet there was no correlation with aberration status. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that SNPs are not a frequent event in KIT activation in COMs, with the pathway activation relying mainly on amplification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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7 pages, 1403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SDHB and SDHA Immunohistochemistry in Canine Pheochromocytomas

by Firas M. Abed, Melissa A. Brown, Omar A. Al-Mahmood and Michael J. Dark

Animals 2020, 10(9), 1683; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani10091683 - 17 Sep 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2650

Abstract

Pheochromocytomas (PCs) are tumors arising from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal glands and are the most common tumors of the adrenal medulla in animals. In people, these are highly correlated to inherited gene mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) pathway; however, to date, little work has been done on the genetic basis of these tumors in animals. In humans, immunohistochemistry has proven valuable as a screening technique for SDH mutations. Human PCs that lack succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) immunoreactivity have a high rate of mutation in the SDH family of genes, while human PCs lacking succinate dehydrogenase A (SDHA) immunoreactivity have mutations in the SDHA gene. To determine if these results are similar for dogs, we performed SDHA and SDHB immunohistochemistry on 35 canine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) PCs. Interestingly, there was a loss of immunoreactivity for both SDHA and SDHB in four samples (11%), suggesting a mutation in SDHx including SDHA. An additional 25 (71%) lacked immunoreactivity for SDHB, while retaining SDHA immunoreactivity. These data suggest that 29 out of the 35 (82%) may have an SDH family mutation other than SDHA. Further work is needed to determine if canine SDH immunohistochemistry on PCs correlates to genetic mutations that are similar to human PCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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11 pages, 2155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Characterization of Encephalitis and Immune Response in the Brains of Lambs Experimentally Infected with Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus

by Ileana Z. Martínez, Claudia Pérez-Martínez, Luis M. Salinas, Ramón A. Juste, Juan F. García Marín and Ana Balseiro

Animals 2020, 10(8), 1373; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani10081373 - 07 Aug 2020

Viewed by 2381

Abstract

Spanish goat encephalitis virus (SGEV), a novel subtype of tick-borne flavivirus closely related to louping ill virus, causes a neurological disease in experimentally infected goats and lambs. Here, the distribution of microglia, T and B lymphocytes, and astrocytes was determined in the encephalon and spinal cord of eight Assaf lambs subcutaneously infected with SGEV. Cells were identified based on immunohistochemical staining against Iba1 (microglia), CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD20 (B lymphocytes), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocytes). In glial foci and perivascular cuffing areas, microglia were the most abundant cell type (45.4% of immunostained cells), followed by T lymphocytes (18.6%) and B lymphocytes (4.4%). Thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callosum, and medulla oblongata contained the largest areas occupied by glial foci. Reactive astrogliosis occurred to a greater extent in the lumbosacral spinal cord than in other regions of the central nervous system. Lesions were more frequent on the side of the animal experimentally infected with the virus. Lesions were more severe in lambs than in goats, suggesting that lambs may be more susceptible to SGEV, which may be due to species differences or to interindividual differences in the immune response, rather than to differences in the relative proportions of immune cells. Larger studies that monitor natural or experimental infections may help clarify local immune responses to this flavivirus subtype in the central nervous system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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8 pages, 1524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunohistochemical Assessment of Immune Response in the Dermis of Sarcoptes scabiei—Infested Wild Carnivores (Wolf and Fox) and Ruminants (Chamois and Red Deer)

by Ileana Z. Martínez, Álvaro Oleaga, Irene Sojo, María José García-Iglesias, Claudia Pérez-Martínez, Juan F. García Marín and Ana Balseiro

Animals 2020, 10(7), 1146; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani10071146 - 06 Jul 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2487

Abstract

Sarcoptic mange is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei and has been described in several species of domestic and wild mammals. Macroscopic lesions are predominantly hyperkeratotic (type I hypersensitivity) in fox, chamois and deer, but alopecic (type IV hypersensitivity) in wolf and some fox populations. To begin to understand the immune processes underlying these species differences in lesions, we examined skin biopsies from wolves (Canis lupus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) naturally infested with S. scabiei. Twenty skin samples from five animals per species were used. Sections were immuno-stained with primary antibodies against Iba1 to detect macrophages, lambda chain to detect plasma cells, CD3 to detect T lymphocytes and CD20 to detect B lymphocytes. Skin lesions contained significantly more inflammatory cells in the fox than in the wolf and chamois. Macrophages were the most abundant inflammatory cells in the lesions of all the species studied, suggesting a predominantly innate, non-specific immune response. Lesions from the wolf contained higher proportions of macrophages than the other species, which may reflect a more effective response, leading to alopecic lesions. In red deer, macrophages were significantly more abundant than plasma cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, which were similarly abundant. The fox proportion of plasma cells was significantly higher than those of T and B lymphocytes. In chamois, T lymphocytes were more abundant than B lymphocytes and plasma cells, although the differences were significant only in the case of macrophages. These results suggest that all the species examined mount a predominantly innate immune response against S. scabiei infestation, while fox and chamois may also mount substantial humoral and cellular immune responses, respectively, with apparently scarce effectiveness that lead to hyperkeratotic lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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8 pages, 2218 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Dentinogenic Ghost Cell Tumor in a Sumatran Rhinoceros

by Annas Salleh, Zainal Z. Zainuddin, Reza M. M. Tarmizi, Chee K. Yap, Chian-Ren Jeng and Mohd Zamri-Saad

Animals 2021, 11(4), 1173; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11041173 - 20 Apr 2021

Viewed by 2902

Abstract

An adult female Sumatran rhinoceros was observed with a swelling in the left infraorbital region in March 2017. The swelling rapidly grew into a mass. A radiograph revealed a cystic radiolucent area in the left maxilla. In June 2017, the rhinoceros was euthanized. At necropsy, the infraorbital mass measured 21 cm × 30 cm. Samples of the infraorbital mass, left parotid gland, and left masseter muscle were collected for histopathology (Hematoxylin & Eosin, Von Kossa, Masson’s trichrome, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, EMA, p53, and S-100). Numerous neoplastic epithelial cells showing pleomorphism and infiltration were observed. Islands of dentinoid material containing ghost cells and keratin pearls were observed with the aid of the two special histochemistry stains. Mitotic figures were rarely observed. All the neoplastic odontogenic cells and keratin pearls showed an intense positive stain for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, while some keratin pearls showed mild positive stains for S-100. All samples were negative for p53 and S-100 immunodetection. The mass was diagnosed as a dentinogenic ghost cell tumor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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7 pages, 1333 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Glial Response and Neuroinflammation in Cerebrocortical Atrophy in a Young Irish Wolfhound Dog

by Fabiano J. F. de Sant’Ana, Miguel Omaña, Ester Blasco and Martí Pumarola

Animals 2021, 11(1), 143; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11010143 - 11 Jan 2021

Viewed by 2146

Abstract

A two-year-old, Irish Wolfhound dog presented with a history of progressive neurological signs. Neurological exam revealed disorientation, absence of menace response, reduction of right nasal sensation, hypermetria and ataxia with reduction of proprioception in all four limbs. MRI findings were compatible with laminar neuronal necrosis and possible bilateral cortical cerebral atrophy. Grossly, a severe bilateral reduction of the gray matter with flattening of gyri, mainly in frontal and parietal cerebral areas, was observed. Histologically, multiple, segmental, bilateral, and symmetric areas of neuronal loss, necrosis and degeneration, in a laminar pattern, associated with a reactive gliosis were observed. Immunohistochemical studies showed severe reduction of neuronal bodies, proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes and microglia. Few perivascular B and T cells were demonstrated. Based on these data, we show some of the neuroinflammatory events that occur during CNS repair in a chronic phase of this condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Veterinary Species)

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