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Antioxidants
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Plant Redox Biology
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Plant Redox Biology

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "ROS, RNS and RSS".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 May 2022) | Viewed by 48358

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kai Shi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
Interests: plant biotic and abiotic stresses; plant oxidative stress; redox signaling; reactive oxygen species; plant-environment interaction; plant-pathogen interaction; climate change; plant hormone; plant peptide; plant signal transduction; plant mitochondria; photosynthesis; plant G-protein
Prof. Dr. Xin Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
Interests: cold stress; carbon dioxide; flavonoid; light; tea plants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, the research of plant redox biology has expanded to all aspects of plant science. As an evolutionary consequence, plants have to maintain an optimal cellular and subcellular redox poise to continue normal metabolic activities, especially under certain stresses. For example, plants produce significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a result of photosynthetic electron transport and metabolism. In addition to the so-called deleterious effects of ROS, vital signaling roles of ROS in plant growth, development and stress responses have recently emerged. Notably, the main antioxidants, including glutathione, ascorbate, and others, are important plant redox components. Accumulating evidence points to the fact that redox signaling interfaces directly with the plant hormone network in the synergistic control of development and its modulation in response to environmental stresses. Furthermore, it is commonly accepted that ROS can cause post-translational modifications of proteins through oxidoreduction, indicating the influence of ROS beyond transcription and translation processes. Therefore, it is important to understand better the redox biology of plants with the aids of advanced genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics approaches towards stress resilience.

This Special Issue aims to collect research articles and review papers on biochemical and physiological aspects of thiol redox regulation, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and antioxidant metabolism in the context of plant growth, development, environmental acclimation, and stress responses; papers describing recent developments in the pervasive roles of redox signaling in plant development, integrating metabolism, and plant–environment interactions are especially welcome. 

Prof. Dr. Kai Shi
Dr. Xin Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Stress physiology
  • Plant redox signaling
  • Plant–environment interaction
  • Plant hormones
  • Plant–pathogen interaction
  • Plant development
  • reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
  • reactive sulfur species (RSS)
  • glutathione
  • ascorbate
  • thiol redox regulation

Published Papers (18 papers)

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20 pages, 3994 KiB  
Article
Antifungal Peptide P852 Controls Fusarium Wilt in Faba Bean (Viciafaba L.) by Promoting Antioxidant Defense and Isoquinoline Alkaloid, Betaine, and Arginine Biosyntheses
by Chaowen Zhang, Xuan Ou, Jingyi Wang, Zhaoling Wang, Wenting Du, Jianjun Zhao and Yuzhu Han
Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1767; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11091767 - 07 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2030
Abstract
Green pesticides are highly desirable, as they are environmentally friendly and efficient. In this study, the antifungal peptide P852 was employed to suppress Fusarium wilt in the Faba bean. The disease index and a range of physiological and metabolomic analyses were performed to [...] Read more.
Green pesticides are highly desirable, as they are environmentally friendly and efficient. In this study, the antifungal peptide P852 was employed to suppress Fusarium wilt in the Faba bean. The disease index and a range of physiological and metabolomic analyses were performed to explore the interactions between P852 and the fungal disease. The incidence and disease index of Fusarium wilt were substantially decreased in diseased Faba beans that were treated with two different concentrations of P852 in both the climate chamber and field trial. For the first time, P852 exhibited potent antifungal effects on Fusarium in an open field condition. To explore the mechanisms that underlie P852′s antifungal effects, P852 treatment was found to significantly enhance antioxidant enzyme capacities including guaiacol peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the activities of antifungal enzymes including chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, as well as plant dry and fresh weights, and chlorophyll content compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Metabolomics analysis of the diseased Faba bean treated with P852 showed changes in the TCA cycle, biological pathways, and many primary and secondary metabolites. The Faba bean treated with a low concentration of P852 (1 μg/mL, IC50) led to upregulated arginine and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, whereas those treated with a high concentration of P852 (10 μg/mL, MFC) exhibited enhanced betaine and arginine accumulation. Taken together, these findings suggest that P852 induces plant tolerance under Fusarium attack by enhancing the activities of antioxidant and antifungal enzymes, and restoring plant growth and development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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15 pages, 2685 KiB  
Article
Transcription Factor SlAREB1 Is Involved in the Antioxidant Regulation under Saline–Alkaline Stress in Tomato
by Zijian Xu, Fan Wang, Yongbo Ma, Haoran Dang and Xiaohui Hu
Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1673; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11091673 - 27 Aug 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1837
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors of the ABA-responsive element binding factor/ABA-responsive element binding proteins (ABF/AREB) subfamily have been implicated in abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stress responses in plants. However, the specific function of ABF/AREB transcription factors under saline–alkaline stress is unclear. [...] Read more.
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors of the ABA-responsive element binding factor/ABA-responsive element binding proteins (ABF/AREB) subfamily have been implicated in abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stress responses in plants. However, the specific function of ABF/AREB transcription factors under saline–alkaline stress is unclear. Here, we identified four ABF/AREB transcription factors in tomato and found that SlAREB1 strongly responded to both ABA and saline–alkaline stress. To further explore the function of SlAREB1 under saline–alkaline stress, SlAREB1-overexpressing lines were constructed. Compared with wild-type plants, SlAREB1-overexpressing transgenic tomato plants showed reduced malondialdehyde content, increased the relative water content, and alleviated the degradation of chlorophyll under saline–alkaline stress. Importantly, SlAREB1 directly physically interacted with SlMn-SOD, which improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased the scavenging of excess reactive oxygen species. Overall, the overexpression of SlAREB1 increased the antioxidant capacity of the transgenic tomato under saline–alkaline stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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20 pages, 5470 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis of Glutathione Response: RNA-Seq Provides Insights into Balance between Antioxidant Response and Glucosinolate Metabolism
by Biao Zhu, Kuanhong Wang, Zhile Liang, Zhujun Zhu and Jing Yang
Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1322; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11071322 - 05 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1896
Abstract
When being stressed, plants require a balance between the resistance pathway and metabolism. Glucosinolates (GS) are secondary metabolics that widely exist in Brassicaceae. Glutathione (GSH) not only participates in plant processing reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also directly participates in GS synthesis as [...] Read more.
When being stressed, plants require a balance between the resistance pathway and metabolism. Glucosinolates (GS) are secondary metabolics that widely exist in Brassicaceae. Glutathione (GSH) not only participates in plant processing reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also directly participates in GS synthesis as a sulfur donor. Therefore, we used transcriptomic to identify antioxidant and GS metabolism responses in GSH-treated pakchoi. Our study elucidated that GSH can be used as priming to improve oxidative resistance and preferentially stimulate the expression of resistance genes such as CAT1. The reduction in transcription factor expression inhibits the key steps of the GS synthesis pathway. When ROS returned to normal level, the resistance gene decreased and returned to normal level, while GSH restored the gene expression of GS biosynthesis. This work puts forward the mechanism of GSH in regulating the antioxidant system and glucosinolate metabolic pathway, which provides a basis for further study on the relationship between environmental signals and plant metabolism and provides ideas for follow-up research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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16 pages, 2045 KiB  
Article
Preharvest Methyl Jasmonate Treatment Increased Glucosinolate Biosynthesis, Sulforaphane Accumulation, and Antioxidant Activity of Broccoli
by Junwei Wang, Shuxiang Mao, Mantian Liang, Wenxia Zhang, Fangzhen Chen, Ke Huang and Qiuyun Wu
Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1298; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11071298 - 29 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1723
Abstract
Broccoli is becoming increasingly popular among consumers owing to its nutritional value and rich bioactive compounds, such glucosinolates (GSLs) and hydrolysis products, which are secondary metabolites for plant defense, cancer prevention, and higher antioxidant activity for humans. In this study, 40 μmol/L methyl [...] Read more.
Broccoli is becoming increasingly popular among consumers owing to its nutritional value and rich bioactive compounds, such glucosinolates (GSLs) and hydrolysis products, which are secondary metabolites for plant defense, cancer prevention, and higher antioxidant activity for humans. In this study, 40 μmol/L methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was sprayed onto broccoli from budding until harvest. The harvested broccoli florets, stem, and leaves were used to measure the contents of GSLs, sulforaphane, total phenolics, and flavonoids, as well as myrosinase activity, antioxidant activity, and gene expression involved in GSL biosynthesis. The overall results revealed that GSL biosynthesis and sulforaphane accumulation were most likely induced by exogenous MeJA treatment by upregulating the expression of CYP83A1, SUR1, UGT74B1, and SOT18 genes. Exogenous MeJA treatment more remarkably contributed to the increased GSL biosynthesis in broccoli cultivars with low-level GSL content (Yanxiu) than that with high-level GSLs (Xianglv No.3). Moreover, MeJA treatment had a more remarkable increasing effect in broccoli florets than stem and leaves. Interestingly, total flavonoid content substantially increased in broccoli florets after MeJA treatment, but total phenolics did not. Similarly, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were higher in broccoli floret after MeJA treatment. In conclusion, MeJA mediated bioactive compound metabolism, had positive effects on GSL biosynthesis, sulforaphane, and flavonoids accumulation, and showed positive correlation on inducing higher antioxidant activities in broccoli floret. Hence, preharvest supplementation with 40 μM MeJA could be a good way to improve the nutritional value of broccoli florets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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19 pages, 3415 KiB  
Article
Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving ROS Metabolism and Antioxidant Defense Response in Tomato Seedlings
by Tao Zhang, Yong Wang, Xiaojing Ma, Zhaopeng Ouyang, Lei Deng, Shunshan Shen, Xiaoxing Dong, Nanshan Du, Han Dong, Zhixin Guo, Geng Meng, Fengzhi Piao and Kaile Sun
Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 758; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11040758 - 11 Apr 2022
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3623
Abstract
The excessive accumulation of copper (Cu2+) has become a threat to worldwide crop production. Recently, it was revealed that melatonin (MT) could play a crucial role against heavy metal (HM) stresses in plants. However, the underlying mechanism of MT function acted [...] Read more.
The excessive accumulation of copper (Cu2+) has become a threat to worldwide crop production. Recently, it was revealed that melatonin (MT) could play a crucial role against heavy metal (HM) stresses in plants. However, the underlying mechanism of MT function acted upon by Cu2+ stress (CS) has not been substantiated in tomatoes. In the present work, we produced MT-rich tomato plants by foliar usage of MT, and MT-deficient tomato plants by employing a virus-induced gene silencing methodology and exogenous foliar application of MT synthesis inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA). The obtained results indicate that exogenous MT meaningfully alleviated the dwarf phenotype and impeded the reduction in plant growth caused by excess Cu2+. Furthermore, MT effectively restricted the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and habilitated cellular integrity by triggering antioxidant enzyme activities, especially via CAT and APX, but not SOD and POD. In addition, MT increased nonenzymatic antioxidant activity, including FRAP and the GSH/GSSG and ASA/DHA ratios. MT usage improved the expression of several defense genes (CAT, APX, GR and MDHAR) and MT biosynthesis-related genes (TDC, SNAT and COMT). Taken together, our results preliminarily reveal that MT alleviates Cu2+ toxicity via ROS scavenging, enhancing antioxidant capacity when subjected to excessive Cu2+. These results build a solid foundation for developing new insights to solve problems related to CS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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13 pages, 3317 KiB  
Article
2-Hydroxymelatonin Promotes Seed Germination by Increasing Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Gibberellin Synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana
by Hyoung Yool Lee and Kyoungwhan Back
Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 737; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11040737 - 08 Apr 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1809
Abstract
It was recently reported that 2-hydroxymelatonin (2-OHM) is responsible for inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. ROS are crucial molecules that promote germination through interaction with hormones such as gibberellic acid (GA). In this study, to confirm the pro-oxidant role of 2-OHM, [...] Read more.
It was recently reported that 2-hydroxymelatonin (2-OHM) is responsible for inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. ROS are crucial molecules that promote germination through interaction with hormones such as gibberellic acid (GA). In this study, to confirm the pro-oxidant role of 2-OHM, we investigated its effect on seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Columbia-0. We found that 2-OHM treatment stimulated seed germination by 90% and 330% in non-dormant and dormant seeds, respectively, whereas melatonin marginally increased germination (~13%) in both seed types compared to untreated control seeds. The germination promotion effects of exogenous 2-OHM treatment were due to increased ROS production followed by the induction of GA synthesis and expression of responsive genes. Accordingly, melatonin 2-hydroxylase (M2H), the gene responsible for 2-OHM synthesis, was strictly expressed only during the germination process. Further molecular genetic analyses using m2h knockout mutant and M2H overexpression clearly supported an increase in ROS triggered by 2-OHM, followed by increased expression of GA-related genes, which shortened the time to germination. Notably, 2-OHM application to m2h knockout mutant seeds fully recovered germination to levels comparable to that of the wild type, whereas melatonin treatment failed to increase germination. Together, these results indicate that 2-OHM is a pivotal molecule that triggers increased ROS production during seed germination, thereby enhancing germination via the GA pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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17 pages, 3512 KiB  
Article
BcGR1.1, a Cytoplasmic Localized Glutathione Reductase, Enhanced Tolerance to Copper Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana
by Yan Li, Feiyi Huang, Yu Tao, Ying Zhou, Aimei Bai, Zhanghong Yu, Dong Xiao, Changwei Zhang, Tongkun Liu, Xilin Hou and Ying Li
Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 389; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11020389 - 15 Feb 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2434
Abstract
Copper is a mineral element, which is necessary for the normal growth and development of plants, but high levels of copper will seriously damage plants. Studies have shown that AtGR1 improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis to aluminum and cadmium stress. However, the role [...] Read more.
Copper is a mineral element, which is necessary for the normal growth and development of plants, but high levels of copper will seriously damage plants. Studies have shown that AtGR1 improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis to aluminum and cadmium stress. However, the role of GR in the copper stress response of plants is still unclear. Here, we identified four genes (named BcGR1.1, BcGR1.2, BcGR2.1 and BcGR2.2, respectively) encoding glutathione reductase (GR) in non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. chinensis), which could be divided into two types based on the subcellular localization. Among them, BcGR1.1, which belonged to the cytoplasmic localization type, was significantly upregulated under copper stress. Compared to WT (the wild type), Arabidopsis thaliana heterologously overexpressed BcGR1.1 had longer roots, higher fresh weight, higher GSH levels and GSH/GSSG (oxidized form of GSH) ratio, and accumulated more superoxide dismutase and peroxidase under copper stress. However, in the AsA-GSH cycle under copper stress, the contents of AsA and AsA/DHA were significantly downregulated, and the contents of DHA and T-AsA (total AsA) were upregulated, in the BcGR1.1-overexpressing Arabidopsis. Therefore, BcGR1.1 could improve the scavenging ability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the activity of GR, antioxidant enzymes and the utilization of AsA, and then enhance the copper stress tolerance of plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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10 pages, 1708 KiB  
Article
Brassinosteroid Biosynthetic Gene SlCYP90B3 Alleviates Chilling Injury of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Fruits during Cold Storage
by Songshen Hu, Tonglin Wang, Zhiyong Shao, Fanliang Meng, Hao Chen, Qiaomei Wang, Jirong Zheng and Lihong Liu
Antioxidants 2022, 11(1), 115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11010115 - 05 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2142
Abstract
Tomato is susceptible to chilling injury during cold storage. In this study, we found that low temperature promoted the expression of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthetic genes in tomato fruits. The overexpression of SlCYP90B3 (SlCYP90B3-OE), a key BR biosynthetic gene, alleviated the chilling [...] Read more.
Tomato is susceptible to chilling injury during cold storage. In this study, we found that low temperature promoted the expression of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthetic genes in tomato fruits. The overexpression of SlCYP90B3 (SlCYP90B3-OE), a key BR biosynthetic gene, alleviated the chilling injury with decreased electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde. In SlCYP90B3-OE tomato fruits, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were markedly increased, while the activity of membranous lipolytic enzymes, lipoxygenase (LOX), and phospholipase D (PLD), were significantly decreased when compared with the wild-type in response to cold storage. Furthermore, the expression level of the cold-response-system component, SlCBF1, was higher in SlCYP90B3-OE fruits than in the wild-type fruits. These results indicated that SlCYP90B3 might be involved in the chilling tolerance of tomato fruits during cold storage, possibly by regulating the antioxidant enzyme system and SlCBF1 expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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17 pages, 2106 KiB  
Article
Spatial–Temporal Response of Reactive Oxygen Species and Salicylic Acid Suggest Their Interaction in Pumpkin Rootstock-Induced Chilling Tolerance in Watermelon Plants
by Fei Cheng, Min Gao, Junyang Lu, Yuan Huang and Zhilong Bie
Antioxidants 2021, 10(12), 2024; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10122024 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2643
Abstract
Grafting with pumpkin rootstock could improve chilling tolerance in watermelon, and salicylic acid (SA) as a signal molecule is involved in regulating plant tolerance to chilling and other abiotic stresses. To clarify the mechanism in pumpkin rootstock-induced systemic acquired acclimation in grafted watermelon [...] Read more.
Grafting with pumpkin rootstock could improve chilling tolerance in watermelon, and salicylic acid (SA) as a signal molecule is involved in regulating plant tolerance to chilling and other abiotic stresses. To clarify the mechanism in pumpkin rootstock-induced systemic acquired acclimation in grafted watermelon under chilling stress, we used self-grafted (Cl/Cl) and pumpkin rootstock-grafted (Cl/Cm) watermelon seedlings to study the changes in lipid peroxidation, photosystem II (PSII) activity and antioxidant metabolism, the spatio–temporal response of SA biosynthesis and H2O2 accumulation to chilling, and the role of H2O2 signal in SA-induced chilling tolerance in grafted watermelon. The results showed that pumpkin rootstock grafting promoted SA biosynthesis in the watermelon scions. Chilling induced hydrolysis of conjugated SA into free SA in the roots and accumulation of free SA in the leaves in Cl/Cm plants. Further, pumpkin rootstock grafting induced early response of antioxidant enzyme system in the roots and increased activities of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the leaves, thus maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Exogenous SA improved while the inhibition of SA biosynthesis reduced chilling tolerance in Cl/Cl seedlings. The application of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI, inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) and dimethylthiourea (DMTU, H2O2 scavenger) decreased, while exogenous H2O2 improved the PSII activity in Cl/Cl plants under chilling stress. Additionally, the decrease of the net photosynthetic rate in DMTU- and DPI-pretreated Cl/Cl plants under chilling conditions could be alleviated by subsequent application of H2O2 but not SA. In conclusion, pumpkin rootstock grafting induces SA biosynthesis and redistribution in the leaves and roots and participates in the regulation of antioxidant metabolism probably through interaction with the H2O2 signal, thus improving chilling tolerance in watermelon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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21 pages, 4807 KiB  
Article
RNA-Seq Identification of Cd Responsive Transporters Provides Insights into the Association of Oxidation Resistance and Cd Accumulation in Cucumis sativus L.
by Shengjun Feng, Yanghui Shen, Huinan Xu, Junyang Dong, Kexin Chen, Yu Xiang, Xianda Jiang, Chenjie Yao, Tao Lu, Weiwei Huan and Huasen Wang
Antioxidants 2021, 10(12), 1973; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10121973 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2452
Abstract
Greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) has grown rapidly and has become a major force for cucumber production in China. In highly intensive GVP systems, excessive fertilization results in soil acidification, increasing Cd accumulation and oxidative stress damage in vegetables as well as increasing health [...] Read more.
Greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) has grown rapidly and has become a major force for cucumber production in China. In highly intensive GVP systems, excessive fertilization results in soil acidification, increasing Cd accumulation and oxidative stress damage in vegetables as well as increasing health risk of vegetable consumers. Therefore, enhancing antioxidant capacity and activating the expression level of Cd transporter genes seem to be feasible solutions to promote plant resistance to Cd stress and to reduce accumulated Cd concentration. Here, we used transcriptomics to identify five cucumber transporter genes (CsNRAMP1, CsNRAMP4, CsHMA1, CsZIP1, and CsZIP8) in response to cadmium stress, which were involved in Cd transport activity in yeast. Ionomics, gene expression, and REDOX reaction level association analyses have shown that the transcript of CsNRAMP4 was positively correlated with Cd accumulation and antioxidant capacity of cucumber roots. The expression level of CsHMA1 was negatively correlated with Cd-induced antioxidant capacity. The overexpression of CsHMA1 significantly relieved Cd stress-induced antioxidant activities. In addition, shoots with high CsHMA2 expression remarkably presented Cd bioaccumulation. Grafting experiments confirmed that CsHMA1 contributed to the high antioxidant capacity of cucumber, while CsHMA2 was responsible for the transport of Cd from the roots to the shoots. Our study elucidated a novel regulatory mechanism for Cd transport and oxidative damage removal in horticultural melons and provided a perspective to regulate Cd transport artificially by modulating Cd accumulation and resistance in plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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15 pages, 3250 KiB  
Article
A Novel Role of Pipecolic Acid Biosynthetic Pathway in Drought Tolerance through the Antioxidant System in Tomato
by Ping Wang, Qian Luo, Weicheng Yang, Golam Jalal Ahammed, Shuting Ding, Xingyu Chen, Jiao Wang, Xiaojian Xia and Kai Shi
Antioxidants 2021, 10(12), 1923; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10121923 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2794
Abstract
With global warming and water shortage, drought stress is provoking an increasing impact on plant growth, development, and crop productivity worldwide. Pipecolic acid (Pip) is an emerging lysine catabolite in plants, acting as a critical element in disease resistance with a related signal [...] Read more.
With global warming and water shortage, drought stress is provoking an increasing impact on plant growth, development, and crop productivity worldwide. Pipecolic acid (Pip) is an emerging lysine catabolite in plants, acting as a critical element in disease resistance with a related signal pathway of phytohormone salicylic acid (SA). While SA plays a vital role in various abiotic stresses, the role of Pip in plant response to abiotic stresses, especially drought, remains largely unknown. To address this issue, Pip biosynthetic gene Slald1 mutants and hydroxylated modification gene Slfmo1 mutants were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing approaches. Drought resistance dramatically increased in Slald1 mutants compared with wild-type, which was associated with increased CO2 assimilation, photosystems activities, antioxidant enzymes activities, ascorbate and glutathione content, and reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. On the contrary, Slfmo1 mutants were more sensitive to drought, showing damaged photosystems and impaired antioxidant systems, which were significantly alleviated by exogenous ascorbate. Our results demonstrate that Pip biosynthesis and hydroxylated modification pathways play a critical role in drought tolerance through the antioxidant system in tomato. This knowledge can be helpful to breed improved crop cultivars that are better equipped with drought resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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15 pages, 2599 KiB  
Article
Rosmarinic Acid Delays Tomato Fruit Ripening by Regulating Ripening-Associated Traits
by Changan Zhu, Shaofang Wu, Ting Sun, Zhiwen Zhou, Zhangjian Hu and Jingquan Yu
Antioxidants 2021, 10(11), 1821; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10111821 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2310
Abstract
Fruits are excellent sources of essential vitamins and health-boosting minerals. Recently, regulation of fruit ripening by both internal and external cues for the improvement of fruit quality and shelf life has received considerable attention. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a kind of natural plant-derived [...] Read more.
Fruits are excellent sources of essential vitamins and health-boosting minerals. Recently, regulation of fruit ripening by both internal and external cues for the improvement of fruit quality and shelf life has received considerable attention. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a kind of natural plant-derived polyphenol, widely used in the drug therapy and food industry due to its distinct physiological functions. However, the role of RA in plant growth and development, especially at the postharvest period of fruits, remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that postharvest RA treatment delayed the ripening in tomato fruits. Exogenous application of RA decreased ripening-associated ethylene production and inhibited the fruit color change from green to red based on the decline in lycopene accumulation. We also found that the degradation of sucrose and malic acid during ripening was significantly suppressed in RA-treated tomato fruits. The results of metabolite profiling showed that RA application promoted the accumulation of multiple amino acids in tomato fruits, such as aspartic acid, serine, tyrosine, and proline. Meanwhile, RA application also strengthened the antioxidant system by increasing both the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of reduced forms of antioxidants. These findings not only unveiled a novel function of RA in fruit ripening, but also indicated an attractive strategy to manage and improve shelf life, flavor, and sensory evolution of tomato fruits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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20 pages, 4291 KiB  
Article
Positive Interaction between H2O2 and Ca2+ Mediates Melatonin-Induced CBF Pathway and Cold Tolerance in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)
by Jingjing Chang, Yanliang Guo, Jiayue Li, Zhuangzhuang Su, Chunxia Wang, Ruimin Zhang, Chunhua Wei, Jianxiang Ma, Xian Zhang and Hao Li
Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1457; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10091457 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2539
Abstract
Cold stress is a major environmental factor that detrimentally affects plant growth and development. Melatonin has been shown to confer plant tolerance to cold stress through activating the C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (CBF) pathway; however, the underlying modes that enable this function remain obscure. [...] Read more.
Cold stress is a major environmental factor that detrimentally affects plant growth and development. Melatonin has been shown to confer plant tolerance to cold stress through activating the C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (CBF) pathway; however, the underlying modes that enable this function remain obscure. In this study, we investigated the role of H2O2 and Ca2+ signaling in the melatonin-induced CBF pathway and cold tolerance in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) through pharmacological, physiological, and genetic approaches. According to the results, melatonin induced H2O2 accumulation, which was associated with the upregulation of respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (ClRBOHD) during the early response to cold stress in watermelon. Besides, melatonin and H2O2 induced the accumulation of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) in response to cold. This was associated with the upregulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 2 (ClCNGC2) in watermelon. However, blocking of Ca2+ influx channels abolished melatonin- or H2O2-induced CBF pathway and cold tolerance. Ca2+ also induced ClRBOHD expression and H2O2 accumulation in early response to cold stress in watermelon. Inhibition of H2O2 production in watermelon by RBOH inhibitor or in Arabidopsis by AtRBOHD knockout compromised melatonin-induced [Ca2+]cyt accumulation and melatonin- or Ca2+-induced CBF pathway and cold tolerance. Overall, these findings indicate that melatonin induces RBOHD-dependent H2O2 generation in early response to cold stress. Increased H2O2 promotes [Ca2+]cyt accumulation, which in turn induces H2O2 accumulation via RBOHD, forming a reciprocal positive-regulatory loop that mediates melatonin-induced CBF pathway and subsequent cold tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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16 pages, 58810 KiB  
Article
PtrMYB3, a R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor from Poncirus trifoliata, Negatively Regulates Salt Tolerance and Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging
by Tonglu Wei, Dalong Guo and Jihong Liu
Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1388; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10091388 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2367
Abstract
MYB transcription factors are widely present in plants and play significant roles in abiotic stresses. However, most MYB genes have not been identified in plants and their functions in abiotic stresses are still unknown. In this study, one MYB gene, designated as PtrMYB3, [...] Read more.
MYB transcription factors are widely present in plants and play significant roles in abiotic stresses. However, most MYB genes have not been identified in plants and their functions in abiotic stresses are still unknown. In this study, one MYB gene, designated as PtrMYB3, was cloned from trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), and its function in salt tolerance was investigated. PtrMYB3 contains a conserved R2R3-MYB domain, which is the typical property of R2R3-MYB subfamily proteins. Expression profiling under abiotic stresses indicated that PtrMYB3 could be induced by salt, dehydration and cold stresses. PtrMYB3 was found to be localized to the nucleus and possessed transactivation activity. Overexpression of PtrMYB3 by genetic transformation in tobacco impaired its salt tolerance, whereas silencing of PtrMYB3 by VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) in trifoliate orange conferred significantly enhanced salt tolerance, indicating that PtrMYB3 negatively regulates salt tolerance. Furthermore, a peroxidase gene (PtrPOD) was found to be greatly upregulated in PtrMYB3-silenced trifoliate orange, and a dual LUC (luciferase) assay confirmed that PtrMYB3 could suppress the expression of PtrPOD. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in PtrMYB3 transgenic tobacco plants after salt stress was higher than the wild type (WT), further confirming that overexpression of PtrMYB3 inhibited PtrPOD-mediated H2O2 scavenging. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PtrMYB3 negatively regulates salt tolerance, at least in part, due to the excess accumulation of H2O2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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16 pages, 3910 KiB  
Article
A Balance between the Activities of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Is Crucial for Optimal Plant Growth
by Zhou Xu, Renshan Zhang, Meijing Yang, Yee-Song Law, Feng Sun, Ngai Lung Hon, Sai Ming Ngai and Boon Leong Lim
Antioxidants 2021, 10(6), 935; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10060935 - 09 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3655
Abstract
Energy metabolism in plant cells requires a balance between the activities of chloroplasts and mitochondria, as they are the producers and consumers of carbohydrates and reducing equivalents, respectively. Recently, we showed that the overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana purple acid phosphatase 2 (AtPAP2), a [...] Read more.
Energy metabolism in plant cells requires a balance between the activities of chloroplasts and mitochondria, as they are the producers and consumers of carbohydrates and reducing equivalents, respectively. Recently, we showed that the overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana purple acid phosphatase 2 (AtPAP2), a phosphatase dually anchored on the outer membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria, can boost the plant growth and seed yield of Arabidopsis thaliana by coordinating the activities of both organelles. However, when AtPAP2 is solely overexpressed in chloroplasts, the growth-promoting effects are less optimal, indicating that active mitochondria are required for dissipating excess reducing equivalents from chloroplasts to maintain the optimal growth of plants. It is even more detrimental to plant productivity when AtPAP2 is solely overexpressed in mitochondria. Although these lines contain high level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), they exhibit low leaf sucrose, low seed yield, and early senescence. These transgenic lines can be useful tools for studying how hyperactive chloroplasts or mitochondria affect the physiology of their counterparts and how they modify cellular metabolism and plant physiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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Review

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37 pages, 2426 KiB  
Review
Light Intensity- and Spectrum-Dependent Redox Regulation of Plant Metabolism
by Péter Borbély, Anna Gasperl, Tamás Pálmai, Mohamed Ahres, Muhammad Ahsan Asghar, Gábor Galiba, Maria Müller and Gábor Kocsy
Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1311; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11071311 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3493
Abstract
Both light intensity and spectrum (280–800 nm) affect photosynthesis and, consequently, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthetic electron transport. ROS, together with antioxidants, determine the redox environment in tissues and cells, which in turn has a major role in the [...] Read more.
Both light intensity and spectrum (280–800 nm) affect photosynthesis and, consequently, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthetic electron transport. ROS, together with antioxidants, determine the redox environment in tissues and cells, which in turn has a major role in the adjustment of metabolism to changes in environmental conditions. This process is very important since there are great spatial (latitude, altitude) and temporal (daily, seasonal) changes in light conditions which are accompanied by fluctuations in temperature, water supply, and biotic stresses. The blue and red spectral regimens are decisive in the regulation of metabolism because of the absorption maximums of chlorophylls and the sensitivity of photoreceptors. Based on recent publications, photoreceptor-controlled transcription factors such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) and changes in the cellular redox environment may have a major role in the coordinated fine-tuning of metabolic processes during changes in light conditions. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge of the light-associated redox control of basic metabolic pathways (carbon, nitrogen, amino acid, sulphur, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism), secondary metabolism (terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids), and related molecular mechanisms. Light condition-related reprogramming of metabolism is the basis for proper growth and development of plants; therefore, its better understanding can contribute to more efficient crop production in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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16 pages, 1860 KiB  
Review
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants
by Jiajian Cao, Chunhua Wang, Ning Hao, Toru Fujiwara and Tao Wu
Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1240; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11071240 - 24 Jun 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2696
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key compartment responsible for protein processing and folding, and it also participates in many signal transduction and metabolic processes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling messengers involved in the redox equilibrium and stress response. A number [...] Read more.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key compartment responsible for protein processing and folding, and it also participates in many signal transduction and metabolic processes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling messengers involved in the redox equilibrium and stress response. A number of abiotic and biotic stresses can trigger the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins and lead to ER stress. In recent years, a number of studies have reported that redox metabolism and ROS are closely related to ER stress. ER stress can benefit ROS generation and even cause oxidative burden in plants, finally leading to oxidative stress depending on the degree of ER stress. Moreover, ER stress activates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-mediated ROS signaling, increases antioxidant defense mechanisms, and alters the glutathione (GSH) redox state. Meanwhile, the accumulation of ROS plays a special role in inducing the ER stress response. Given these factors, plants have evolved a series of complex regulatory mechanisms to interact with ROS in response to ER stress. In this review, we summarize the perceptions and responses of plant ER stress and oxidative protein folding in the ER. In addition, we analyze the production and signaling of ROS under ER stress in detail in order to provide a theoretical basis for reducing ER stress to improve the crop survival rate in agricultural applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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17 pages, 1456 KiB  
Review
Functions of Redox Signaling in Pollen Development and Stress Response
by Dong-Ling Xie, Xue-Lian Zheng, Can-Yu Zhou, Mukesh Kumar Kanwar and Jie Zhou
Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 287; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11020287 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3373
Abstract
Cellular redox homeostasis is crucial for normal plant growth and development. Each developmental stage of plants has a specific redox mode and is maintained by various environmental cues, oxidants, and antioxidants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species are the chief oxidants [...] Read more.
Cellular redox homeostasis is crucial for normal plant growth and development. Each developmental stage of plants has a specific redox mode and is maintained by various environmental cues, oxidants, and antioxidants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species are the chief oxidants in plant cells and participate in cell signal transduction and redox balance. The production and removal of oxidants are in a dynamic balance, which is necessary for plant growth. Especially during reproductive development, pollen development depends on ROS-mediated tapetal programmed cell death to provide nutrients and other essential substances. The deviation of the redox state in any period will lead to microspore abortion and pollen sterility. Meanwhile, pollens are highly sensitive to environmental stress, in particular to cell oxidative burst due to its peculiar structure and function. In this regard, plants have evolved a series of complex mechanisms to deal with redox imbalance and oxidative stress damage. This review summarizes the functions of the main redox components in different stages of pollen development, and highlights various redox protection mechanisms of pollen in response to environmental stimuli. In continuation, we also discuss the potential applications of plant growth regulators and antioxidants for improving pollen vigor and fertility in sustaining better agriculture practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Redox Biology)
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