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Atmosphere
Special Issues
Extreme Weather Events in a Warming Climate
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Extreme Weather Events in a Warming Climate

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Meteorology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2024 | Viewed by 2529

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Masoud Rostami

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), 14412 Potsdam, Germany
Interests: extreme weather; climate modeling; climate change

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will aim to comprehensively delve into the multifaceted impact and intricate dynamics of extreme weather events within the context of our warming climate. It will serve as a vital platform for researchers, scientists, and experts across various disciplines to conduct in-depth investigations into the escalating frequency and heightened severity of extreme weather phenomena, encompassing heatwaves, hurricanes, droughts, heavy rainfall, and other pertinent issues. We extend a warm invitation to interdisciplinary studies that meticulously analyze the intricate interactions among atmospheric and environmental variables and introduce groundbreaking mitigation and adaptation strategies. Our overarching goal is to foster a profound and holistic comprehension of these extreme events, thereby contributing significantly to the development of sustainable policies and practices. These policies and practices are crucial in enhancing resilience, promoting ecological balance, and safeguarding human and environmental well-being in the face of the profound and ever-evolving challenges posed by our changing climate.

Dr. Masoud Rostami
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • extreme weather
  • climate change
  • warming climate
  • adaptation strategies
  • environmental variables
  • heatwaves
  • hurricanes
  • droughts
  • resilience

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 5118 KiB  
Article
Estimating Concurrent Probabilities of Compound Extremes: An Analysis of Temperature and Rainfall Events in the Limpopo Lowveld Region of South Africa
by Caston Sigauke and Thakhani Ravele
Atmosphere 2024, 15(5), 557; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos15050557 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the joint modelling of compound extreme events such as high temperatures and low rainfall. The increase in the frequency of occurrence of these events in many regions has necessitated the development of models for [...] Read more.
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the joint modelling of compound extreme events such as high temperatures and low rainfall. The increase in the frequency of occurrence of these events in many regions has necessitated the development of models for estimating the concurrent probabilities of such compound extreme events. The current study discusses an application of copula models in predicting the concurrent probabilities of compound low rainfall and high-temperature events using data from the Lowveld region of the Limpopo province in South Africa. The second stage discussed two indicators for monitoring compound high temperature and low rainfall events. Empirical results from the study show that elevations ranging from 100–350 m, 350–700 m and 700–1200 m exhibit varying probabilities of experiencing drought, with mild droughts having approximately 64%, 66%, and 65% chances, moderate droughts around 36%, 39%, and 38%, and severe droughts at approximately 16%, 19%, and 18%, respectively. Furthermore, the logistic regression models incorporating the southern oscillation index as a covariate yielded comparable results of copula-based models. The methodology discussed in this paper is robust and can be applied to similar datasets in any regional setting globally. These findings could be useful to disaster management decision makers, helping them formulate effective mitigation strategies and emergency response plans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Weather Events in a Warming Climate)
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10 pages, 3686 KiB  
Communication
Vegetation and Evapotranspiration Responses to Increased Atmospheric Vapor Pressure Deficit across the Global Forest
by Rihong Wen, Meiou Qin, Peng Jiang, Feiyun Yang, Bin Liu, Mengyuan Zhu, Yuan Fang, Yichen Tian and Bo Shang
Atmosphere 2024, 15(4), 408; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos15040408 - 26 Mar 2024
Viewed by 630
Abstract
A forest is vulnerable to drought and plays important roles in the regulation of carbon and water cycling in a terrestrial ecosystem. Atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) has been identified as an increasingly major factor in plant functioning and has been established as [...] Read more.
A forest is vulnerable to drought and plays important roles in the regulation of carbon and water cycling in a terrestrial ecosystem. Atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) has been identified as an increasingly major factor in plant functioning and has been established as a main contributor to recent drought-induced plant mortality, independent of other drivers associated with climate change. However, most previous studies have focused on the effects of climate warming and CO2 enrichment on vegetation growth, without considering the effects of an increased VPD on vegetation growth and evapotranspiration (ET) in forest ecosystems. This could lead to a large uncertainty in estimating the variability in forest carbon sinks. Based on the long-term satellite data, we investigated the response of the leaf area index (LAI) and ET to the VPD via a partial correlation analysis in this study. We also examined the temporal variability in the partial coefficients within a ten-year moving window. The results showed that over 50% of the region displayed a negative partial correlation between the LAI, ET, and VPD, and those pixels were mainly concentrated in North America and the plains of Eastern Europe. Regions with a negative trend of partial correlation in both the LAI and ET are mostly located in the plains of Eastern Europe and the Siberian Plain of western Russia, while the positive trend is mainly in South America. The plains of Eastern Europe are becoming drier, which was proved by the interannual trend of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and soil water content (SWC). Additionally, the LAI and ET in those areas exhibited a significant positive correlation with the SWC based on the moving window average. This study suggests that the role of the VPD on vegetation will become increasingly prominent in the context of future climate change for the forest ecosystem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Weather Events in a Warming Climate)
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15 pages, 5436 KiB  
Article
Research on the Terrain Characteristics of Changbai Mountain and Their Impact on Precipitation and Wind Distribution
by Li Liang, Wanxiu Ai, Xiaodan Yang and Luqiang Zhao
Atmosphere 2024, 15(3), 272; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos15030272 - 24 Feb 2024
Viewed by 527
Abstract
The terrain of Changbai Mountain has great influence on the distribution of atmospheric flows and the occurrence and development of precipitation. However, quantitative studies on the real terrain characteristics and the terrain effect on precipitation distribution in this region are scant at present. [...] Read more.
The terrain of Changbai Mountain has great influence on the distribution of atmospheric flows and the occurrence and development of precipitation. However, quantitative studies on the real terrain characteristics and the terrain effect on precipitation distribution in this region are scant at present. This study quantitatively analyzes the regional characteristic of topographic perturbations and the relationship between terrain, wind, and precipitation in Changbai Mountain region by using a spectral analysis of the two-dimensional discrete cosine transform. Three domains with relatively heavy summer precipitation are selected as the study region. The results indicate that the overall terrain of the Changbai Mountain region exhibits anisotropic characteristics. The terrain spectra of domain B are less than those of domains A and C across the whole wavelength (λ) bands, indicating that the large-scale topographic perturbations of domain B are relatively weak. The largest topographic spectral peak of domain C shows the most pronounced undulation of terrain among the three domains. The dominant wavelengths of terrain height variance for domains A and C, both close to the respective maximum wavelengths, indicate more prominent large-scale topographic perturbations. For domain A, the variation of the precipitation spectra is consistent with that of the wind spectra at the wavelength bands of λ < 390 km, showing a high correlation between wind field and the occurrence of rainfall. The inverse relationship at larger wavelengths indicates that multiple factors contribute to the occurrence of rainfall. For domain B, there is consistency in the fluctuations of terrain spectra, precipitation spectra, and wind spectra at the wavelength bands of λ < 278.3 km, implying that the smaller-scale terrain has an important effect on the occurrence of summer precipitation. For domain C, the variations of terrain spectra, precipitation spectra, and wind spectra are almost consistent across the whole wavelength bands, indicating that the large-scale terrain and minor terrain both play a crucial role in atmospheric uplift and the occurrence and development of summer rainfall. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Weather Events in a Warming Climate)
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17 pages, 5747 KiB  
Article
El Niño-Induced Drought Impacts on Reservoir Water Resources in South Africa
by Fhumulani I. Mathivha, Lufuno Mabala, Selelo Matimolane and Nkanyiso Mbatha
Atmosphere 2024, 15(3), 249; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos15030249 - 20 Feb 2024
Viewed by 782
Abstract
The ENSO phenomenon is associated with below average rainfall and influences the climate regime of southern Africa. With the advent of climate change, drought frequencies and magnitudes have worsened in the developing world and this in turn negatively impacts the natural environment and [...] Read more.
The ENSO phenomenon is associated with below average rainfall and influences the climate regime of southern Africa. With the advent of climate change, drought frequencies and magnitudes have worsened in the developing world and this in turn negatively impacts the natural environment and communities’ livelihoods. This study evaluated the relationship between El Niño-induced drought and reservoir water levels over the Albasini Dam Catchment (ADC) areas in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Standardised indices (i.e., SPI and SSI) were used to define drought events over the study area. Mann–Kendall and Sequential Mann–Kendall were used for trends analysis as well as correlation and wavelet coherence to evaluate the relationship between variables of interest. There exists a relationship between El Niño-induced drought event and reservoir water levels. This was shown by the correlation between drought indices and reservoir water levels with the coefficient of determination being stronger at the 12th timescale (i.e., 0.743 and 0.59) compared to the 6th timescale (i.e., 0.07 and 0.44) for both precipitation and streamflow indices, respectively. Wavelet analysis further showed that there existed a phased relationship between the two variables. Although there are other factors that may affect reservoir water resources, these study findings show that El Niño-induced drought also negatively affect water resources. Therefore, this study recommends the development of multidimensional and multiscale management strategies to minimise drought impacts and adaptation in the region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Weather Events in a Warming Climate)
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