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Biomolecules
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Biomolecules from Plant Residues
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Biomolecules from Plant Residues

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2020) | Viewed by 62423

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Carmen Ancìn-Azpilicueta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Science, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
Interests: antioxidants; biogenic amines; aminoacids; stem; phenolic compounds; analytical chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Irene Esparza Catalán

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Department of Science, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
Interests: phenolic compounds; analytical chemistry; chromatography; antioxidant activity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Nerea Jiménez-Moreno

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Department of Science, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
Interests: antioxidant activity; phenolic compounds; plant extracts; wine volatiles; chromatography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The worldwide agriculture and food sectors have important challenges to face in the XXI century. Among these, there is the need to ensure food safety standards and the proper management of food and forest waste. The waste and leftovers from food are occupying an ever-growing amount of space at the dumps and food waste disposal sites. Between 5 per cent and 50 per cent of the raw material that enters the food industry installations ends up as waste in dump sites or is given over for use as animal feed. It is becoming ever-more important to find solutions for this agricultural food sector that would give a value to these byproducts through identifying and extracting biomolecules. In this way, an attempt would be made to reduce, recycle or reuse waste material in order to find new uses for these discarded products and at the same time to reduce the release of greenhouse gases caused by the biowaste which has been deposited at waste disposal sites and garbage dumps.

Waste from fruit and vegetables arising from the agricultural food industry is to be found in very large quantities, and this can cause high environmental contamination, as this kind of waste has a high quantity of humidity as well as a heavy microbial load. Nevertheless, both its structural parts (stalks, leaves, shells, seeds, roots, and pulp) as well as the resulting waste after the extraction of its juices are all rich in different valuable compounds as antioxidants, oils, dietary fibers, fatty acids, isoprenoids, lipids, proteins, saponins, and phytoestrogens. Such bioactive compounds can be used as pharmaceutical excipients, food additives, or be included in pharmaceutical formulae or food elements in order to obtain nutraceutical products and functional foods, respectively. In this way, as well as serving as a response to the growing consumer demand for quality products free from noxious additives, it could also serve to face up to another of the challenges which the agricultural-food industry currently faces , that is to say, through waste management through valuation of byproducts. Moreover, current technology allows this vegetable residue to become raw material for the extraction of biomolecules, which can subsequently be used for different ends.

The aim of this Special Issue on “Biomolecules from Plant Residues” is to publish research work related to the exploitation of vegetable waste for the obtainment of biomoleculars aimed for pharmaceutical use as well as for use in the food industry and in cosmetics.

Dr. Carmen Ancìn-Azpilicueta
Dr. Irene Esparza Catalán
Dr. Nerea Jiménez-Moreno
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomolecules is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomolecules
  • nutraceuticals
  • vegetable waste
  • valorization
  • food processing
  • forest waste

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

5 pages, 224 KiB  
Editorial
Biomolecules from Plant Residues
by Carmen Ancín-Azpilicueta, Irene Esparza and Nerea Jiménez-Moreno
Biomolecules 2020, 10(11), 1496; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10111496 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1669
Abstract
The circular economy is a new model of production and consumption that involves reusing, renewing and recycling products to create added value [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)

Research

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17 pages, 10657 KiB  
Article
In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Agave sisalana Agro-Industrial Residue
by Stella Maria Andrade Gomes Barreto, Cesar Orlando Muñoz Cadavid, Rafael Amir de Oliveira Moura, Giovanna Melo Martins Silva, Samara Vitória Ferreira de Araújo, Jean Antônio Aderaldo da Silva Filho, Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha, Riva de Paula Oliveira, Raquel Brandt Giordani and Márcio Ferrari
Biomolecules 2020, 10(10), 1435; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10101435 - 12 Oct 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3102
Abstract
Agave sisalana agro-industrial residue has considerable potential against damage associated with oxidative stress and skin aging. This study aims to demonstrate, in vitro and in vivo, the potential of Agave sisalana agro-industrial residue as a safe and effective alternative for the prevention of [...] Read more.
Agave sisalana agro-industrial residue has considerable potential against damage associated with oxidative stress and skin aging. This study aims to demonstrate, in vitro and in vivo, the potential of Agave sisalana agro-industrial residue as a safe and effective alternative for the prevention of damage caused by oxidative stress and aging. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro (total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging, metal chelating (Fe2+ and Cu2+), and hydroxyl radical scavenging) and in vivo using the Caenorhabditis elegans organism model. The extract showed in vitro antioxidant activity in all tests performed. Tests with C. elegans showed that the extract was able to reduce the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase the survival rate of worms. A downregulation of gst-4::GFP expression suggests a direct action against free radicals. Agave sisalana agro-industrial residue extract (AsRE) can therefore be considered as a source of antioxidant biomolecules, and the use of this agro-industrial residue in a new production process can lead to sustainability and socioeconomic development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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15 pages, 1059 KiB  
Article
Reducing SO2 Doses in Red Wines by Using Grape Stem Extracts as Antioxidants
by Irene Esparza, Blanca Martínez-Inda, María José Cimminelli, Maria Carmen Jimeno-Mendoza, José Antonio Moler, Nerea Jiménez-Moreno and Carmen Ancín-Azpilicueta
Biomolecules 2020, 10(10), 1369; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10101369 - 25 Sep 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3420
Abstract
SO2 is a very important wine preservative. However, there are several drawbacks associated with the use of SO2 in wine. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the partial substitution of SO2 in the Tempranillo wine [...] Read more.
SO2 is a very important wine preservative. However, there are several drawbacks associated with the use of SO2 in wine. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the partial substitution of SO2 in the Tempranillo wine by a Mazuelo grape stem extract and by a commercial vine wood extract (Vinetan®). The results were compared with a control sample (with no addition of any extract). After 12 months of storage in a bottle, total anthocyanin content, together with total polyphenol and flavonoid content were slightly higher for control wines than for those treated with extracts. These differences were of little relevance, as no differences in antioxidant activity were found between any of the wines at the end of the study. The sensory analysis revealed that the use of both extracts as partial substitutes of SO2 could lead to wines with good organoleptic properties, similar or even better to the control ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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15 pages, 2099 KiB  
Article
Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Hazelnuts and Walnuts Shells: Quantitative–Qualitative Analysis and Chromatographic Purification
by René Herrera, Jarl Hemming, Annika Smeds, Oihana Gordobil, Stefan Willför and Jalel Labidi
Biomolecules 2020, 10(10), 1363; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10101363 - 24 Sep 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2773
Abstract
Hazelnut (HS) and walnut (WS) shells, an abundant by-product of the processing industries of these edible nuts, are traditionally considered as a low-value waste. However, they are a source of valuable compounds with an interesting chemical profile for the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors. [...] Read more.
Hazelnut (HS) and walnut (WS) shells, an abundant by-product of the processing industries of these edible nuts, are traditionally considered as a low-value waste. However, they are a source of valuable compounds with an interesting chemical profile for the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors. In this study, the lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts present in HS and WS were quantified and identified, then the polar fractions were chromatographically separated, and their antioxidant capacity was studied. The experimental work includes the isolation of crude lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts by an accelerated extraction process, chromatographic analysis (gas chromatography-flame ionization (GC-FID), GC-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC)), and quantification of the components. In addition, a thorough compositional characterization of the subgroups obtained by flash chromatography and their antioxidant capacity was carried out. The gravimetric concentrations showed different lipophilic/hydrophilic ratios (0.70 for HS and 0.23 for WS), indicating a higher proportion of polar compounds in WS than in HS. Moreover, the lipophilic extracts were principally composed of short-chain fatty acids (stearic, palmitic, and oleic acid), triglycerides, and sterols. The polar fractions were screened by thin-layer chromatography and then separated by flash chromatography, obtaining fractions free of fatty acids and sugar derivatives (97:3 in HS and 95:5 in WS), and mixtures richer in phenolic compounds and flavonoids such as guaiacyl derivatives, quercetin, pinobanksin, and catechin. The most polar fractions presented a higher antioxidant capacity than that of the crude extracts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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30 pages, 3017 KiB  
Article
Production of Aromatic Compounds by Catalytic Depolymerization of Technical and Downstream Biorefinery Lignins
by Alfonso Cornejo, Fernando Bimbela, Rui Moreira, Karina Hablich, Íñigo García-Yoldi, Maitane Maisterra, António Portugal, Luis M. Gandía and Víctor Martínez-Merino
Biomolecules 2020, 10(9), 1338; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10091338 - 18 Sep 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3516
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials are promising alternatives to non-renewable fossil sources when producing aromatic compounds. Lignins from Populus salicaceae. Pinus radiata and Pinus pinaster from industrial wastes and biorefinery effluents were isolated and characterized. Lignin was depolymerized using homogenous (NaOH) and heterogeneous (Ni-, Cu- [...] Read more.
Lignocellulosic materials are promising alternatives to non-renewable fossil sources when producing aromatic compounds. Lignins from Populus salicaceae. Pinus radiata and Pinus pinaster from industrial wastes and biorefinery effluents were isolated and characterized. Lignin was depolymerized using homogenous (NaOH) and heterogeneous (Ni-, Cu- or Ni-Cu-hydrotalcites) base catalysis and catalytic hydrogenolysis using Ru/C. When homogeneous base catalyzed depolymerization (BCD) and Ru/C hydrogenolysis were combined on poplar lignin, the aromatics amount was ca. 11 wt.%. Monomer distributions changed depending on the feedstock and the reaction conditions. Aqueous NaOH produced cleavage of the alkyl side chain that was preserved when using modified hydrotalcite catalysts or Ru/C-catalyzed hydrogenolysis in ethanol. Depolymerization using hydrotalcite catalysts in ethanol produced monomers bearing carbonyl groups on the alkyl side chain. The analysis of the reaction mixtures was done by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY NMR). 31P NMR and heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy (HSQC) were also used in this study. The content in poly-(hydroxy)-aromatic ethers in the reaction mixtures decreased upon thermal treatments in ethanol. It was concluded that thermo-solvolysis is key in lignin depolymerization, and that the synergistic effect of Ni and Cu provided monomers with oxidized alkyl side chains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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9 pages, 2163 KiB  
Article
Residue and Dissipation Kinetics of Metsulfuron-Methyl Herbicide in Soil: A Field Assessment at an Oil Palm Plantation
by Zainol Maznah, B. Sahid Ismail and Oii Kok Eng
Biomolecules 2020, 10(7), 1067; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10071067 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2872
Abstract
A field trial experiment was conducted to investigate the degradation of metsulfuron-methyl at two application dosages, 15 g a.i/ha and 30 g a.i/ha, at an oil palm plantation. Soil samples were collected at ‒1, 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after [...] Read more.
A field trial experiment was conducted to investigate the degradation of metsulfuron-methyl at two application dosages, 15 g a.i/ha and 30 g a.i/ha, at an oil palm plantation. Soil samples were collected at ‒1, 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment (DAT) at the following depths: 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm. The results showed rapid degradation of metsulfuron-methyl in the soil, with calculated half-life (t½) values ranging from 6.3 and 7.9 days. The rates of degradation of metsulfuron-methyl followed first-order reaction kinetics (R2 = 0.91–0.92). At the spray dosage of 15 g a.i/ha, metsulfuron-methyl residue was detected at up to 20–30 cm soil depth, at 3.56% to 1.78% at 3 and 7 DAT, respectively. Doubling the dosage to 30 g a.i/ha increased the metsulfuron-methyl residue in up to 30–40 cm soil depth at 3, 7, and 14 DAT, with concentrations ranging from 1.90% to 1.74%. These findings suggest that metsulfuron-methyl has a low impact on the accumulation of the residues in the soil at application dosages of 15 g a.i/ha and 30 g a.i/ha, due to rapid degradation, and the half-life was found to be 6.3 to 7.9 days. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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16 pages, 2380 KiB  
Article
Extraction of Carotenoids from Tomato Pomace via Water-Induced Hydrocolloidal Complexation
by Jayesree Nagarajan, Hang Pui Kay, Nagendra Prasad Krishnamurthy, Nagasundara Ramanan Ramakrishnan, Turki M. S. Aldawoud, Charis M. Galanakis and Ooi Chien Wei
Biomolecules 2020, 10(7), 1019; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10071019 - 09 Jul 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4219
Abstract
Agro-industrial waste is a largely untapped natural resource of bioactive compounds including carotenoids and pectin. However, conventional solvent extraction involves the excessive use of organic solvents, costly equipment, and tedious operation. These limitations of conventional extraction methods could be prospectively overcome by the [...] Read more.
Agro-industrial waste is a largely untapped natural resource of bioactive compounds including carotenoids and pectin. However, conventional solvent extraction involves the excessive use of organic solvents, costly equipment, and tedious operation. These limitations of conventional extraction methods could be prospectively overcome by the carotenoid–pectin hydrocolloidal complexation. The complexation of lycopene and pectin was efficiently promoted in an aqueous environment, resulting in the colloidal complexes that can be subsequently recovered by sedimentation or centrifugation. In this study, the potential of carotenoid–pectin complexation on tomato pomace containing carotenoids and pectin was evaluated. Tomato pomace is a rich source of lycopene, β-carotene as well as pectin, making it suitable as the raw material for the carotenoid extraction. The extraction of carotenoid and pectin from tomato pomace was optimized using response surface methodology. The maximum recovery was 9.43 mg carotenoid fractions/100 g tomato pomace, while the purity of carotenoid-rich fractions was 92%. The antioxidant capacity of carotenoids extracted from the complexation method was found to be higher than that from the solvent extraction method. Moreover, extraction yield and antioxidant capacity of carotenoid obtained from the carotenoid–pectin complexation were comparable to that from solvent extraction. The carotenoid–pectin complexation is a promising green approach to valorize agro by-products for the extraction of valuable carotenoids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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17 pages, 3860 KiB  
Article
Albendazole-Schisandrin B Co-Therapy on Angiostrongylus cantonensis-Induced Meningoencephalitis in Mice
by Ho Yin Pekkle Lam, Ting-Ruei Liang, Shinn-Jong Jiang and Shih-Yi Peng
Biomolecules 2020, 10(7), 1001; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10071001 - 05 Jul 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3045
Abstract
Currently, Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections are predominantly treated with albendazole. However, the use of albendazole can provoke certain neurological symptoms as a result of the immune response triggered by the dead worms. Therefore, treatment usually involves co-administration of corticosteroids to limit the inflammatory reaction. [...] Read more.
Currently, Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections are predominantly treated with albendazole. However, the use of albendazole can provoke certain neurological symptoms as a result of the immune response triggered by the dead worms. Therefore, treatment usually involves co-administration of corticosteroids to limit the inflammatory reaction. Corticosteroids play a useful role in suppressing inflammation in the brain; however, long-term usage or high dosage may make it problematic.Schisandrin B, an active ingredient from Schisandra chinensis, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects on the brain. This study aimed to investigate the effects and potential of schisandrin B in combination with albendazole to treat Angiostrongylus-induced meningoencephalitis. Here, we show that albendazole-schisandrin B co-treatment suppressed neuroinflammation in Angiostrongylus-infected mice and increased the survival of the mice. Accordingly, albendazole-schisandrin B co-treatment significantly inhibited inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, and apoptosis. The sensorimotor functions of the mice were also repaired after albendazole-schisandrin B treatment. Immune response was shown to shift from Th2 to Th1, which reduces inflammation and enhances immunity against A. cantonensis. Collectively, our study showed that albendazole-schisandrin B co-therapy may be used as an encouraging treatment for Angiostrongylus-induced meningoencephalitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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18 pages, 2490 KiB  
Article
Biologically Active Compounds from Goji (Lycium Barbarum L.) Leaves Aqueous Extracts: Purification and Concentration by Membrane Processes
by Carmela Conidi, Enrico Drioli and Alfredo Cassano
Biomolecules 2020, 10(6), 935; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10060935 - 21 Jun 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2857
Abstract
Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) leaves and fruits have been described as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with a great potential for the development of health-promoting formulations. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of a sustainable process for the recovery [...] Read more.
Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) leaves and fruits have been described as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with a great potential for the development of health-promoting formulations. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of a sustainable process for the recovery of phenolic compounds from Goji leaves through a combination of aqueous extraction and membrane-based operations. Water was used as a safe, cheap, and non-hazardous extraction solvent, and parameters of extraction of dried Goji leaves were optimized in order to maximize the yield of polyphenols, total soluble solids (TSS), and total antioxidants simultaneously. The aqueous extract was clarified by ultrafiltration and then processed with three flat-sheet polyethersulphone (PES) membranes with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) values in the range of 0.3–4.0 kDa, in order to remove sugar compounds from polyphenols and improve the antioxidant activity of the produced fractions. Among the selected membranes, a 1 kDa membrane exhibited the best performance in terms of purification of polyphenols from the clarified aqueous extract. The rejection by this membrane of TSS and total carbohydrates was in the range of 15.8–25.3%, and was decreased by increasing the volume reduction factor (VRF). On the other hand, the retention values for total polyphenols and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were in the range of 73–80%, and were increased by increasing the VRF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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16 pages, 2960 KiB  
Article
Valorization of Hemp Core Residues: Impact of NaOH Treatment on the Flexural Strength of PP Composites and Intrinsic Flexural Strength of Hemp Core Fibers
by Fabiola Vilaseca, Ferran Serra-Parareda, Eduardo Espinosa, Alejandro Rodríguez, Pere Mutjé and Marc Delgado-Aguilar
Biomolecules 2020, 10(6), 823; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10060823 - 27 May 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2912
Abstract
Hemp core is a lignocellulosic residue in the production chain of hemp strands. Huge amounts of hemp core are gathered annually in Europe (43,000 tons) with no major application end. Such lignocellulosic wastes have potential as filling or reinforcing material to replace synthetic [...] Read more.
Hemp core is a lignocellulosic residue in the production chain of hemp strands. Huge amounts of hemp core are gathered annually in Europe (43,000 tons) with no major application end. Such lignocellulosic wastes have potential as filling or reinforcing material to replace synthetic fibers and wood fibers in polymer composites. In this study, hemp core biomass was treated under different NaOH concentrations and then defibrated by means of Sprout Waldron equipment to obtain single fibers. Polypropylene matrix was reinforced up to 50 wt.% and the resulting hemp core fibers and the flexural properties were investigated. The results show that the flexural strength of composites increased with the intensity of NaOH treatment. The effect of NaOH was attributed to the removal of extractives and lignin in the fiber cell wall leading to improved interfacial adhesion characteristics. Besides, a methodology was established for the estimation of the intrinsic flexural strength of hemp core fibers. The intrinsic flexural strength of hemp core fibers was calculated to be 940 MPa for fibers treated at 10 wt.% of NaOH. In addition, a relationship between the lignin content and the intrinsic strength of the fibers was established. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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14 pages, 1190 KiB  
Article
Glycerol as Alternative Co-Solvent for Water Extraction of Polyphenols from Carménère Pomace: Hot Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Computational Chemistry Calculations
by Nils Leander Huamán-Castilla, María Salomé Mariotti-Celis, Maximiliano Martínez-Cifuentes and José Ricardo Pérez-Correa
Biomolecules 2020, 10(3), 474; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10030474 - 20 Mar 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5614
Abstract
Glycerol is a co-solvent for water extraction that has been shown to be highly effective for obtaining polyphenol extracts under atmospheric conditions. However, its efficacy under subcritical conditions has not yet been studied. We assessed different water-glycerol mixtures (15%, 32.5%, and 50%) in [...] Read more.
Glycerol is a co-solvent for water extraction that has been shown to be highly effective for obtaining polyphenol extracts under atmospheric conditions. However, its efficacy under subcritical conditions has not yet been studied. We assessed different water-glycerol mixtures (15%, 32.5%, and 50%) in a hot pressurized liquid extraction system (HPLE: 10 MPa) at 90 °C, 120 °C, and 150 °C to obtain extracts of low molecular weight polyphenols from Carménère grape pomace. Under the same extraction conditions, glycerol as a co-solvent achieved significantly higher yields in polyphenols than ethanol. Optimal extraction conditions were 150 °C, with 32.5% glycerol for flavonols and 50% for flavanols, stilbenes, and phenolic acids. Considering gallic acid as a model molecule, computational chemistry calculations were applied to explain some unusual extraction outcomes. Furthermore, glycerol, methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol were studied to establish an incipient structure–property relationship. The high extraction yields of gallic acid obtained with water and glycerol solvent mixtures can be explained not only by the additional hydrogen bonds between glycerol and gallic acid as compared with the other alcohols, but also because the third hydroxyl group allows the formation of a three-centered hydrogen bond, which intensifies the strongest glycerol and gallic acid hydrogen bond. The above occurs both in neutral and deprotonated gallic acid. Consequently, glycerol confers to the extraction solvent a higher solvation energy of polyphenols than ethanol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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11 pages, 2132 KiB  
Article
New Products Generated from the Transformations of Ferulic Acid Dilactone
by Ying He, Yuan Jia and Fachuang Lu
Biomolecules 2020, 10(2), 175; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10020175 - 23 Jan 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2584
Abstract
Various ferulic acid (FA) dimers occurring in plant cell walls, such as 8-5-, 8-O-4-, 5-5-, and 8-8-coupled dimers, are effective antioxidants and potential antimicrobials. It is necessary to access these diferulates as reference compounds to validate those isolated from plants. 3,6-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-tetrahydrofuro-[3,4-c]furan-1,4-dione, a 8-8-coupled [...] Read more.
Various ferulic acid (FA) dimers occurring in plant cell walls, such as 8-5-, 8-O-4-, 5-5-, and 8-8-coupled dimers, are effective antioxidants and potential antimicrobials. It is necessary to access these diferulates as reference compounds to validate those isolated from plants. 3,6-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-tetrahydrofuro-[3,4-c]furan-1,4-dione, a 8-8-coupled FA dilactone generated from ferulic acid via radical coupling, has been used to synthesize 8-8-coupled FA dimers although few reports investigated the distribution of products and mechanisms involved in the transformation of FA dilactone. In this work, the FA dilactone, obtained from FA by a peroxidase-catalyzed radical coupling, was reacted under various base/acid conditions. Effects of reaction conditions and workup procedures on the distribution of products were investigated by GC-MS. The isolated products from such treatments of FA dilactone were characterized by NMR. New derivatives of FA dimer including 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-3-(hydroxyl-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)succinic acid and 2-(bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-methyl)-succinic acid were produced from NaOH treatment. Another novel 8-8-coupled cyclic FA dimer, diethyl 6-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate was identified in products from FA dilactone treated by dry HCl in absolute ethanol. Mechanisms involved in such transformations were proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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16 pages, 1607 KiB  
Article
Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers
by Emilia Drozłowska, Łukasz Łopusiewicz, Monika Mężyńska and Artur Bartkowiak
Biomolecules 2020, 10(1), 153; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10010153 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5272
Abstract
Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 [...] Read more.
Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. Results showed that inlet temperature had significant influence on all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders. Increased inlet temperature decreased solubility and antioxidant activity but increased water-holding capacity, oil-binding capacity, and emulsifying activity. The emulsions prepared with the powder obtained at 200 °C showed the highest stability. SEM images showed the production of relatively spherical particles which were folded or wrinkled with a lot of dentures. This study could open a promising pathway for producing natural and plant-based spray-dried powders for food applications as emulsion stabilizers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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Review

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20 pages, 4163 KiB  
Review
Applications of Compounds from Coffee Processing By-Products
by Amaia Iriondo-DeHond, Maite Iriondo-DeHond and María Dolores del Castillo
Biomolecules 2020, 10(9), 1219; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10091219 - 21 Aug 2020
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 12366
Abstract
To obtain the coffee beverage, approximately 90% of the edible parts of the coffee cherry are discarded as agricultural waste or by-products (cascara or husk, parchment, mucilage, silverskin and spent coffee grounds). These by-products are a potential source of nutrients and non-nutrient health-promoting [...] Read more.
To obtain the coffee beverage, approximately 90% of the edible parts of the coffee cherry are discarded as agricultural waste or by-products (cascara or husk, parchment, mucilage, silverskin and spent coffee grounds). These by-products are a potential source of nutrients and non-nutrient health-promoting compounds, which can be used as a whole ingredient or as an enriched extract of a specific compound. The chemical composition of by-products also determines food safety of the novel ingredients. To ensure the food safety of coffee by-products to be used as novel ingredients for the general consumer population, pesticides, mycotoxins, acrylamide and gluten must be analyzed. According with the priorities proposed by the Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to maximize the benefit for the environment, society and economy, food waste generation should be avoided in the first place. In this context, the valorization of food waste can be carried out through an integrated bio-refinery approach to produce nutrients and bioactive molecules for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and non-food applications. The present research is an updated literature review of the definition of coffee by-products, their composition, safety and those food applications which have been proposed or made commercially available to date based on their chemical composition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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33 pages, 2884 KiB  
Review
Grapevine Cane Extracts: Raw Plant Material, Extraction Methods, Quantification, and Applications
by María José Aliaño-González, Tristan Richard and Emma Cantos-Villar
Biomolecules 2020, 10(8), 1195; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10081195 - 17 Aug 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4997
Abstract
Grapevine canes are viticulture waste that is usually discarded without any further use. However, recent studies have shown that they contain significant concentrations of health-promoting compounds, such as stilbenes, secondary metabolites of plants produced as a response to biotic and abiotic stress from [...] Read more.
Grapevine canes are viticulture waste that is usually discarded without any further use. However, recent studies have shown that they contain significant concentrations of health-promoting compounds, such as stilbenes, secondary metabolites of plants produced as a response to biotic and abiotic stress from fungal disease or dryness. Stilbenes have been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties and they have been tested as potential treatments of cardiovascular and neurological diseases, and even cancer, with promising results. Stilbenes have been described in the different genus of the Vitaceae family, the Vitis genera being one of the most widely studied due to its important applications and economic impact around the world. This review presents an in-depth study of the composition and concentration of stilbenes in grapevine canes. The results show that the concentration of stilbenes in grapevine canes is highly influenced by the Vitis genus and cultivar aspects (growing conditions, ultraviolet radiation, fungal attack, etc.). Different methods for extracting stilbenes from grapevine canes have been reviewed, and the extraction conditions have also been studied, underlining the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. After the stilbenes were extracted, they were analyzed to determine the stilbene composition and concentration. Analytical techniques have been employed with this aim, in most cases using liquid chromatography, coupled with others such as mass spectrometry and/or nuclear magnetic resonance to achieve the individual quantification. Finally, stilbene extracts may be applied in multiple fields based on their properties. The five most relevant are preservative, antifungal, insecticide, and biostimulant applications. The current state-of-the-art of the above applications and their prospects are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant Residues)
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