Coatings

Research

10 pages, 3407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ensemble Mode and Singular Value Based Road Texture-Skid Study

by Tuo Fang, Runhua Guo and Youqiang Si

Coatings 2021, 11(8), 947; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11080947 - 8 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1536

Traffic accidents occur frequently every year. Skid-resistance performance is an important indicator in evaluating road safety. In this paper, the road surface texture information is obtained by a line laser scanner. The original two-dimensional (2D) signal is decomposed into eight intrinsic mode functions [...] Read more.

Traffic accidents occur frequently every year. Skid-resistance performance is an important indicator in evaluating road safety. In this paper, the road surface texture information is obtained by a line laser scanner. The original two-dimensional (2D) signal is decomposed into eight intrinsic mode functions by complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD). Eight intrinsic mode functions compose an 800 × 8 data matrix. The matrix is decomposed by singular value decomposition (SVD), and singular value vectors are obtained. The singular values are summed and linearly fitted to the friction value measured by the British pendulum friction meter. The study finds that the singular value sum of one to five has a good linear correlation with the friction value with the goodness of fit greater than 0.8. At the same time, contour arithmetic mean deviation

R_{a}

is applied for verification. The results show that the singular value sum has a strong correlation with

R_{a}

. When the number of Intrinsic Mode Function (IMF) decomposition is greater than eight, there is a good correlation between the number of IMF and the friction value from IMF2 to IMF6. When the number of IMF decomposition is less than eight, the singular value sum numbers with R² more than 0.8 gradually decrease. It is suggested that the road surface friction performance can be estimated by solving the singular value of the 2D signal. It provides new technical support for the detection and evaluation of anti-skid performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Surface Performance: Skid Resistance, Noise, and Rolling Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Anti-Skid Properties of New Airfield Pavements in Aspect of Applicable Requirements

by Mariusz Zieja, Mariusz Wesołowski, Krzysztof Blacha and Paweł Iwanowski

Coatings 2021, 11(7), 778; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11070778 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1792

Abstract

The assessment of the anti-skid properties of airfield pavements is one of the elements in the process of determining their current technical condition, which is important in terms of the safety of air operations. The condition of the pavement should be qualified on [...] Read more.

The assessment of the anti-skid properties of airfield pavements is one of the elements in the process of determining their current technical condition, which is important in terms of the safety of air operations. The condition of the pavement should be qualified on the basis of the specified and required values (criteria), in this case, the coefficient of friction and the depth of the texture. Unfortunately, in practice, the assessment of the texture of new airfield pavements raises some doubts with regard to the existing requirements. The work presents an analysis of the results of texture tests for new airfield pavements in relation to current requirements. In addition, the authors proposed a new criterion of average texture depth for new airfield pavements, based on actual field measurement results. Field studies used an innovative method of assessing anti-skid properties with a measuring system that allows simultaneous measurement of the coefficient of friction, μ, and the new continuous coefficient of average profile depth and texture CMPTD, from which MPD (Mean Profile Depth) and ETD (Estimated Texture Depth) can be determined. The results of the tests cast doubt on the possibility of obtaining the average texture depth (currently 1.00 mm) required for new airfield pavements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Surface Performance: Skid Resistance, Noise, and Rolling Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 17064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selected Aspects of Pavement Texture Influence on Tire Rolling Resistance

by Jerzy Ejsmont and Slawomir Sommer

Coatings 2021, 11(7), 776; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11070776 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2233

Abstract

Tire rolling resistance has a significant influence on fuel consumption in cars and trucks and on CO₂ emissions. Rolling resistance depends on the tire construction, pavement texture and stiffness, as well as environmental and traffic conditions. This article presents a pilot study [...] Read more.

Tire rolling resistance has a significant influence on fuel consumption in cars and trucks and on CO₂ emissions. Rolling resistance depends on the tire construction, pavement texture and stiffness, as well as environmental and traffic conditions. This article presents a pilot study on the impact of pavement texture on the rolling resistance of passenger car tires. Reasons why Mean Profile Depth is not a good descriptor of pavement characteristics from the point of view of rolling resistance are presented, and an experimental method which takes into account tire deformation on texture and partial enveloping is described. A method based on testing the volume and depth of tire tread deformation is also proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Surface Performance: Skid Resistance, Noise, and Rolling Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 10701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of High-Friction Surface Texture with Respect to Friction and Wear

by Cibi Pranav, Minh-Tan Do and Yi-Chang Tsai

Coatings 2021, 11(7), 758; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11070758 - 24 Jun 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2648

Abstract

High Friction Surfaces (HFS) are applied to increase friction capacity on critical roadway sections, such as horizontal curves. HFS friction deterioration on these sections is a safety concern. This study deals with characterization of the aggregate loss, one of the main failure mechanisms [...] Read more.

High Friction Surfaces (HFS) are applied to increase friction capacity on critical roadway sections, such as horizontal curves. HFS friction deterioration on these sections is a safety concern. This study deals with characterization of the aggregate loss, one of the main failure mechanisms of HFS, using texture parameters to study its relationship with friction. Tests are conducted on selected HFS spots with different aggregate loss severity levels at the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) Test Track. Friction tests are performed using a Dynamic Friction Tester (DFT). The surface texture is measured by means of a high-resolution 3D pavement scanning system (0.025 mm vertical resolution). Texture data are processed and analyzed by means of the MountainsMap software. The correlations between the DFT friction coefficient and the texture parameters confirm the impact of change in aggregates’ characteristics (including height, shape, and material volume) on friction. A novel approach to detect the HFS friction coefficient transition based on aggregate loss, inspired by previous works on the tribology of coatings, is proposed. Using the proposed approach, preliminary outcomes show it is possible to observe the rapid friction coefficient transition, similar to observations at NCAT. Perspectives for future research are presented and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Surface Performance: Skid Resistance, Noise, and Rolling Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Signals Observed in Non-Contact Long-Term Road Texture Measurements

by Vikki Edmondson, James Martin, Owen Ardill, Michael Lim, Malal Kane and John Woodward

Coatings 2021, 11(6), 735; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11060735 - 18 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2340

Abstract

Texture is required on road pavements for safe vehicle braking and manoeuvres. This paper provides a unique analysis of long-term texture obtained using traffic speed condition survey (TRACS) data from 14 sites, located along a north to south transect spanning the longest highway [...] Read more.

Texture is required on road pavements for safe vehicle braking and manoeuvres. This paper provides a unique analysis of long-term texture obtained using traffic speed condition survey (TRACS) data from 14 sites, located along a north to south transect spanning the longest highway in the UK. A total of 19 years of sensor measured texture depth (SMTD) data have been analyzed using spatial filtering techniques and compared with meteorological and traffic datasets. The results for hot rolled asphalt (HRA) surfaces reveal that changes to SMTD follow a linearly increasing trend with time. The “rate of change” is influenced by the order of magnitude of annual average daily traffic (AADT), when factored for the percentage of heavy goods vehicles. This linear trend is disrupted by environmental parameters, such as rainfall events and seasonal conditioning. In the summer, this signal is evident as a transient peak in the “rate of change” of texture greater than 0.04 mm, and in the winter as a reduction. The transient changes in texture corresponded to above average rainfall occurring in the week prior to SMTD measurement. The signal observed demonstrates an inverse pattern to the classically understood seasonal variation of skid resistance in the UK, where values are low in the summer and high in the winter. The findings demonstrate for the first time that texture measurements experience a seasonal signal, and provide compelling evidence pointing toward surface processes (such as polishing and the wetting and drying of surface contaminants) causing changes to texture that are affecting seasonal variation in skid resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Surface Performance: Skid Resistance, Noise, and Rolling Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tire/Road Rolling Resistance Modeling: Discussing the Surface Macrotexture Effect

by Malal Kane, Ebrahim Riahi and Minh-Tan Do

Coatings 2021, 11(5), 538; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11050538 - 2 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2800

Abstract

This paper deals with the modeling of rolling resistance and the analysis of the effect of pavement texture. The Rolling Resistance Model (RRM) is a simplification of the no-slip rate of the Dynamic Friction Model (DFM) based on modeling tire/road contact and is [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the modeling of rolling resistance and the analysis of the effect of pavement texture. The Rolling Resistance Model (RRM) is a simplification of the no-slip rate of the Dynamic Friction Model (DFM) based on modeling tire/road contact and is intended to predict the tire/pavement friction at all slip rates. The experimental validation of this approach was performed using a machine simulating tires rolling on road surfaces. The tested pavement surfaces have a wide range of textures from smooth to macro-micro-rough, thus covering all the surfaces likely to be encountered on the roads. A comparison between the experimental rolling resistances and those predicted by the model shows a good correlation, with an R² exceeding 0.8. A good correlation between the MPD (mean profile depth) of the surfaces and the rolling resistance is also shown. It is also noticed that a random distribution and pointed shape of the summits may also be an inconvenience concerning rolling resistance, thus leading to the conclusion that beyond the macrotexture, the positivity of the texture should also be taken into account. A possible simplification of the model by neglecting the damping part in the constitutive model of the rubber is also noted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Surface Performance: Skid Resistance, Noise, and Rolling Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 13370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Effective Algorithm of Uneven Road Surface Modeling and Calculating Reaction Forces for a Vehicle Dynamics Simulation

by Szymon Tengler and Kornel Warwas

Coatings 2021, 11(5), 535; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11050535 - 30 Apr 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2311

Abstract

Computer simulations of vehicle dynamics become more complex when a vehicle movement takes place on the uneven road surface. In such a case two problems must be solved. The first one concerns a way of road surface modeling, and the second one a [...] Read more.

Computer simulations of vehicle dynamics become more complex when a vehicle movement takes place on the uneven road surface. In such a case two problems must be solved. The first one concerns a way of road surface modeling, and the second one a way of precisely determining a place of interaction of reaction forces of the road on the vehicle wheels. In this paper triangular irregular networks (TIN) surface was used for modeling surface unevenness, and the author’s algorithm based on the efficient kd-tree data structure was developed for determining a place of an application road surface reaction forces. For calculating the reaction forces including rolling resistance force the Pacejka Magic Formula tire model was used. The solution presented in the paper is computing efficient and for this reason it can be used in the in real-time simulations not only for a vehicle dynamics but for any objects moving over an uneven surface road. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Surface Performance: Skid Resistance, Noise, and Rolling Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Friction Degradation in Highways with Linear Mixed Models

by Adriana Santos, Elisabete F. Freitas, Susana Faria, Joel R. M. Oliveira and Ana Maria A. C. Rocha

Coatings 2021, 11(2), 187; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11020187 - 5 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1777

Abstract

The development of a linear mixed model to describe the degradation of friction on flexible road pavements to be included in pavement management systems is the aim of this study. It also aims at showing that, at the network level, factors such as [...] Read more.

The development of a linear mixed model to describe the degradation of friction on flexible road pavements to be included in pavement management systems is the aim of this study. It also aims at showing that, at the network level, factors such as temperature, rainfall, hypsometry, type of layer, and geometric alignment features may influence the degradation of friction throughout time. A dataset from six districts of Portugal with 7204 sections was made available by the Ascendi Concession highway network. Linear mixed models with random effects in the intercept were developed for the two-level and three-level datasets involving time, section and district. While the three-level models are region-specific, the two-level models offer the possibility to be adopted to other areas. For both levels, two approaches were made: One integrating into the model only the variables inherent to traffic and climate conditions and the other including also the factors intrinsic to the highway characteristics. The prediction accuracy of the model was improved when the variables hypsometry, geometrical features, and type of layer were considered. Therefore, accurate predictions for friction evolution throughout time are available to assist the network manager to optimize the overall level of road safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Surface Performance: Skid Resistance, Noise, and Rolling Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Road Surface Performance: Skid Resistance, Noise, and Rolling Resistance

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (8 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI