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Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films

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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Thin Films".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 20988

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Zohra Benzarti

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Guest Editor

Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: MOCVD; MBE; III-Nitrides; thin films; optoelectronics; semiconductor physics; multifunctional materials; nanomaterials; epitaxial growth techniques; characterization of materials; light sensors; photovoltaic cells; white LEDs; energy storage devices
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Ali Khalfallah

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Guest Editor

CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: modeling and simulation of mechanical behavior of metallic materials; finite element simulation of friction stir welding process; artificial intelligence; multi-scale materials characterization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The performance of thin-film-related devices has significantly improved over the past few decades thanks to advances in thin film design and fabrication. The development of materials with tailored properties that can be used in a variety of industries is faciliated by the monitoring of modern coating processes and the multiphysics characterization techniques that enable the manufacturing of sound components for potential applications in broad fields (e.g., photodetectors, optoelectronics, electronic semiconductor devices, photovoltaic cells, transistors, green energy generation and storage, hard coatings on cutting tools, modules and dies, decorative coatings, and bio-compatible coatings for medical implants and thin film drug delivery). This Special Issue in the “Thin Films” section of Coatings aims to present the most recent advances in elaboration techniques, fundamental issues for the development of thin film technology, as well as the material characterizations and trends in their applications. We kindly invite colleagues to submit original papers to this Special Issue.

This Special Issue intends to highlight the recent and advanced investigations on the thin film growth processes, characterization, and large spectra of industrial applications.

Topics of particular interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Thin-film growth processes;
Crystals and amorphous materials;
Surface and interfaces;
Multiphysics properties of thin films;
Recent advances in nanoindentation;
Statistical indentation analysis;
Modeling and simulation of thin film behaviors;
Coatings for optoelectronic devices;
Coatings for electronic materials;
Coatings for cutting tools;
Coatings for medical implants.

Prof. Dr. Zohra Benzarti
Prof. Dr. Ali Khalfallah
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

thin-film growth processes
crystals and amorphous materials
surface and interfaces
multiphysics properties of thin films
recent advances in nanoindentation
statistical indentation analysis
modeling and simulation of thin film behaviors
coatings for optoelectronic devices
coatings for electronic materials
coatings for cutting tools
coatings for medical implants

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

8 pages, 3398 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Facile Construction of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Single Crystal Sheet-Connected Film with Observable Strong White Photoluminescence

by Tao He, Dexin Wang, Yu Xu and Jing Zhang

Coatings 2024, 14(3), 292; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14030292 - 28 Feb 2024

Viewed by 651

Abstract

Deposited by a reactive atmospheric pressure non-thermal TiCl₄/O₂/Ar plasma, anatase TiO₂ single crystal sheet-connected film exhibits two large exposed {001} facets and a high concentration of oxygen defects. Strong white photoluminescence centered at 542 nm has been observed with naked eyes, whose internal quantum efficiency is 0.62, and whose intensity is comparable to that of commercial fluorescent lamp interior coatings. Based on the simulation results of a hybrid global–analytical model developed on this atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasma system, the mechanism of a self-confined growth of single crystal sheets was proposed. A high concentration of oxygen defects is in situ incorporated into the anatase crystal lattice without damaging its crystallographic orientation. This method opens a new way to construct 3D porous metal-oxide single crystal sheet-connected films with two exposing high energy surfaces and a large concentration of oxygen defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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16 pages, 8484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Lyophobicity and Lyophilicity of Film-Forming Systems on the Properties of Tin Oxide Films

by Elena Dmitriyeva, Igor Lebedev, Ekaterina Bondar, Anastasia Fedosimova, Abzal Temiraliev, Danatbek Murzalinov, Sayora Ibraimova, Bedebek Nurbaev, Kasym Elemesov and Bagila Baitimbetova

Coatings 2023, 13(12), 1990; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13121990 - 23 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 951

Abstract

In this work, the effects of lyophobicity and lyophilicity of film-forming systems on the properties of thin nanostructured films was studied. Systematic series of experiments were carried out with lyophilic film-forming systems: SnCl₄/EtOH, SnCl₄/EtOH/NH₄F, SnCl₄/EtOH/NH₄OH and lyophobic systems: SnO₂/EtOH and SnO₂/EtOH/NH₄F. Film growth mechanisms are determined depending on the type of film-forming system. The surface of the films was studied using a scanning electron microscope and an optical microscope. The spectrophotometric method is used to study the transmission spectra and the extinction coefficient. The surface resistance of the films was determined using the four-probe method. The quality factor and specific conductivity of the films are calculated. It was found that the addition of a fluorinating agent (NH₄F) to a film-forming system containing SnO₂ in the form of a dispersed phase does not lead to an increase in the specific conductivity of the films. X-ray diffraction analysis proved the incorporation of fluorine ions into the structure of the film obtained from the SnCl₄/EtOH/NH₄F system by the presence of SnOF₂ peaks. In films obtained from SnO₂/EtOH/NH₄F systems, there are no SnOF₂ peaks. In this case, ammonium fluoride crystallizes as a separate phase and decomposes into volatile compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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14 pages, 6676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrieving the Intrinsic Microwave Permittivity and Permeability of Ni-Zn Ferrites

by Artem Shiryaev, Konstantin Rozanov, Vladimir Kostishin, Dmitry Petrov, Sergey Maklakov, Arthur Dolmatov and Igor Isaev

Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1599; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13091599 - 13 Sep 2023

Viewed by 753

Abstract

Mixing rules may be extremely useful for predicting the properties of composite materials and coatings. The paper is devoted to the study of the applicability of the mixing rules to permittivity and permeability and the possibility of retrieving the intrinsic properties of inclusions. Magnetically soft Ni-Zn ferrites are chosen as the object of the study due to their low permittivity and the negligible influence of the skin effect. Due to this, the microwave properties of bulk ferrites may be measured by standard techniques. It is suggested to perform the analysis of the microwave properties of composites filled with Ni-Zn ferrite powder in terms of the normalized inverse susceptibility defined as the volume fraction of inclusions divided by the effective dielectric or magnetic susceptibility of the composite. The measured properties of the bulk ferrite are compared with those obtained by mixing rules from composite materials. The experimental evidence for difference between the mixing rules for permittivity and permeability of a composite, which was previously predicted only theoretically, is obtained. The reason for the difference is considered to be the effect of non-ideal electrical contacts between neighboring inclusions. It is also experimentally shown that the measured permeability of the bulk material may differ from the retrieved one. The measured static permeability is 1400 and the retrieved one is 12. The reason for the discrepancy is the difference between the domain structures and demagnetizing fields of particles and bulk ferrite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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13 pages, 3286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells via Morpholinium Tetrafluoroborate Additive Engineering: Insights and Implications

by Jianxiao Bian, Yingtang Sun, Jinchang Guo, Xin Liu and Yang Liu

Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1528; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13091528 - 31 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1072

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), since their inception in 2009, have experienced a meteoric rise in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), challenging established photovoltaic technologies. However, their commercial deployment is hindered by stability and performance issues related to the presence of defects at the perovskite surface and grain boundaries. This study focused on the exploration of Morpholinium tetrafluoroborate (MOT) as a post-treatment additive to mitigate these challenges. Comprehensive characterization techniques revealed that the synergistic action of Morpholine and BF₄⁻ ions in MOT substantially improved the quality of the perovskite films and passivates surface and bulk defects, yielding notable enhancements in device PCE and stability. MOT-doped PSCs exhibited a PCE of 23.83% and retain 92% of the initial PCE after 2000 h of continuous illumination under one sun condition. The findings underscore the significance of additive engineering in advancing perovskite solar cell technology, opening up prospects for high-performing and durable perovskite photovoltaic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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14 pages, 4382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties and Creep Behavior of Undoped and Mg-Doped GaN Thin Films Grown by Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

by Ali Khalfallah and Zohra Benzarti

Coatings 2023, 13(6), 1111; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13061111 - 16 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1173

Abstract

This paper investigates the mechanical properties and creep behavior of undoped and Mg-doped GaN thin films grown on sapphire substrates using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with trimethylgallium (TMG) and bis(cyclopentadienyl)magnesium (Cp2Mg) as the precursors for Ga and Mg, respectively. The Mg-doped GaN layer, with a [Mg]/[TMG] ratio of 0.33, was systematically analyzed to compare its mechanical properties and creep behavior to those of the undoped GaN thin film, marking the first investigation into the creep behavior of both GaN and Mg-doped GaN thin films. The results show that the incorporated [Mg]/[TMG] ratio was sufficient for the transition from n-type to p-type conductivity with higher hole concentration around

4.6 \times 10^{17}

cm⁻³. Additionally, it was observed that Mg doping impacted the hardness and Young’s modulus, leading to an approximately 20% increase in these mechanical properties. The creep exponent is also affected due to the introduction of Mg atoms. This, in turn, contributes to an increase in pre-existing dislocation density from 2 × 10⁸ cm⁻² for undoped GaN to 5 × 10⁹ cm⁻² for the Mg-doped GaN layer. The assessment of the creep behavior of GaN and Mg-doped GaN thin films reveals an inherent creep mechanism governed by dislocation glides and climbs, highlighting the significance of Mg doping concentration in GaN thin films and its potential impact on various technological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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13 pages, 4282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of the Alkylation Patterning in the Performance of OTFTs: The Case of Thiophene-Functionalized Triindoles

by Roger Bujaldón, Alba Cuadrado, Dmytro Volyniuk, Juozas V. Grazulevicius, Joaquim Puigdollers and Dolores Velasco

Coatings 2023, 13(5), 896; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13050896 - 9 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1716

Abstract

Organic semiconductors have emerged as potential alternatives to conventional inorganic materials due to their numerous assets and applications. In this context, the star-shaped triindole core stands as a promising system to design new organic materials with enticing charge-transporting properties. Herein, we present the synthesis of three thiophene-containing triindole derivatives that feature N-alkyl chains of different lengths, from methyl to decyl. The impact of the alkylation patterning on the crystallinity of the thin films and their resultant performance as semiconductor have been analyzed. All derivatives displayed p-type semiconductor properties, as demonstrated via both TOF measurements and integration in organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) devices. The attachment of longer alkyl chains and the functionalization of the silicon substrate with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) prompted better OTFT characteristics, with a hole mobility value up to 5 × 10⁻⁴ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹. As elucidated from the single crystal, this core is arranged in a convenient cofacial packing that maximizes the π-overlapping. The analysis of the thin films also corroborates that derivatives possessing longer N-alkyl chains confer a higher degree of order and a more adequate morphology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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12 pages, 3971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact Resistance of CVD Multi-Coatings with Designed Layers

by Jiedong Deng, Feng Jiang, Xuming Zha, Tao Zhang, Hongfei Yao, Dongwei Zhu, Hongmei Zhu, Hong Xie, Fuzeng Wang, Xian Wu and Lan Yan

Coatings 2023, 13(5), 815; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13050815 - 22 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1272

Abstract

Coated cutting tools are widely used in the manufacturing industry due to their excellent properties of high heat resistance, high hardness, and low friction. However, the milling process is a dynamic process, so the coatings of milling tools suffer severe cyclic impact loads. Impact resistance is important for the life of milling tools. Multi-coatings with different layer thickness may influence their impact resistance, but few studies focus on this topic. In this study, CVD coating with a structure of TiN layer, Al₂O₃ layer, and TiCN layer was selected as the research objective. Four different CVD coatings with different layer thicknesses were designed and prepared. The impact resistance test method was proposed to simulate the impact due to cut-in during down the milling process. We obtained the load by setting an impact depth of 25/30/35 µm, recording the impact force during the impact process, and calculating the contact stress; it was found that, at the impact depth of 25/30/35 µm, the download loads were around 9/11/13 N, while the contact stresses were all around 1 GPa. The failure morphology of the coating surface was investigated after the impact process. By comparing the contact stress and the surface morphology of the designed coatings, the impact resistance of four kinds of designed CVD coatings were evaluated. Experiments have shown that an increase in coating thickness and total coating thickness reduces impact resistance by about 10%. The impact resistance of coating samples without a TiN surface layer also decreased by about 10%. When the surface layer of TiN was thinner than 1 µm, the surface layer of TiN was prone to chipping and peeling off. Decreasing the thickness of the middle layer of Al₂O₃ and increasing the thickness of the inner layer of TiCN obviously lowered the impact resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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8 pages, 1908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure, Microstructure, and Dielectric Response of Polycrystalline Sr_1-xZn_xTiO₃ Thin Films

by Olena Okhay, Paula M. Vilarinho and Alexander Tkach

Coatings 2023, 13(1), 165; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13010165 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1961

Abstract

In a view of the research interest in the high-permittivity materials, continuous enhancement of the dielectric permittivity ε′ with Zn content was reported for conventionally prepared Sr_1-xZn_xTiO₃ ceramics with x up to 0.009, limited by the solubility of Zn on Sr site. Here, we use a sol-gel technique and a relatively low annealing temperature of 750 °C to prepare monophasic Sr_1-xZn_xTiO₃ thin films with higher x of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 on Pt/TiO₂/SiO₂/Si substrates. The incorporation of Zn on the Sr site is confirmed by the decrease of the lattice parameter, while the presence of Zn in the films is proven by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The film thickness is found to be ~330 nm by scanning electron microscopy, while the average grain size of 86–145 nm and roughness of 0.88–2.58 nm are defined using atomic force microscopy. ε′ measured on the films down to 10 K shows a decreasing trend with Zn content in contrast to that for weakly doped Sr_1-xZn_xTiO₃ ceramics. At the same time, the temperature dependence of the dissipation factor tanδ reveals a peak, which intensity and temperature increase with Zn content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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15 pages, 2166 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Influence of Oxygen Flow Rate on the Properties of FeO_XN_Y Films Obtained by Magnetron Sputtering at High Nitrogen Pressure

by Moussa Grafoute, Kouamé Boko Joël-Igor N’Djoré, Carine Petitjean, Jean François Pierson and Christophe Rousselot

Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1050; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings12081050 - 25 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1571

Abstract

Fe-O-N films were successfully deposited by magnetron sputtering of an iron target in Ar-N₂-O₂ reactive mixtures at high nitrogen partial pressure 1.11 Pa (Q(N₂) = 8 sccm) using a constant flow rate of argon and an oxygen flow rate Q(O₂) varying from 0 to 1.6 sccm. The chemical composition and the structural and microstructural nature of these films were characterized using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectrometry, respectively. The results showed that the films deposited without oxygen are composed of a single phase of

γ ″

-FeN, whereas the other films do not consist of pure oxides but oxidelike oxynitrides. With higher oxygen content, the films are well-crystallized in the α-Fe₂O₃ structure. At intermediate oxygen flow rate, the films are rather poorly crystallized and can be described as a mixture of oxide

γ

-Fe₂O₃/Fe₃O₄. In addition, the electrical behavior of the films evolved from a metallic one to a semiconductor one, which is in total agreement with other investigations. Comparatively to a previous study carried out at low nitrogen partial pressure (0.25 Pa), this behavior of films prepared at higher nitrogen partial pressure (1.11 Pa) could be caused by a catalytic effect of nitrogen on the crystallization of the hematite structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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16 pages, 8562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tantalum-Titanium Oxynitride Thin Films Deposited by DC Reactive Magnetron Co-Sputtering: Mechanical, Optical, and Electrical Characterization

by Daniel Cristea, Ioana-Laura Velicu, Luis Cunha, Nuno Barradas, Eduardo Alves and Valentin Craciun

Coatings 2022, 12(1), 36; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings12010036 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2264

Abstract

The possibility to tune the elemental composition and structure of binary Me oxynitride-type compounds (Me₁Me₂ON) could lead to attractive properties for several applications. For this work, tantalum-titanium oxynitride (TaTiON) thin films were deposited by DC reactive magnetron co-sputtering, with a –50 V bias voltage applied to the substrate holder and a constant substrate temperature of 100 °C. To increase or to decrease in a controlled manner, the Ti and Ta content in the co-sputtered films, the Ti and Ta target currents were varied between 0.00 and 1.00 A, in 0.25 A steps, while keeping the sum of the currents applied to the two targets at 1.00 A. The reactive gases flow, consisting of a nitrogen and oxygen gas mixture with a constant N₂/O₂ ratio (85%/15%), was also kept constant. The single-metal oxynitrides (TaON and TiON) showed a low degree of crystallinity, while all the other co-sputtered films revealed themselves to be essentially amorphous. These two films also exhibited higher adhesion to the metallic substrate. The TaON film showed the highest hardness value (14.8 GPa) and the TiON film a much lower one (8.8 GPa), while the co-sputtered coatings exhibited intermediary values. One of the most interesting findings was the significant increase in the O content when the Ti concentration surpassed the Ta one. This significantly influenced the optical characteristic of the films, but also their electrical properties. The sheet resistivity of the co-sputtered films is strongly dependent on the O/(Ta + Ti) atomic ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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Review

Jump to: Research

28 pages, 2359 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Optical Fiber Sensing Technology Based on Thin Film and Fabry–Perot Cavity

by Chaoqun Ma, Donghong Peng, Xuanyao Bai, Shuangqiang Liu and Le Luo

Coatings 2023, 13(7), 1277; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13071277 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2572

Abstract

Fiber sensors possess characteristics such as compact structure, simplicity, electromagnetic interference resistance, and reusability, making them widely applicable in various practical engineering applications. Traditional fiber sensors based on different microstructures solely rely on the thermal expansion effect of silica material itself, limiting their usage primarily to temperature or pressure sensing. By employing thin film technology to form Fabry–Perot (FP) cavities on the end-face or inside the fiber, sensitivity to different physical quantities can be achieved using different materials, and this greatly expands the application range of fiber sensing. This paper provides a systematic introduction to the principle of FP cavity fiber optic sensors based on thin film technology and reviews the applications and development trends of this sensor in various measurement fields. Currently, there is a growing need for precise measurements in both scientific research and industrial production. This has led to an increase in the variety of structures and sensing materials used in fiber sensors. The thin film discussed in this paper, suitable for various types of sensing, not only applies to fiber optic FP cavity sensors but also contributes to the research and advancement of other types of fiber sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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19 pages, 1717 KiB

Open AccessReview

Combining Non-Thermal Processing Techniques with Edible Coating Materials: An Innovative Approach to Food Preservation

by Arezou Khezerlou, Hajar Zolfaghari, Samira Forghani, Reza Abedi-Firoozjah, Mahmood Alizadeh Sani, Babak Negahdari, Masumeh Jalalvand, Ali Ehsani and David Julian McClements

Coatings 2023, 13(5), 830; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13050830 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2829

Abstract

Innovative processing and packaging technologies are required to create the next generation of high-quality, healthy, safe, and sustainable food products. In this review, we overview the potential of combining edible coating materials with non-thermal processing technologies to improve the quality, increase the safety, extend the shelf life, and reduce the waste of foods and plastics. Edible coatings are typically assembled from food-grade structuring ingredients that can provide the required mechanical and barrier properties, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and/or lipids. These materials can be fortified with functional additives to further improve the quality, safety, and shelf life of coated foods by reducing ripening, gas exchange, and decay caused by bacteria and fungi. Non-thermal processing techniques include high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed light, ultrasound, and radiation technologies. These technologies can be used to inhibit the growth of pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms on packaged foods. Examples of the application of this combined approach to a range of highly perishable foods are given. In addition, the impact of these combined methods on the quality attributes of these food products is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Thin Films)

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