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Coatings
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Coatings on Built Heritage and New Build
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Coatings on Built Heritage and New Build

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 13843

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Patricia Sanmartín

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Guest Editor
1. Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
2. Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
Interests: environmental sciences and monitoring; stone; cultural heritage resources; biofilm at the stone/air interface; bioreceptivity and the development of innovative environmental technologies aimed at managing; assessing and mitigating natural and human impacts on built heritage and new build in the context of global change
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Characterization and evolution of biotic and abiotic coatings on building materials and structures (whether related to cultural heritage or not) is a endless area of study. The presence of patinas, crusts, and films is unavoidable because they occur as a result of interactions between the material and the environment. Varnishes, paints, lacquers, and other preparations are also extremely common in outdoor construction in order to protect from deterioration by its environment and/or to create an aesthetic effect.

This Special Issue aims to focus on the comprehensive study of coatings on different materials, including stone, mortar, metal, glass, and wood from built heritage and new builds.

The topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • Current trends, developments, and innovations for their characterization and monitoring;
  • Historical coatings;
  • Novel coatings.

Dr. Patricia Sanmartín
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Cultural heritage
  • Construction and building materials
  • Weathering and durability

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 3620 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Cleaning Effect of Natural-Based Biocides: Application on Different Phototropic Biofilms Colonizing the Same Granite Wall
by Chiara Genova, Elsa Fuentes, Gabriele Favero and Beatriz Prieto
Coatings 2023, 13(3), 520; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13030520 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1843
Abstract
Natural derivatives, such as essential oils, are presented as an alternative to classical biocides to the treatment of biocolonization. Thus, in this work, the cleaning and biocidal potential of some natural derivatives towards two natural biofilms’ growth on the same granite wall, with [...] Read more.
Natural derivatives, such as essential oils, are presented as an alternative to classical biocides to the treatment of biocolonization. Thus, in this work, the cleaning and biocidal potential of some natural derivatives towards two natural biofilms’ growth on the same granite wall, with different microbial composition, was evaluated. For this purpose, three essential oils (EOs) (from Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Calamintha nepeta) and their main active principles (APs) (carvacrol, thymol and R-(+)-pulegone, respectively) were embedded in a hydrogel matrix, with different combinations of EOs and APs, in order to evaluate the synergistic action of different actives. For comparative purposes, pure hydrogel and a mechanical method (brushing) were also used. Colorimetric measurements and chlorophyll a fluorescence analyses were performed to evaluate the cleaning action of the treatments on the biofilms. Overall, the EOs and APs present in the hydrogel proved to be reliable treatments to limit natural biocolonization, with O. vulgare being one of the most effective treatments in combination with other compounds, due to the majority presence of carvacrol. Moreover, the effect of the different treatments strictly depended on the biofilm in question, as well as its ability to adhere to the substrate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings on Built Heritage and New Build)
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20 pages, 6270 KiB  
Article
Testing the Feasibility of Titanium Dioxide Sol-Gel Coatings on Portuguese Glazed Tiles to Prevent Biological Colonization
by Mathilda L. Coutinho, João Pedro Veiga, Maria Filomena Macedo and Ana Zélia Miller
Coatings 2020, 10(12), 1169; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings10121169 - 29 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2362
Abstract
Historical glazed wall tiles are a unique vehicle of artistic expression that can be found outdoors, integrating the buildings of many countries, therefore they are often subjected to biodeterioration. In this work, the applicability of protective coatings on glazed tiles to prevent biological [...] Read more.
Historical glazed wall tiles are a unique vehicle of artistic expression that can be found outdoors, integrating the buildings of many countries, therefore they are often subjected to biodeterioration. In this work, the applicability of protective coatings on glazed tiles to prevent biological colonization was evaluated. Thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO2) obtained by sol-gel were applied on glazed tiles to appraise its anti-biofouling properties and to evaluate their suitability for cultural heritage application. The TiO2 coating was tested on four different Portuguese glazed tiles and a modern tile. The chemical and mineralogical characterization of the glaze and ceramic body of the tiles was examined by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The produced TiO2 coating was chemically and morphologically characterized by micro Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The anti-biofouling properties of the TiO2 treatment were evaluated by inoculating the fungus Cladosporium sp. on the glazed tiles. Potential chromatic and mineralogical alterations induced by the treatment were assessed by color measurements and XRD. The TiO2 coating did not prevent fungal growth and caused aesthetical alterations on the glazed tiles. A critical analysis evidenced that the tested coating was not suitable for cultural heritage application and highlighted the challenges of developing protective coatings for glazed tiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings on Built Heritage and New Build)
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13 pages, 5812 KiB  
Article
Phytochemical Compounds as Cleaning Agents on Granite Colonized by Phototrophic Subaerial Biofilms
by Chiara Genova, Elsa Fuentes, Patricia Sanmartín, Gabriele Favero and Beatriz Prieto
Coatings 2020, 10(3), 295; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings10030295 - 22 Mar 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3022
Abstract
The society has become increasingly interested in using natural products over chemicals for cleaning activities. In this study, the cleaning potential of formulations embedded in a hydrogel matrix and composed respectively of essential oils (EOs) of Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, and [...] Read more.
The society has become increasingly interested in using natural products over chemicals for cleaning activities. In this study, the cleaning potential of formulations embedded in a hydrogel matrix and composed respectively of essential oils (EOs) of Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, and Calamintha nepeta, and their respective main active components (EO-ACs), viz., Carvacrol, Thymol, and Pulegone, on a phototropic biofilm growing on granite was investigated. In addition, and for comparative purposes, analysis with the combination of the three EOs, the combination of the three EO-ACs, and Preventol RI-80® (one of the most effective commercial cleaning agents based on quaternary ammonium salts) in all three cases embedded in a hydrogel matrix, as well as only the hydrogel matrix, distilled water, and Preventol RI-80®, in both latter cases applied with brush, were also studied. The cleaning effect of the treatments was assessed immediately after the treatment and after one and two weeks by color spectrophotometry, a reliable tool to evaluate the presence and vitality of the phototrophs and the cleaning effectiveness in granite. C. nepeta and its active component Pulegone proved to be the most effective and yielded similar results, comparable to those of uncolonized granite, and better than those obtained with Preventol RI-80® applied with brush (most common way), especially at the end of the experiment. These promising first results support the suitable use of the phytochemical compounds used on phototrophs field where there are still few published studies and encourage further investigation toward the evaluation of their exhibited biocidal activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings on Built Heritage and New Build)
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17 pages, 5737 KiB  
Article
Aesthetic Alteration of Marble Surfaces Caused by Biofilm Formation: Effects of Chemical Cleaning
by Federica Villa, Davide Gulotta, Lucia Toniolo, Luigimaria Borruso, Cristina Cattò and Francesca Cappitelli
Coatings 2020, 10(2), 122; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings10020122 - 01 Feb 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3693
Abstract
Despite the massive presence of biofilms causing aesthetic alteration to the façade of the Monza Cathedral, our team in a previous work proved that the biocolonization was not a primary damaging factor if compared to chemical-physical deterioration due to the impact of air [...] Read more.
Despite the massive presence of biofilms causing aesthetic alteration to the façade of the Monza Cathedral, our team in a previous work proved that the biocolonization was not a primary damaging factor if compared to chemical-physical deterioration due to the impact of air pollution. Nonetheless, the conservators tried to remove the sessile dwelling microorganisms to reduce discolouration. In this research, two nearby sculpted leaves made of Candoglia marble were selected to study the effects of a chemical treatment combining the biocides benzalkonium chloride, hydrogen peroxide and Algophase® and mechanical cleaning procedures. One leaf was cleaned with the biocides and mechanically, and the other was left untreated as control. The impact of the treatment was investigated after 1 month from the cleaning by digital microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and molecular methods to determine the composition and the functional profiles of the bacterial communities. Despite the acceptable aesthetic results obtained, the overall cleaning treatment was only partially effective in removing the biofilm from the colonized surfaces and, therefore, not adequately suitable for the specific substrate. Furthermore, the cleaning process selected microorganisms potentially more resistant to biocides so that the efficacy of future re-treatment by antimicrobial agents could be negatively affected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings on Built Heritage and New Build)
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9 pages, 1746 KiB  
Brief Report
Covering Layers on Granite Buildings of Northwestern Iberian Peninsula: When Observable Characteristics and Lab Characterization Do Not Match
by Patricia Sanmartín, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez and Beatriz Prieto
Coatings 2020, 10(2), 137; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings10020137 - 04 Feb 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2172
Abstract
Illustrated glossaries on stone pathologies help to describe deterioration forms in built heritage without resorting to any laboratory analyses. In this way, terms such as crust, deposit, and soiling which according to ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration Patterns may include exogenic material, [...] Read more.
Illustrated glossaries on stone pathologies help to describe deterioration forms in built heritage without resorting to any laboratory analyses. In this way, terms such as crust, deposit, and soiling which according to ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration Patterns may include exogenic material, a patina which results from ageing of the material in an endogenous process, and a film included under the broad term of a coating layer in the glossary, can be macroscopically identified on site. However, a definition on the basis of characteristics only observable with the naked eye (without further analysis in the laboratory) is certainly complicated, and if in addition, the case studies are on granitic rock (a major building stone used across Europe), the picture becomes even more complicated. The intention of this brief report is to engender an open, constructive debate about the casuistry of the covering layers on granite (a poorly reactive and less porous rock) and the difficulty of using the ICOMOS nomenclature on them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings on Built Heritage and New Build)
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