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Diagnostics
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Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging
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Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2020) | Viewed by 77991

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Malek Makki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France
Interests: neuroimaging; magnetic resonance imaging; image processing; medical imaging physics; medical imaging; 3D-imaging; medical image analysis; diffusion magnetic resonance imaging; brain connectivity; medical and biomedical image processing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Among other routine activities, the human brain is still in the process of discovering itself. Investigators develop new ideas and apply advanced medical and engineering technologies to analyze multimodal data with the main purpose of understanding brain functions and the link with human behavior. This Special Issue on “Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging” invites scholars involved in brain research to share peer papers with the latest research findings on (ab)normal brain function, arteries and veins, structural connectivity, metabolism, development, degeneration, and regeneration. In this Special Issue, we will compile recent progress in these aspects, covering topics ranging from cell engineering methods to imaging acquisitions and data analysis. We will select clinical and preclinical neuroimaging (MRI, PET, and CT) original research from leading institutions and world experts.

The first part of this Special Issue includes review papers describing the current literature as well as future perspectives based on the authors’ experience and expertise. The second part encompasses high-quality original research papers dealing with different levels of multimodal analysis that extend from molecules, to image acquisition, processing, and data analysis. We aim to offer the scientific community readers an excellent opportunity to get a robust and comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art neuroimaging techniques that provide a unique opportunity to gain further, deep access to recent valuable diagnostics and intervention capabilities for a variety of neurological diseases. Through this Special Issue, we wish to present strong perspectives on the ongoing practical research with a large spectrum of applications aiming to provide future translational considerations that are necessary for artificial intelligence neuroapplications.

Dr. Malek Makki
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Neurodevelopment and aging brain
  • Functional and structural connectivity
  • Metabolism and perfusion
  • Neuropsychology
  • Arterovenous formation
  • Axons and neurons
  • Cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum
  • Artificial intelligence

Published Papers (22 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 6307 KiB  
Article
Effect of Multishell Diffusion MRI Acquisition Strategy and Parcellation Scale on Rich-Club Organization of Human Brain Structural Networks
by Maedeh Khalilian, Kamran Kazemi, Mahshid Fouladivanda, Malek Makki, Mohammad Sadegh Helfroush and Ardalan Aarabi
Diagnostics 2021, 11(6), 970; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11060970 - 27 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2631
Abstract
The majority of network studies of human brain structural connectivity are based on single-shell diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data. Recent advances in imaging hardware and software capabilities have made it possible to acquire multishell (b-values) high-quality data required for better characterization of white-matter crossing-fiber [...] Read more.
The majority of network studies of human brain structural connectivity are based on single-shell diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data. Recent advances in imaging hardware and software capabilities have made it possible to acquire multishell (b-values) high-quality data required for better characterization of white-matter crossing-fiber microstructures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which brain structural organization and network topology are affected by the choice of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition strategy and parcellation scale. We performed graph-theoretical network analysis using DWI data from 35 Human Connectome Project subjects. Our study compared four single-shell (b = 1000, 3000, 5000, 10,000 s/mm2) and multishell sampling schemes and six parcellation scales (68, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 nodes) using five graph metrics, including small-worldness, clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, modularity and global efficiency. Rich-club analysis was also performed to explore the rich-club organization of brain structural networks. Our results showed that the parcellation scale and imaging protocol have significant effects on the network attributes, with the parcellation scale having a substantially larger effect. Regardless of the parcellation scale, the brain structural networks exhibited a rich-club organization with similar cortical distributions across the parcellation scales involving at least 400 nodes. Compared to single b-value diffusion acquisitions, the deterministic tractography using multishell diffusion imaging data consisting of shells with b-values higher than 5000 s/mm2 resulted in significantly improved fiber-tracking results at the locations where fiber bundles cross each other. Brain structural networks constructed using the multishell acquisition scheme including high b-values also exhibited significantly shorter characteristic path lengths, higher global efficiency and lower modularity. Our results showed that both parcellation scale and sampling protocol can significantly impact the rich-club organization of brain structural networks. Therefore, caution should be taken concerning the reproducibility of connectivity results with regard to the parcellation scale and sampling scheme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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15 pages, 2071 KiB  
Article
Sexual Dimorphisms and Asymmetries of the Thalamo-Cortical Pathways and Subcortical Grey Matter of Term Born Healthy Neonates: An Investigation with Diffusion Tensor MRI
by Fadoua Saadani-Makki, Ardalan Aarabi, Mahshid Fouladivanda, Karman Kazemi and Malek Makki
Diagnostics 2021, 11(3), 560; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11030560 - 20 Mar 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1991
Abstract
Diffusion-tensor-MRI was performed on 28 term born neonates. For each hemisphere, we quantified separately the axial and the radial diffusion (AD, RD), the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and the fractional anisotropy (FA) of the thalamo-cortical pathway (THC) and four structures: thalamus (TH), putamen [...] Read more.
Diffusion-tensor-MRI was performed on 28 term born neonates. For each hemisphere, we quantified separately the axial and the radial diffusion (AD, RD), the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and the fractional anisotropy (FA) of the thalamo-cortical pathway (THC) and four structures: thalamus (TH), putamen (PT), caudate nucleus (CN) and globus-pallidus (GP). There was no significant difference between boys and girls in either the left or in the right hemispheric THC, TH, GP, CN and PT. In the combined group (boys + girls) significant left greater than right symmetry was observed in the THC (AD, RD and ADC), and TH (AD, ADC). Within the same group, we reported left greater than right asymmetry in the PT (FA), CN (RD and ADC). Different findings were recorded when we split the group of neonates by gender. Girls exhibited right > left AD, RD and ADC in the THC and left > right FA in the PT. In the group of boys, we observed right > left RD and ADC. We also reported left > right FA in the PT and left > right RD in the CN. These results provide insights into normal asymmetric development of sensory-motor networks within boys and girls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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21 pages, 4736 KiB  
Article
Predicting Clinical Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Using Parallel Multi-Parametric Feature Embedded Siamese Network
by Saira Osama, Kashif Zafar and Muhammad Usman Sadiq
Diagnostics 2020, 10(11), 858; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10110858 - 22 Oct 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2694
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with ischemic stroke as the most common type. The preferred diagnostic procedure at the acute stage is the acquisition of multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This type of imaging not only detects [...] Read more.
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with ischemic stroke as the most common type. The preferred diagnostic procedure at the acute stage is the acquisition of multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This type of imaging not only detects and locates the stroke lesion, but also provides the blood flow dynamics that helps clinicians in assessing the risks and benefits of reperfusion therapies. However, evaluating the outcome of these risky therapies beforehand is a complicated task due to the variability of lesion location, size, shape, and cerebral hemodynamics involved. Though the fully automated model for predicting treatment outcomes using multi-parametric imaging would be highly valuable in clinical settings, MRI datasets acquired at the acute stage are mostly scarce and suffer high class imbalance. In this paper, parallel multi-parametric feature embedded siamese network (PMFE-SN) is proposed that can learn with few samples and can handle skewness in multi-parametric MRI data. Moreover, five suitable evaluation metrics that are insensitive to imbalance are defined for this problem. The results show that PMFE-SN not only outperforms other state-of-the-art techniques in all these metrics but also can predict the class with a small number of samples, as well as the class with high number of samples. An accuracy of 0.67 on leave one cross out testing has been achieved with only two samples (minority class) for training and accuracy of 0.61 with the highest number of samples (majority class). In comparison, state-of-the-art using hand crafted features has 0 accuracy for minority class and 0.33 accuracy for majority class. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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13 pages, 895 KiB  
Article
Diagnostic Ability of Radiofrequency Ultrasound in Parkinson’s Disease Compared to Conventional Transcranial Sonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
by Mindaugas Baranauskas, Rytis Jurkonis, Arūnas Lukoševičius, Vaidas Matijošaitis, Rymantė Gleiznienė and Daiva Rastenytė
Diagnostics 2020, 10(10), 778; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10100778 - 02 Oct 2020
Viewed by 2270
Abstract
We aimed to estimate tissue displacements’ parameters in midbrain using ultrasound radiofrequency (RF) signals and to compare diagnostic ability of this RF transcranial sonography (TCS)-based dynamic features of disease affected tissues with conventional TCS (cTCS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while differentiating patients [...] Read more.
We aimed to estimate tissue displacements’ parameters in midbrain using ultrasound radiofrequency (RF) signals and to compare diagnostic ability of this RF transcranial sonography (TCS)-based dynamic features of disease affected tissues with conventional TCS (cTCS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while differentiating patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) from healthy controls (HC). US tissue displacement waveform parametrization by RF TCS for endogenous brain tissue motion, standard neurological examination, cTCS and MRI data collection were performed for 20 PD patients and for 20 age- and sex-matched HC in a prospective manner. Three logistic regression models were constructed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were applied. The model constructed of RF TCS-based brain tissue displacement parameters—frequency of high-end spectra peak and root mean square—revealed presumably increased anisotropy in the midbrain and demonstrated rather good diagnostic ability in the PD evaluation, although it was not superior to that of the cTCS or MRI. Future studies are needed in order to establish the true place of RF TCS detected tissue displacement parameters for the evaluation of pathologically affected brain tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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11 pages, 1235 KiB  
Article
Altered Regional Cerebral Blood Perfusion in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients with Dizziness
by Seunghee Na, Jooyeon Jamie Im, Hyeonseok Jeong, Eek-Sung Lee, Tae-Kyeong Lee, Yong-An Chung and In-Uk Song
Diagnostics 2020, 10(10), 777; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10100777 - 30 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2046
Abstract
Dizziness is a common symptom among the general population, especially in the elderly. Previous studies have reported that dizziness may be associated with various cognitive functions including memory impairment. However, few studies have investigated the neural correlates of dizziness in patients with cognitive [...] Read more.
Dizziness is a common symptom among the general population, especially in the elderly. Previous studies have reported that dizziness may be associated with various cognitive functions including memory impairment. However, few studies have investigated the neural correlates of dizziness in patients with cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to examine regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients with or without dizziness using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A total of 50 patients with MCI were recruited. All participants underwent technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer brain SPECT and a neuropsychological battery and completed the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). Participants were divided into a dizziness group (DHI ≥ 1, n = 18) and a non-dizziness group (DHI = 0, n = 32). Voxel wise differences in rCBF between the groups were estimated. SPECT analysis revealed decreased rCBF in the left superior temporal gyrus, left lateral orbital gyrus, and right middle frontal gyrus in the dizziness group compared with the non-dizziness group (p < 0.005). No significant clusters of increased rCBF were observed in the dizziness group compared with the non-dizziness group. Results of the neuropsychological tests showed a significant difference in Controlled Oral Word Association Test performance between MCI patients with and without dizziness. In conclusion, MCI patients with dizziness showed multifocal frontal and left temporal hypoperfusion compared with patients without dizziness. Our results suggest that hypoperfusion in the frontal and temporal cortices might be reflecting the negative impact of dizziness in MCI patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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11 pages, 665 KiB  
Article
Cerebral White Matter Lesions on Diffusion-Weighted Images and Delayed Neurological Sequelae after Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Prospective Observational Study
by Sangun Nah, Sungwoo Choi, Han Bit Kim, Jungbin Lee, Sun-Uk Lee, Young Hwan Lee, Gi Woon Kim and Sangsoo Han
Diagnostics 2020, 10(9), 698; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10090698 - 16 Sep 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3102
Abstract
Introduction: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can result in delayed neurological sequelae (DNS). Factors predicting DNS are still controversial. This study aims to determine whether acute brain lesions observed using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following acute CO poisoning are related to the subsequent [...] Read more.
Introduction: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can result in delayed neurological sequelae (DNS). Factors predicting DNS are still controversial. This study aims to determine whether acute brain lesions observed using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following acute CO poisoning are related to the subsequent development of DNS. Methods: This prospective study was conducted on patients with CO poisoning treated at a university hospital in Bucheon, Korea. From August 2016 to July 2019, a total of 283 patients visited the hospital because of CO poisoning. Exclusion criteria included age under 18 years, refusing hyperbaric oxygen therapy, refusing MRI, being discharged against medical advice, being lost to follow-up, having persistent neurological symptoms at discharge, and being transferred from another hospital 24 h after exposure. Results: Of the 154 patients included in the final study, acute brain lesions on MRI (ABLM) were observed in 49 patients (31.8%) and DNS occurred in 30 patients (19.5%). In a logistic regression analysis, lower Glasgow coma scale score and higher exposure time were associated with DNS, and the presence of ABLM in white matter was significantly associated with DNS (OR 6.741; 95% CI, 1.843–24.660; p = 0.004). Conclusion: The presence of ABLM in white matter was significantly related to the occurrence of DNS. Early prediction of the risk of developing DNS through MRI may be helpful in treating patients with CO poisoning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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12 pages, 3101 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Visual Perception and Microstructural Change of the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus in Patients with Brain Injury in the Right Hemisphere: A Preliminary Diffusion Tensor Tractography Study
by Su-Hong Kim, Hyeong-Eun Jeon and Chan-Hyuk Park
Diagnostics 2020, 10(9), 641; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10090641 - 27 Aug 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2556
Abstract
Right hemisphere brain damage often results in visual-spatial deficits. Because various microstructural changes of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) after a stroke in the right hemisphere affect visual perception, including neglect, the present study investigates the relationship between both microstructural change and lateralization [...] Read more.
Right hemisphere brain damage often results in visual-spatial deficits. Because various microstructural changes of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) after a stroke in the right hemisphere affect visual perception, including neglect, the present study investigates the relationship between both microstructural change and lateralization of SLF and visual perception, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in patients with lesions in the right hemisphere. Eight patients with strokes (five patients with intracranial hemorrhage, and three patients with infarction; mean age of 52.5 years) and 16 mean-age-matched healthy control subjects were involved in this study. The visual perception of all eight patients was assessed with the motor-free visual perception test (MVPT), and their SLFs were reconstructed using DTI. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the DTI parameters of the patients and the control subjects. Moreover, patients with microstructural damage to the right SLF showed impairment of visual perception. In patients with damage to both the dorsal and ventral pathways of the right SLF, spatial neglect was present. However, although a leftward SLF asymmetry was revealed in our patients, this lateralization did not show a relationship with visual perception. In conclusion, the microstructural changes of the right SLF play an important role in visual perception, and both pathways contribute to spatial neglect, but leftward lateralization of the right SFL activity after a stroke does not contribute to general visual perception. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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12 pages, 2574 KiB  
Article
Subacute Changes in N-Acetylaspartate (NAA) Following Ischemic Stroke: A Serial MR Spectroscopy Pilot Study
by Ndaba Mazibuko, Ruth O’Gorman Tuura, Laszlo Sztriha, Owen O’Daly, Gareth J. Barker, Steven C. R. Williams, Michael O'Sullivan and Lalit Kalra
Diagnostics 2020, 10(7), 482; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10070482 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2845
Abstract
Preservation of neuronal tissue is crucial for recovery after stroke, but studies suggest that prolonged neuronal loss occurs following acute ischaemia. This study assessed the temporal pattern of neuronal loss in subacute ischemic stroke patients using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in parallel [...] Read more.
Preservation of neuronal tissue is crucial for recovery after stroke, but studies suggest that prolonged neuronal loss occurs following acute ischaemia. This study assessed the temporal pattern of neuronal loss in subacute ischemic stroke patients using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in parallel with functional recovery at 2, 6 and 12 weeks after stroke. Specifically, we measured N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, myoinositol, creatine and lactate concentrations in the ipsilesional and contralesional thalamus of 15 first-ever acute ischaemic stroke patients and 15 control participants and correlated MRS concentrations with motor recovery, measured at 12 weeks using the Fugl–Meyer scale. NAA in the ipsilesional thalamus fell significantly between 2 and 12 weeks (10.0 to 7.97 mmol/L, p = 0.003), while choline, myoinositol and lactate concentrations increased (p = 0.025, p = 0.031, p = 0.001, respectively). Higher NAA concentrations in the ipsilesional thalamus at 2 and 12 weeks correlated with higher Fugl Meyer scores at 12 weeks (p = 0.004 and p = 0.006, respectively). While these results should be considered preliminary given the modest sample size, the progressive fall in NAA and late increases in choline, myoinositol and lactate may indicate progressive non-ischaemic neuronal loss, metabolically depressed neurons and/or diaschisis effects, which have a detrimental effect on motor recovery. Interventions that can potentially limit this ongoing subacute tissue damage may improve stroke recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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14 pages, 1227 KiB  
Article
Diagnostic Ability of Structural Transcranial Sonography in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
by Daiva Rastenyte, Vaidas Matijosaitis, Ovidijus Laucius, Rymante Gleizniene, Simonas Jesmanas and Kristina Jureniene
Diagnostics 2020, 10(7), 471; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10070471 - 10 Jul 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2760
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic ability of transcranial sonography (TCS) for the evaluation of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Standard neuropsychological evaluation, TCS and 1.5 T MRI were performed for 20 patients with AD [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic ability of transcranial sonography (TCS) for the evaluation of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Standard neuropsychological evaluation, TCS and 1.5 T MRI were performed for 20 patients with AD and for 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls in a prospective manner. Measurements of the size of the third ventricle and heights of the MTL (A) and the choroidal fissure (B) were performed twice on each side by two independent neurosonologists for all participants. On MRI, both conventional and volumetric analyses of the third ventricle and hippocampus were performed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analyses were applied. Height of the MTL on TCS had sensitivities of 73.7% (right)/63.2%(left) and specificities of 65% (right)/65–70% (left) Area under a curve (AUC) 75.4–77.2% (right), 60.4–67.8% (left)) for AD. A/B ratio on TCS had sensitivities of 73.7% (right)/57.9% (left) and specificities of 70.0% (right)/55.0% (left) (AUC 73.3% (right), 60.4% (left)) by the experienced neurosonologist, and sensitivities of 78.9% (right and left) and specificities of 60.0% (right)/65.0% (left) (AUC 77.8–80.0%) by the inexperienced neurosonologist for AD. On MRI, linear measurement of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus height had sensitivities of 84.2% (right)/89.5% (left) and specificities of 80.0% (right)/85% (left) (AUC 86.1–92.9%) for AD. Hippocampal volume had sensitivities of 70% (right and left) and specificities of 75% (right)/80% (left) (AUC 77.5–78%) for AD. Atrophy of the right MTL in AD could be detected on TCS with a good diagnostic ability, however MRI performed better on the left. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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13 pages, 1668 KiB  
Article
Fold-Over Oversampling Effects in the Measurements of Cerebral Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Flows with 2D Cine Phase-Contrast MRI
by Fadoua Saadani-Makki, Serge Metanbou, Garance Arbeaumont-Trocme, Julien Van Gysel and Malek I. Makki
Diagnostics 2020, 10(6), 387; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10060387 - 09 Jun 2020
Viewed by 2387
Abstract
This prospective study investigated the effects of fold-over oversampling on phase-offset background errors with 2D-Cine phase contrast (Cine-PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It was performed on brain MRI and compared to conventional Full-field of view FOV coverage and it was tested with two [...] Read more.
This prospective study investigated the effects of fold-over oversampling on phase-offset background errors with 2D-Cine phase contrast (Cine-PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It was performed on brain MRI and compared to conventional Full-field of view FOV coverage and it was tested with two different velocity encoding (Venc) values. We chose Venc = 100 mm/s to encode cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows in the aqueduct and 600 mm/s to encode blood flow in the carotid artery. Cine-PC was carried out on 10 healthy adult volunteers followed simultaneously by an acquisition on static agar-gel phantom to measure the phase-offset background errors. Pixel-wise correction of both the CSF and the blood flows was calculated through 32 points of the cardiac-cycle. We compared the velocity-to-noise ratio, the section area, the absolute and the corrected velocity (peak; mean and minimum), the net flow, and the stroke volume before and after correction. We performed the statistical T-test to compare Full-FOV and fold-over and Bland–Altman plots to analyze their differences. Our results showed that following phase-offset error correction, the blood stroke-volume was significantly higher with Full-FOV compared to fold-over. We observed a significantly higher CSF mean velocity and net flow values in the fold-over option. Compared to Full-FOV, fold-over provides a significantly larger section area and significantly lower peak velocity-offset in the aqueduct. No significant difference between the two coverages was reported before and after phase-offset in blood flow measurements. In conclusion, fold-over oversampling can be chosen as an alternative to increase spatial resolution and accurate cerebral flow quantification in Cine-PC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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11 pages, 1387 KiB  
Article
A Novel Automatic Approach for Calculation of the Specific Binding Ratio in [I-123]FP-CIT SPECT
by Mahmudur G. M. Rahman, Muhammad M. Islam, Tetsuya Tsujikawa and Hidehiko Okazawa
Diagnostics 2020, 10(5), 289; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10050289 - 09 May 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2778
Abstract
A fully automatic method for specific binding ratio (SBR) calculation in [123I]ioflupane single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies was proposed by creating volumes of interest of the striatum (VOIst) and reference region (VOIref) without manual handling to [...] Read more.
A fully automatic method for specific binding ratio (SBR) calculation in [123I]ioflupane single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies was proposed by creating volumes of interest of the striatum (VOIst) and reference region (VOIref) without manual handling to avoid operator-induced variability. The study involved 105 patients (72 ± 10 years) suspected of parkinsonian syndrome (PS) who underwent [123I]ioflupane SPECT. The 200 images from our previous study were used for evaluation and validation of the new program. All patients were classified into PS and non-PS groups according to the results of clinical follow-up. A trapezoidal volume of interest (VOIt) containing all striatal intensive counts was created automatically, followed by VOIst setting using the previous method. SBR values were calculated from the mean values of VOIst and VOIref determined by the whole brain outside of VOIt. The low count voxels in the VOIref were excluded using an appropriate threshold. The SBR values from the new method were compared with the previous semi-automatic method and the Tossici–Bolt (TB) method. The SBRs from the semi- and fully automatic methods showed a good linear correlation (r > 0.98). The areas under the curves (AUCs) of receiver operating characteristic analysis showed no significant difference between the two methods for both our previous (AUC > 0.99) and new (AUC > 0.95) data. The diagnostic accuracy of the two methods showed similar results (>92%), and both were better than the TB method. The proposed method successfully created the automatic VOIs and calculated SBR rapidly (9 ± 1 s/patient), avoiding operator-induced variability and providing objective SBR results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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14 pages, 2708 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Early Bispectral Index to Predict Poor Neurological Function in Cardiac Arrest Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Chun-Yu Chang, Chien-Sheng Chen, Yung-Jiun Chien, Po-Chen Lin and Meng-Yu Wu
Diagnostics 2020, 10(5), 271; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10050271 - 30 Apr 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2748
Abstract
The diagnostic performance of the bispectral index (BIS) to early predict neurological outcomes in patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest (CA) remained unclear. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and CENTRAL for relevant studies through October 2019. Methodologic quality was [...] Read more.
The diagnostic performance of the bispectral index (BIS) to early predict neurological outcomes in patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest (CA) remained unclear. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and CENTRAL for relevant studies through October 2019. Methodologic quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Meta-analysis was performed using a linear mixed-effects model to the log-transformed data with a logistic distribution assumption. Bivariate meta-regression was performed to explore heterogeneity. In total, 13 studies with 999 CA adult patients were included. At the optimal threshold of 32, BIS obtained within 72 h of ROSC elicits a pooled sensitivity of 84.9% (95% confidence interval (CI), 71.1% to 92.7%), a pooled specificity of 85.9% (95% CI, 71.2% to 93.8%) and an area under the curve of 0.92. Moreover, a BIS cutoff < 12 yielded a pooled specificity of 95.0% (95% CI, 77.8% to 99.0%). In bivariate meta-regression, the timing of neurological outcome assessment, the adoption of targeted temperature management, and the administration of sedative agents or neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) were not identified as the potential source of heterogeneity. BIS retains good diagnostic performance during targeted temperature management (TTM) and in the presence of administrated sedative agents and NMBA. In conclusion, BIS can predict poor neurological outcomes early in patients with ROSC after CA with good diagnostic performance and should be incorporated into the neuroprognostication strategy algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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11 pages, 1665 KiB  
Article
Fast Phase-Contrast Cine MRI for Assessing Intracranial Hemodynamics and Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics
by Naoki Ohno, Tosiaki Miyati, Tomohiro Noda, Noam Alperin, Takashi Hamaguchi, Masako Ohno, Tatsuhiko Matsushita, Mitsuhito Mase, Toshifumi Gabata and Satoshi Kobayashi
Diagnostics 2020, 10(4), 241; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10040241 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3412
Abstract
We propose fast phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging (PC-cine MRI) to allow breath-hold acquisition, and we compared intracranial hemo- and hydrodynamic parameters obtained during breath holding between full inspiration and end expiration. On a 3.0 T MRI, using electrocardiogram (ECG)-synchronized fast PC-cine MRI [...] Read more.
We propose fast phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging (PC-cine MRI) to allow breath-hold acquisition, and we compared intracranial hemo- and hydrodynamic parameters obtained during breath holding between full inspiration and end expiration. On a 3.0 T MRI, using electrocardiogram (ECG)-synchronized fast PC-cine MRI with parallel imaging, rectangular field of view, and segmented k-space, we obtained velocity-mapped phase images at the mid-C2 level with different velocity encoding for transcranial blood flow and cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) flow. Next, we calculated the peak-to-peak amplitudes of cerebral blood flow (ΔCBF), cerebral venous outflow, intracranial volume change, CSF pressure gradient (ΔPG), and intracranial compliance index. These parameters were compared between the proposed and conventional methods. Moreover, we compared these parameters between different utilized breath-hold maneuvers (inspiration, expiration, and free breathing). All parameters derived from the fast PC method agreed with those from the conventional method. The ΔPG was significantly higher during full inspiration breath holding than at the end of expiration and during free breathing. The proposed fast PC-cine MRI reduced scan time (within 30 s) with good agreement with conventional methods. The use of this method also makes it possible to assess the effects of respiration on intracranial hemo- and hydrodynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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Review

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24 pages, 2794 KiB  
Review
Characteristics of Fluorescent Intraoperative Dyes Helpful in Gross Total Resection of High-Grade Gliomas—A Systematic Review
by Marek Mazurek, Bartłomiej Kulesza, Filip Stoma, Jacek Osuchowski, Sławomir Mańdziuk and Radosław Rola
Diagnostics 2020, 10(12), 1100; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10121100 - 16 Dec 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2774
Abstract
Background: A very important aspect in the treatment of high-grade glioma is gross total resection to reduce the risk of tumor recurrence. One of the methods to facilitate this task is intraoperative fluorescence navigation. The aim of the study was to compare [...] Read more.
Background: A very important aspect in the treatment of high-grade glioma is gross total resection to reduce the risk of tumor recurrence. One of the methods to facilitate this task is intraoperative fluorescence navigation. The aim of the study was to compare the dyes used in this technique fluorescent intraoperative navigation in terms of the mechanism of action and influence on the treatment of patients. Methods: The review was carried out on the basis of articles found in PubMed, Google Scholar, and BMC search engines, as well as those identified by searched bibliographies and suggested by experts during the preparation of the article. The database analysis was performed for the following phrases: “glioma”, “glioblastoma”, “ALA”, “5ALA”, “5-ALA”, “aminolevulinic acid”, ”levulinic acid”, “fluorescein”, “ICG”, “indocyanine green”, and “fluorescence navigation”. Results: After analyzing 913 citations identified on the basis of the search criteria, we included 36 studies in the review. On the basis of the analyzed articles, we found that 5-aminolevulinic acid and fluorescein are highly effective in improving the percentage of gross total resection achieved in high-grade glioma surgery. At the same time, the limitations resulting from the use of these methods are marked—higher costs of the procedure and the need to have neurosurgical microscope in combination with a special light filter in the case of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), and low specificity for neoplastic cells and the dependence on the degree of damage to the blood–brain barrier in the intensity of fluorescence in the case of fluorescein. The use of indocyanine green in the visualization of glioma cells is relatively unknown, but some researchers have suggested its utility and the benefits of using it simultaneously with other dyes. Conclusion: The use of intraoperative fluorescence navigation with the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid and fluorescein allows the range of high-grade glioma resection to be increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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15 pages, 3450 KiB  
Review
Molecular Imaging of Brain Tumor-Associated Epilepsy
by Csaba Juhász and Sandeep Mittal
Diagnostics 2020, 10(12), 1049; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10121049 - 05 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5507
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common clinical manifestation and a source of significant morbidity in patients with brain tumors. Neuroimaging has a pivotal role in neuro-oncology practice, including tumor detection, differentiation, grading, treatment guidance, and posttreatment monitoring. In this review, we highlight studies demonstrating that [...] Read more.
Epilepsy is a common clinical manifestation and a source of significant morbidity in patients with brain tumors. Neuroimaging has a pivotal role in neuro-oncology practice, including tumor detection, differentiation, grading, treatment guidance, and posttreatment monitoring. In this review, we highlight studies demonstrating that imaging can also provide information about brain tumor-associated epileptogenicity and assist delineation of the peritumoral epileptic cortex to optimize postsurgical seizure outcome. Most studies focused on gliomas and glioneuronal tumors where positron emission tomography (PET) and advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques can detect metabolic and biochemical changes associated with altered amino acid transport and metabolism, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter abnormalities in and around epileptogenic tumors. PET imaging of amino acid uptake and metabolism as well as activated microglia can detect interictal or peri-ictal cortical increased uptake (as compared to non-epileptic cortex) associated with tumor-associated epilepsy. Metabolic tumor volumes may predict seizure outcome based on objective treatment response during glioma chemotherapy. Advanced MRI, especially glutamate imaging, can detect neurotransmitter changes around epileptogenic brain tumors. Recently, developed PET radiotracers targeting specific glutamate receptor types may also identify therapeutic targets for pharmacologic seizure control. Further studies with advanced multimodal imaging approaches may facilitate development of precision treatment strategies to control brain tumor-associated epilepsy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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14 pages, 746 KiB  
Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Modeling of the Glymphatic System
by Jasleen Kaur, Esmaeil Davoodi-Bojd, Lara M Fahmy, Li Zhang, Guangliang Ding, Jiani Hu, Zhenggang Zhang, Michael Chopp and Quan Jiang
Diagnostics 2020, 10(6), 344; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10060344 - 27 May 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8800
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a newly discovered waste drainage pathway in the brain; it plays an important role in many neurological diseases. Ongoing research utilizing various cerebrospinal fluid tracer infusions, either directly or indirectly into the brain parenchyma, is investigating clearance pathways by [...] Read more.
The glymphatic system is a newly discovered waste drainage pathway in the brain; it plays an important role in many neurological diseases. Ongoing research utilizing various cerebrospinal fluid tracer infusions, either directly or indirectly into the brain parenchyma, is investigating clearance pathways by using distinct imaging techniques. In the present review, we discuss the role of the glymphatic system in various neurological diseases and efflux pathways of brain waste clearance based on current evidence and controversies. We mainly focus on new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modeling techniques, along with traditional computational modeling, for a better understanding of the glymphatic system function. Future sophisticated modeling techniques hold the potential to generate quantitative maps for glymphatic system parameters that could contribute to the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of neurological diseases. The non-invasive nature of MRI may provide a safe and effective way to translate glymphatic system measurements from bench-to-bedside. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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8 pages, 1096 KiB  
Review
Diagnostic Problems in Diffuse Axonal Injury
by Sung Ho Jang
Diagnostics 2020, 10(2), 117; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10020117 - 21 Feb 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7516
Abstract
In this study, three problems associated with diagnosing diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in patients with traumatic brain injury are reviewed: the shortage of scientific evidence supporting the 6-hour loss of consciousness (LOC) diagnostic criterion to discriminate concussion and DAI, the low sensitivity of [...] Read more.
In this study, three problems associated with diagnosing diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in patients with traumatic brain injury are reviewed: the shortage of scientific evidence supporting the 6-hour loss of consciousness (LOC) diagnostic criterion to discriminate concussion and DAI, the low sensitivity of conventional brain MRI in the detection of DAI lesions, and the inappropriateness of the term diffuse in DAI. Pathological study by brain biopsy is required to confirm DAI; however, performing a brain biopsy for the diagnosis of DAI in a living patient is impossible. Therefore, the diagnosis of DAI in a living patient is clinically determined based on the duration of LOC, clinical manifestations, and the results of conventional brain MRI. There is a shortage of scientific evidence supporting the use of the 6-hour LOC criterion to distinguish DAI from concussion, and axonal injuries have been detected in many concussion cases with a less than 6-hour LOC. Moreover, due to the low sensitivity of conventional brain MRI, which can only detect DAI lesions in approximately half of DAI patients, diagnostic MRI criteria for DAI are not well established. In contrast, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been shown to have high sensitivity for the detection of DAI lesions. As DTI is a relatively new method, further studies aimed at the establishment of diagnostic criteria for DAI detection using DTI are needed. On the other hand, because DAI distribution is not diffuse but multifocal, and because axonal injury lesions have been detected in concussion patients, steps to standardize the use of terms related to axonal injury in both concussion and DAI are necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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Graphical abstract

Other

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8 pages, 10393 KiB  
Case Report
Magnetic-Resonance Diffusion-Tensor Tractography in the Diagnosis of Tumefactive Spinal-Cord Lesions in Neuromyelitis Optica
by Yung Hsu, Ming-Chung Chou, Poh-Shiow Yeh, Te-Chang Wu, Ching-Chung Ko and Tai-Yuan Chen
Diagnostics 2020, 10(6), 401; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10060401 - 12 Jun 2020
Viewed by 3117
Abstract
Magnetic-resonance (MR) imaging is the modality of choice for the evaluation of spinal-cord lesions. However, challenges persist in discriminating demyelinating processes from neoplastic lesions using conventional MR sequences. Consequently, an invasive spinal-cord biopsy is likely for most patients. MR diffusion-tensor imaging is an [...] Read more.
Magnetic-resonance (MR) imaging is the modality of choice for the evaluation of spinal-cord lesions. However, challenges persist in discriminating demyelinating processes from neoplastic lesions using conventional MR sequences. Consequently, an invasive spinal-cord biopsy is likely for most patients. MR diffusion-tensor imaging is an emerging noninvasive and powerful method for characterizing changes in tissue microstructure associated with spinal disorders. We currently present the case of a middle-aged woman suffering from neuromyelitis optica, and highlight that MR diffusion-tensor tractography can be helpful in the identification of tumefactive spinal-cord lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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7 pages, 2237 KiB  
Case Report
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Final Stage of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
by Stefan M. Golaszewski, Bettina Wutzl, Axel F. Unterrainer, Cristina Florea, Kerstin Schwenker, Vanessa N. Frey, Martin Kronbichler, Frank Rattay, Raffaele Nardone, Larissa Hauer, Johann Sellner and Eugen Trinka
Diagnostics 2020, 10(5), 309; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10050309 - 15 May 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5141
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a rare fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system. The clinical course is characterized by rapid progression of neurological and neuromuscular symptoms. The late stage with loss of consciousness is not well characterized. We report a 62-year-old [...] Read more.
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a rare fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system. The clinical course is characterized by rapid progression of neurological and neuromuscular symptoms. The late stage with loss of consciousness is not well characterized. We report a 62-year-old male patient with sCJD with the clinical picture of a vegetative state/apallic syndrome, in whom we studied cortical responses using a vibration paradigm. The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigation demonstrated a clear response within the sensorimotor cortex, the cerebellum, the parietal cortex, the insular, and frontal inferior region. The finding of persistent cortical activity on fMRI in a patient with CJD in a state of unconsciousness has implications for the clinical management and for ethical considerations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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6 pages, 3765 KiB  
Case Report
Diffusion-Tensor-Tractography-Based Diagnosis for Injury of Corticospinal Tract in a Patient with Hemiplegia Following Traumatic Brain Injury
by Chan-Hyuk Park, Su-Hong Kim and Han-Young Jung
Diagnostics 2020, 10(3), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10030156 - 13 Mar 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3766
Abstract
This paper reports a mechanism for corticospinal tract injury in a patient with hemiplegia following traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) finding. A 73-year-old male with TBI resulting from a fall, without medical history, was diagnosed as having left [...] Read more.
This paper reports a mechanism for corticospinal tract injury in a patient with hemiplegia following traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) finding. A 73-year-old male with TBI resulting from a fall, without medical history, was diagnosed as having left convexity epidural hematoma (EDH). He underwent craniotomy and suffered motor weakness on the right side of the body. Two weeks after onset, he was transferred to a rehabilitation department with an alerted level of consciousness. Four weeks after onset, his motor functions were grade 1 by the Medical Research Council’s (MRC) standards in the right-side limbs and grade 4 in the left-side limbs. The result of DTT using the different regions of interest (ROIs) showed that most of the right corticospinal tract (CST) did not reach the cerebral cortex around where the EDH was located, and when the ROI was placed on upper pons, a disconnection of the CST was shown and a connection of the CST in ROI with the middle pons appeared. However, the right CST was connected to the cerebral cortex below the pons regardless of ROI. This study is the first report to use DTT to detect that the discontinuation of the left CST in the cerebral cortex and injury lesions below the lower pons and between the upper and lower pons are responsible for motor weakness in a patient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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5 pages, 1478 KiB  
Interesting Images
Diagnosis of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I Following Traumatic Axonal Injury of the Corticospinal Tract in a Patient with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
by Sung Ho Jang and You Sung Seo
Diagnostics 2020, 10(2), 95; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10020095 - 10 Feb 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2947
Abstract
A 54-year-old male suffered from direct head trauma resulting from a fall while working. At approximately two months after the accident, he began to feel pain (burning sensation) and swelling of the dorsum of the right hand and wrist. He showed the following [...] Read more.
A 54-year-old male suffered from direct head trauma resulting from a fall while working. At approximately two months after the accident, he began to feel pain (burning sensation) and swelling of the dorsum of the right hand and wrist. He showed the following clinical features among the clinical signs and symptoms of revised diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): spontaneous pain, mechanical hyperalgesia, vasodilation, skin temperature asymmetries, skin color changes, swelling, motor weakness. No specific lesion was observed on brain MRI taken at ten weeks after onset. Plain X-ray, electromyography, and nerve conduction studies for the right upper extremity detected no abnormality. A three-phase bone scan showed hot uptake in the right wrist in the delayed image. On two-month diffusion tensor tractography, partial tearing of the corticospinal tract (CST) was observed at the subcortical white matter in both hemispheres (much more severe in the left CST). In addition, the fiber number of the right CST was significantly decreased than that of seven normal control subjects. CRPS I of the right hand in this patient appeared to be related to traumatic axonal injury of the left CST following mild traumatic brain injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
3 pages, 1285 KiB  
Interesting Images
Diagnosis of the Trigeminal Nerve Injury in a Patient with Pontine Hemorrhage
by Eun Bi Choi, Jeong Pyo Seo and Sung Ho Jang
Diagnostics 2020, 10(2), 74; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics10020074 - 29 Jan 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2896
Abstract
Herein, we present a patient who was diagnosed with trigeminal nerve injury following a pontine hemorrhage. A 38-year-old male was diagnosed with a left pontine hemorrhage and underwent conservative management at the neurosurgery department of a university hospital. After hemorrhage onset, he felt [...] Read more.
Herein, we present a patient who was diagnosed with trigeminal nerve injury following a pontine hemorrhage. A 38-year-old male was diagnosed with a left pontine hemorrhage and underwent conservative management at the neurosurgery department of a university hospital. After hemorrhage onset, he felt facial pain on the right side. After seven years, he visited the rehabilitation department of another hospital for evaluation of his right facial pain. He complained of somatosensory impairment and facial pain (tingling and cold sensation) on the right side as well as difficulty chewing and gait disturbance. On neurological examination, decreased touch sensation (approximately 30%) was observed on the right side of the face, in the oral cavity, and on the tongue (anterior two-thirds) as well as weakness of the right-sided masseter muscles. He also exhibitedallodynia without dysesthesia on the right side of the face. Diffusion tensor tractography showed the right trigeminal nerve to be discontinued at the anterior margin of the pons (arrow) compared to the state of the left trigeminal nerve. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Imaging/Neuroimaging)
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