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Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications

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A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 33047

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Dr. Mohammad Alibakhshikenari

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Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
Interests: antennas and wave-propagations; array antennas; metamaterials and metasurfaces; synthetic aperture radars (SAR); multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems; waveguide slotted antenna arrays; substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs); antenna impedance matching networks; filters; on-chip antennas; microwave; millimeter-waves and terahertz applications; terahertz integrated circuits; and electromagnetic compatibilities
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Prof. Dr. Ernesto Limiti

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Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
Interests: active and passive microwave and millimeter-wave devices; antennas and wave propagations; electromagnetic systems; MMIC passive components; amplifiers; nonlinear microwave circuits
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue (SI) is intended to present scholarly papers that address critical questions arising from antenna structures and electromagnetic systems. The antenna system used for any radio communication platform is one of the critical and least understood parts of the wireless communication system. The antenna system is the interface between the radio system and the external environment. Wireless communication systems require antennas at the transmitter and receiver to operate properly. The design and deployment of antennas can make or break a wireless system, and many poorly performing systems can be traced to improperly installed or placed antennas. There are many types of antennas available, all of which perform specific functions depending on the application at hand. In this SI we define and discuss the different types of antennas in both single and array configurations for various applications at microwave, millimeter-waves, and terahertz spectrums. Therefore, the main aim of this SI is to seek high-quality submissions that highlight emerging applications and address recent breakthroughs in antenna system designs.

The topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

antennas and wave propagations
array antennas
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems
synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
electromagnetics systems
matching networks
high frequency circuits (HFCs)
metamaterials (MTMs) and metasurfaces (MTSs)
substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW)
radio frequency identification (RFID)
millimeter-waves (mm-Waves) and terahertz (THz) spectrums

Therefore, we sincerely invite contribution from experimental researchers and theorists to submit high-quality manuscripts for publication in this SI.

Dr. Mohammad Alibakhshikenari
Prof. Dr. Ernesto Limiti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Antennas and wave propagations
Array antennas
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
Electromagnetics systems
Matching networks
High frequency circuits (HFCs)
Metamaterials (MTMs) and metasurfaces (MTSs)
Substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW)
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Millimeter-waves (mm-Waves) and terahertz (THz) spectrums

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 6138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Gain and Wide-Angle Continuous Beam Scanning SIW Leaky-Wave Antenna

by Vivek Arya, Tanuj Garg and Hamza Mohammed Ridha Al-Khafaji

Electronics 2023, 12(2), 370; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics12020370 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

A novel substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) adopting a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) for continuous beam scanning for tri bands is presented. For continuous beam scanning (CBS), optimization of different parameters associated with the unit cell has been carried out. Apart from this, optimal impedance matching is also obtained with the help of the characteristic impedance of the waveguide. The proposed SIW LWA scans from −58° to + 59° along with 14.50 dBi gain when the frequency changes from 10 GHz to 18.22 GHz and provides a scanning rate of 14.23. The beauty of the suggested antenna is its smaller size and high gain, along with a wider scanning range (117°) capability. This antenna’s final prototype has been fabricated, and the measurement results are matched with the simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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13 pages, 1890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Runtime Management of Service Level Agreements through Proactive Resource Provisioning for a Cloud Environment

by Sehrish Nadeem, Noor ul Amin, Sardar Khaliq uz Zaman, Muhammad Amir Khan, Zulfiqar Ahmad, Jawaid Iqbal, Ajab Khan, Abeer D. Algarni and Hela Elmannai

Electronics 2023, 12(2), 296; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics12020296 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

By leveraging the Internet, cloud computing allows users to have on-demand access to large pools of configurable computing resources. PaaS (Platform as a Service), IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), and SaaS (Software as a Service) are three basic categories for the services provided by cloud the computing environments. Quality of service (QoS) metrics like reliability, availability, performance, and cost determine which resources and services are available in a cloud computing scenario. Provider and the user-specified performance characteristics, such as, rejection rate, throughput, response time, financial cost, and energy consumption, form the basis for QoS. To fulfil the needs of its customers, cloud computing must ensure that its services are given with the appropriate quality of service QoS. A “A legally enforceable agreement known as a “Service Level Agreement” (SLA) between a service provider and a customer that outlines service objectives, quality of service requirements, and any associated financial penalties for falling short. We, therefore, presented “A Proactive Resource Supply based Run-time Monitoring of SLA in Cloud Computing”, which allows for the proactive management of SLAs during run-time via the provisioning of cloud services and resources. Within the framework of the proposed work, SLAs are negotiated between cloud users and providers at run-time utilizing SLA Manager. Resources are proactively allocated via the Resource Manager to cut down on SLA violations and misdetection costs. As metrics of performance, we looked at the frequency with which SLAs were broken and the money lost due to false positives. We compared the proposed PRP-RM-SLA model’s simulated performance to the popular existing SLA-based allocation strategy SCOOTER. According to simulation data, the suggested PRP-RM-SLA model is 25% more effective than the current work SCOOTER at reducing SLA breaches and the cost of misdetection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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19 pages, 3555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Content Caching in Mobile Edge Computing Based on User Location and Preferences Using Cosine Similarity and Collaborative Filtering

by Gul-E-Laraib, Sardar Khaliq uz Zaman, Tahir Maqsood, Faisal Rehman, Saad Mustafa, Muhammad Amir Khan, Neelam Gohar, Abeer D. Algarni and Hela Elmannai

Electronics 2023, 12(2), 284; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics12020284 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2319

Abstract

High-speed internet has boosted clients’ traffic needs. Content caching on mobile edge computing (MEC) servers reduces traffic and latency. Caching with MEC faces difficulties such as user mobility, limited storage, varying user preferences, and rising video streaming needs. The current content caching techniques consider user mobility and content popularity to improve the experience. However, no present solution addresses user preferences and mobility, affecting caching decisions. We propose mobility- and user-preferences-aware caching for MEC. Using time series, the proposed system finds mobility patterns and groups nearby trajectories. Using cosine similarity and CF, we predict and cache user-requested content. CF predicts the popularity of grouped-based content to improve the cache hit ratio and reduce delay compared to baseline techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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16 pages, 4210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wideband Singly Fed Compact Circularly Polarized Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna for X-Band Wireless Applications

by Shahid Khan, Muhammad Amir Khan, Muhammad Anab, Safdar Nawaz Khan Marwat, Naveed Jan and Rania M. Ghoniem

Electronics 2022, 11(20), 3281; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11203281 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1421

Abstract

This work focuses on a compact circularly polarized wideband rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) for X-band wireless applications. The wideband response of the RDRA is initially generated by a coaxial probe, a compact RDR, an air gap in the DR and a slot of rectangular shape in the ground. The circular polarization is achieved via incorporation of a unique feeding mechanism. The edge feeding of the RDRA with a coaxial probe generates the orthogonal modes in RDRA that make the design polarized circularly. The axial ratio performance is improved by adding a copper strip on the top of the DR. To validate the simulated results, the prototype design is fabricated and measured results are noted. For −10 dB reference value, the prototype has 59.74% impedance bandwidth (8.45–14.09 GHz). For 3 dB reference value of the axial ratio, the prototype has 9.24% Circular Polarization (CP) performance (10.084–11.084 GHz). The design has 6.5 dBic peak gain and 95.5% peak efficiency. Results show that simulated results are in close agreement with the measured results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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17 pages, 3991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Layer Secrecy by Power Splitting and Jamming in Cooperative Multiple Relay Based on Energy Harvesting in Full-Duplex Network

by Nabila Sehito, Shouyi Yang, Esraa Mousa Ali, Muhammad Abbas Khan, Raja Sohail Ahmed Larik, Inam Bari, Mian Muhammad Kamal, Salahuddin Khan, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari and Ernesto Limiti

Electronics 2022, 11(1), 40; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11010040 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2297

Abstract

In this article, we investigated the secrecy performance of a three-hop relay network system with Power Splitting (PS) and Energy Harvesting (EH). In the presence of one eavesdropper, a signal is transferred from source to destination with the help of a relay. The source signal transmits in full-duplex (FD) mood, jamming the relay transfer signals to the destination. The relay and source employ Time Switching (TS) and Energy Harvesting (EH) techniques to obtain the power from the power beacon. In this study, we compared the Secrecy Rate of two Cooperative Schemes, Amplify and Forward (AF) and Decode and Forward (DF), for both designed systems with the established EH and PS system. The Secrecy Rate was improved by 50.5% in the AF scheme and by 44.2% in the DF scheme between the relay and eavesdropper at 40 m apart for the proposed system in EH and PS. This simulation was performed using the Monto Carlo method in MATLAB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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11 pages, 2895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Wireless Power Transfer via Magnetic Resonance Coupling Using Automated Impedance Matching Circuit

by Esraa Mousa Ali, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Bal S. Virdee, Mohammad Soruri and Ernesto Limiti

Electronics 2021, 10(22), 2779; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10222779 - 13 Nov 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4651

Abstract

In this paper, an automated impedance matching circuit is proposed to match the impedance of the transmit and receive resonators for optimum wireless power transfer (WPT). This is achieved using a 2D open-circuited spiral antenna with magnetic resonance coupling in the low-frequency ISM band at 13.56 MHz. The proposed WPT can be adopted for a wide range of commercial applications, from electric vehicles to consumer electronics, such as tablets and smartphones. The results confirm a power transfer efficiency between the transmit and receive resonant circuits of 92%, with this efficiency being sensitive to the degree of coupling between the coupled pair of resonators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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20 pages, 7332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metamaterial Integrated Folded Dipole Antenna with Low SAR for 4G, 5G and NB-IoT Applications

by Harbinder Singh, Nitin Mittal, Amit Gupta, Yogesh Kumar, Marcin Woźniak and Amtul Waheed

Electronics 2021, 10(21), 2612; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10212612 - 26 Oct 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3029

Abstract

The fast growth of wireless technology for mobile communication devices requires broad bandwidth, high data rate facilities and compact device size. The solution to the next generation user equipment is high data rate 4G/5G technologies. In this research, wideband antenna design was analyzed and evaluated for 4G, 5G and NB-IoT applications. CST microwave studio was used for simulations and investigations of the performance parameters. The antenna was designed as a folded dipole with a tunable bandwidth and resonates for 5G NR n78, NR-IoT bands B1, B2, and B25, and eleven TDD LTE frequency bands with a bandwidth percentage and minimum scattering loss of 69.02% and −42 dB respectively. Additionally, the designed antenna is small (35 × 48 × 1.62 mm³) and planar in structure and can be easily integrated with radio equipment. The antenna design was also investigated for SAR minimization and gain enhancement using metamaterial integration. For all operating frequency bands, the antenna design results in a considerable gain improvement. The metamaterial was shown to be an excellent absorber of radiation, particularly in high frequency regions. This research also included a SAR examination with and without metamaterial integration. SAR values were found to be significantly reduced throughout all operating bands. The results were validated by fabricating the design prototype on FR-4 substrate for 4G, 5G and IoT bands. The antenna will be possibly used for communication in high data rate applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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17 pages, 10360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pentaband Compound Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G and Multi-Standard Sub-6GHz Wireless Applications

by Ikhlas Ahmad, Wasi Ur Rehman Khan, Haris Dildar, Sadiq Ullah, Shakir Ullah, Naveed Mufti, Babar Kamal, Toufeeq Ahmad, Adnan Ghaffar and Mousa I. Hussien

Electronics 2021, 10(20), 2526; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10202526 - 17 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2715

Abstract

This work proposes a low-profile, printed antenna that offers pattern and frequency reconfiguration functionalities printed on FR-4 substrate with a size of 46 × 32 × 1.6 mm³. The proposed antenna can operate in five different frequency bands, each one identified as a Mode, wherein there are possibilities of pattern reconfiguration. The frequency and pattern reconfigurability are made possible through 12 p-i-n diode switches (S1 to S12). The former is enabled through the switches S1 to S4 within the radiating patch, hence effectively controlling the resonant bands of the antenna; the latter is made possible through main lobe beam steering, enabled by the rest of the eight switches (S5 to S12), loaded in split parasitic elements designed on both sides of the radiator. The proposed antenna operates in the 5 GHz (4.52–5.39 GHz) band when all switches are OFF. When S1 is ON, the operating band shifts to 3.5 GHz (2.96–4.17 GHz); it changes to a 2.6 GHz (2.36–2.95 GHz) band when S1 and S2 are ON. When S3 is also turned ON, the antenna shifts to the 2.1 GHz Band (1.95–2.30 GHz). When S1–S4 are ON, the operating band shifts to a 1.8GHz (1.67–1.90 GHz) band. In all these bands, the return loss remains less than −10 dB while maintaining good impedance matching. At each operating band, the ON/OFF states of the eight p-i-n diode switches (S5 through S12) enable beam steering. The proposed antenna can direct the main beam in five distinct directions at 3.5GHz, 2.6 GHz, and 2.1 GHz bands, and three different directions at 5 GHz and 1.8 GHz bands. Different 5G bands (2.1, 2.6, 3.5, and 5) GHz, which fall in the sub 6GHz range, are supported by the proposed antenna. In addition, GSM (1.8 GHz), UMTS (2.1 GHz), 4G-LTE (2.1 GHz and 2.6 GHz), WiMAX (2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz) and WLAN (5 GHz) applications are also supported by the proposed antenna, which is a candidate for handheld 5G/4G/3G devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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14 pages, 7300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of a Photonic Crystal Based Planar Antenna for THz Applications

by Inzamam Ahmad, Sadiq Ullah, Shakir Ullah, Usman Habib, Sarosh Ahmad, Adnan Ghaffar, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Salahuddin Khan and Ernesto Limiti

Electronics 2021, 10(16), 1941; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10161941 - 11 Aug 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3722

Abstract

Modern advancements in wearable smart devices and ultra-high-speed terahertz (THz) communication systems require low cost, low profile, and highly efficient antenna design with high directionality to address the propagation loss at the THz range. For this purpose, a novel shape, high gain antenna for THz frequency range applications is presented in this work. The proposed antenna is based on a photonic bandgap (PBG)-based crystal polyimide substrate which gives optimum performance in terms of gain (9.45 dB), directivity (9.99 dBi), and highly satisfactory VSWR (<1) at 0.63 THz. The performance of the antenna is studied on PBGs of different geometrical configurations and the results are compared with the antenna based on the homogeneous polyimide-based substrate. The effects of variations in the dimensions of the PBG unit cells are also studied to achieve a −10 dB bandwidth of 28.97 GHz (0.616 to 0.64 THz). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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10 pages, 1547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Donut-Shaped mmWave Printed Antenna Array for 5G Technology

by Mian Muhammad Kamal, Shouyi Yang, Saad Hassan Kiani, Muhammad Rizwan Anjum, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Zulfiqar Ali Arain, Abdul Aleem Jamali, Ali Lalbakhsh and Ernesto Limiti

Electronics 2021, 10(12), 1415; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10121415 - 12 Jun 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3340

Abstract

This article presents compact and novel shape ring slotted antenna array operating at mmWave band on central frequency of 28 GHz. The proposed structure designed at 0.256 mm thin Roggers 5880 is composed of a ring shape patch with a square slot etched at the top mid-section of partial ground plane. Through optimizing the ring and square slot parameters high bandwidth of 8 GHz is achieved ranging from 26 to 32 GHz with simulated gain of 3.95 dBi and total efficiency of 96% for single element. The proposed structure is further transformed in a 4 element linear array manner. With compact dimensions of 20 mm × 22 mm for array, the proposed antenna delivers high simulated gain of 10.7 dBi and is designed in such a way that it exhibits dual beam response over the entire band of interest and simulated results well agree with fabricated prototype measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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13 pages, 13610 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Flexible and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna with Small Dimensions and Simple Layout for Wireless Communication Systems Operating over 1.65–2.51 GHz

by Adnan Ghaffar, Xue Jun Li, Wahaj Abbas Awan, Aqeel Hussain Naqvi, Niamat Hussain, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari and Ernesto Limiti

Electronics 2021, 10(5), 601; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10050601 - 4 Mar 2021

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 3406

Abstract

This research article proposes a compact frequency and pattern reconfigurable flexible antenna for heterogeneous applications. A triangular monopole antenna with a semicircular stub is made frequency and pattern tunable by connecting and disconnecting two inverted L-shaped stubs utilizing diodes. When either of the stubs is connected to the radiator, a relative phase difference happens at both ends of the radiator that changes the direction of the electromagnetic radiations, consequently pattern reconfigurability can be obtain. Besides that, because of the reactive load introduced by the stubs, the antenna’s effective length has changed and, as a result, the frequency reconfigurability can be attained. The antenna features a compact size of 40 × 50 × 0.254 mm³ corresponding to 0.22λ_o × 0.27λ_o × 0.001λ_o, where λ_o is free-space wavelength at 1.65 GHz, while its operational bandwidth is from 1.65 GHz to 2.51 GHz, with an average gain and radiation efficiency of better than 2.2 dBi and 80%, exhibiting a pattern reconfigurability of 180° in the E-plane. The frequency of the proposed antenna can be switched from 2.1 GHz to 1.8 GHz by switching the state of both diodes in OFF and ON-state, respectively. The fabricated prototype of the antenna is tested to verify its performance parameters. In addition, to validate the proposed design, it has been compared with prior arts in terms of the overall size, reconfigurability type, flexibility, radio frequency (RF) switch type used for reconfigurability, and frequency bandwidth. The proposed antenna provides smaller size with a large bandwidth coverage alongside with discrete RF switch type with the advantages of flexibility and both frequency and pattern reconfigurability. As a result, the proposed compact flexible and pattern reconfigurable antenna is a promising candidate for heterogeneous applications, including the global system for mobile (GSM) band (1800 and 1900 MHz) and industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band (2.4 GHz) along with well-known cellular communication bands of 3G, 4G, and long term evolution (LTE) bands ranging from 1700–2300 MHz around the globe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Antenna Systems: Challenges, Developments, and Applications)

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