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Forests
Special Issues
Carbon Fluxes and Production in Forest Ecosystems
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Carbon Fluxes and Production in Forest Ecosystems

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Forest Meteorology and Climate Change".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2022) | Viewed by 11548

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Qingkui Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Interests: forest productivity; carbon allocation; litter decomposition; soil organic matter formation and decomposition; microbial necromass; carbon sequestration; their responses to environmental change
Dr. Peng Tian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
Interests: soil respiration; soil organic carbon decomposition; priming effect; temperature sensitivity; global warming; nitrogen deposition; forest ecosystem

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Clarifying carbon fluxes and production in forest ecosystems is a prerequisite for fully understanding carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, contributing to enhancing timber productivity and realizing net zero CO2 emissions around or after 2050. Forests store the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems, and exchange extensively with the atmosphere. Carbon fluxes and production in forest ecosystems can be affected by changes in many natural and anthropic factors. In turn, the responses of the carbon fluxes and production in forest ecosystems further aggravate or alleviate climate change.

This Special Issue of Forests is focused on carbon fluxes and production in forest ecosystems, and how they are influenced by changes in natural and anthropic factors. Articles may focus on any aspect of carbon fluxes or production in forest ecosystems, including net primary productivity, photosynthesis, soil organic carbon formation and decomposition, ecosystem respiration, soil respiration and so on, and their responses to natural and anthropic disturbance.

Prof. Dr. Qingkui Wang
Dr. Peng Tian
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ecosystem productivity
  • plant photosynthesis
  • carbon allocation
  • litter fall and decomposition
  • soil organic matter
  • ecosystem respiration
  • soil respiration
  • carbon sequestration
  • management practices
  • global change

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2384 KiB  
Article
Carbon Storage Expectations on Swamp Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla Miq. Steenis.) on Peatland for Tackling Climate Change
by Dendi Sufrayogi and Gun Mardiatmoko
Forests 2022, 13(8), 1297; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13081297 - 15 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1248
Abstract
(1) Background: The destruction of peatlands caused by forest fire can significantly damage the ecosystems, flora, and fauna found in forests. Swamp jelutung (Dyera polyphylla) is a tree species that can be planted on peatland and combined with seasonal plants to [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The destruction of peatlands caused by forest fire can significantly damage the ecosystems, flora, and fauna found in forests. Swamp jelutung (Dyera polyphylla) is a tree species that can be planted on peatland and combined with seasonal plants to provide multiple economic and environmental benefits. The aim of this study is to analyze the biomass and carbon stocks above and belowground in stands of swamp jelutung of an age class of 10, 13, and 17 years. (2) Methods: Observation plots were determined based on the age classes of D. polyphylla plants. The plots were determined using a purposive sampling method with a size of 20 m × 5 m with two sample plots in each class of plant age. The biomass calculation measured the diameters of living trees without causing any damage. The understory biomass was obtained by cutting and then placing in a container before weighing and recording the wet weight. The necromass was determined by measuring the diameter and length of all the wood. (3) Results: The amount of aboveground biomass (trees) was divided into 111.73 ton/ha (17 years), 55.96 ton/ha (13 years), and 50.08 ton/ha (10 years) age classes. The root biomass had the highest values of 18.36 ton/ha (17 years), 9.45 ton/ha (13 years), and 9.07 ton/ha (10 years). Meanwhile, the organic C contents in peat soil under stands of D. polyphylla were 33.45% (13 years), 31.32% (17 years), and 26.14% (10 years). (4) Conclusions: D. polyphylla trees play a role in restoring forest ecosystems on peatlands and absorb more CO2 as the trees age. Therefore, they are useful in dealing with climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fluxes and Production in Forest Ecosystems)
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13 pages, 2917 KiB  
Article
Carbon Addition Modified the Response of Heterotrophic Respiration to Soil Sieving in Ectomycorrhizal-Dominated Forests
by Sijia Zheng, Xuechao Zhao, Zhaolin Sun, Jing Li, Yanli Jing and Qingkui Wang
Forests 2022, 13(8), 1263; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13081263 - 10 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1224
Abstract
Soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) is an important pathway of carbon (C) dioxide release from terrestrial soils to the atmosphere. It is often measured using sieved soil in a laboratory, but the uncertainty of how it is influenced by soil sieving persists, [...] Read more.
Soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) is an important pathway of carbon (C) dioxide release from terrestrial soils to the atmosphere. It is often measured using sieved soil in a laboratory, but the uncertainty of how it is influenced by soil sieving persists, which limits the accuracy of predicting soil organic C dynamics in C models. To address how soil sieving during laboratory incubation affects Rh and its response to increased carbon availability, we investigated Rh in sieved and intact soil cores and its response to 13C-glucose addition. This was conducted through a 27-day laboratory incubation in four forests, including two ectomycorrhizal-dominated (ECM) forests and two arbuscular mycorrhizal-dominated forests. The significant influence of soil sieving on Rh in all forests was not observed during incubation when glucose was not added. After adding glucose, the Rh in the sieved soils on the 5th day of incubation was averaged 27.2% lower than that in intact soils in ECM forests. On the 27th day it was 22.1% lower in the Pinus massoniana forest, but 78.0% higher in the Castanea mollissima forest. Strong relationships were detected between Rh in sieved and intact soils (r2 = 0.888), and in soils both with and without the addition of glucose (r2 = 0.827). The measured soil variables explained 74.7% and 49.7% of the variation in Rh on the 5th and 27th day of incubation, and the role of soil nutrients and microbial PLFA groups in regulating Rh varied temporally. Our findings suggest that plant mycorrhizal types influenced the role of increased C availability to microbes in regulating the response of Rh to sieving in forest ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fluxes and Production in Forest Ecosystems)
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11 pages, 2646 KiB  
Article
Effects of Litter Input on Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Organic Carbon Mineralization along a Forest Elevation Gradient
by Junlan Wei, Qianqian Zhang, Qingkui Wang and Peng Tian
Forests 2022, 13(8), 1250; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13081250 - 07 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1458
Abstract
The mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC) is generally stimulated under global warming, known as temperature sensitivity (Q10), which is critical for predicting terrestrial C-climate feedback. However, how Q10 varies in different elevations, particularly with litter input, constraining the [...] Read more.
The mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC) is generally stimulated under global warming, known as temperature sensitivity (Q10), which is critical for predicting terrestrial C-climate feedback. However, how Q10 varies in different elevations, particularly with litter input, constraining the establishment of accurate models remains poorly understood. Here, the soil samples of three elevations (750, 950, and 1150 m) were collected from the transition zone of subtropical and warm temperate forests in China for incubation. Soils were incubated with and without 13C-labeled Cunninghamia lanceolata litter at 15 °C and 17.4 °C for 97 days. Incubation process was divided into two stages (0–37 days and 38–97 days) according to the dynamics of CO2 emission. The results showed that Q10 did not change significantly with elevation in the first stage, but Q10 at 950 m was significantly higher than that at 1150 m in the second stage. The variations in Q10 with elevation were regulated by pH in the first stage, while soil C/N was the primary factors that regulated Q10 in the second stage. Q10 showed no response to litter input at 750 m, while it decreased at 950 m in both stages. Following litter input, Q10 at 1150 m increased in the first stage but kept stable in the second stage. The change in Q10 with litter input was mainly affected by the restriction of soil P availability. Overall, our findings emphasized the importance of vertical spatial heterogeneity of Q10 of SOC mineralization in order to improve the prediction accuracy of C dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fluxes and Production in Forest Ecosystems)
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24 pages, 3234 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Variability of Methane Fluxes in Boreo-Nemoral Alder Swamp (European Russia)
by Tamara V. Glukhova, Danil V. Ilyasov, Stanislav E. Vompersky, Gennady G. Suvorov, Alla V. Golovchenko, Natalia A. Manucharova and Alexey L. Stepanov
Forests 2022, 13(8), 1178; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13081178 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2041
Abstract
In 1995–1998 and 2013–2016, we measured methane fluxes (1Q-median-3Q, mgC m−2 h−1) in the Petushikha black alder swamp of the boreo-nemoral zone of European Russia. At microelevations (EL sites), flat surfaces (FL), microdepressions (DEP), and water surfaces of streams and [...] Read more.
In 1995–1998 and 2013–2016, we measured methane fluxes (1Q-median-3Q, mgC m−2 h−1) in the Petushikha black alder swamp of the boreo-nemoral zone of European Russia. At microelevations (EL sites), flat surfaces (FL), microdepressions (DEP), and water surfaces of streams and channels (STR) sites, the fluxes comprised 0.01–0.03–0.09, 0.02–0.06–0.19, 0.04–0.14–0.43, and 0.10–0.21–0.44, respectively. The biggest uncertainty of methane fluxes was caused by seasonal variability (the level of relative variability of fluxes is a nonparametric analogue of the coefficient of variation) which comprised 144%, then by spatial variability—105%, and the smallest by interannual variability—75%. Both spatial and temporal variability of methane fluxes at different elements of the microrelief is heterogeneous: the most variable are communities that are “unstable” in terms of hydrological conditions, such as FL and DEP, and the least variable are the most drained EL and the most moistened STR (“stable” in terms of hydrological conditions). The obtained data on the fluxes and their spatial and temporal variability are consistent with the literature data and can be used to optimize the process of planning studies of the methane budget of “sporadic methane sources”, such as waterlogged forests. This is especially relevant for an adequate assessment of the role of methane fluxes in the formation of the waterlogged forests carbon budget and a changing climate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fluxes and Production in Forest Ecosystems)
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8 pages, 1367 KiB  
Communication
Microbial Residue Distribution in Microaggregates Decreases with Stand Age in Subtropical Plantations
by Yanli Jing, Xuechao Zhao, Shengen Liu, Peng Tian, Zhaolin Sun, Longchi Chen and Qingkui Wang
Forests 2022, 13(7), 1145; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13071145 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1464
Abstract
Soil microbial residues contribute to the majority of stable soil organic carbon (SOC) pools, and their distribution among aggregate fractions determines long-term soil carbon (C) stability and, consequently, soil productivity. However, how microbial residue accumulation and distribution respond to stand age remains unexplored. [...] Read more.
Soil microbial residues contribute to the majority of stable soil organic carbon (SOC) pools, and their distribution among aggregate fractions determines long-term soil carbon (C) stability and, consequently, soil productivity. However, how microbial residue accumulation and distribution respond to stand age remains unexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated microbial residues in bulk soil and soil aggregate fractions under a chronosequence of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata [Lamb.] Hook) plantations with stands aged 3, 17, 27, and 36 years. The results showed that microbial residues in topsoil did not change across the different stand ages, but the residues in the subsoil increased from 3 to 17 years of age and then remained constant. Moreover, microbial residue distribution in microaggregates decreased with stand age, and the residue distribution in small macroaggregates was lower at age 17 years than at other stand ages. The effect of stand age on microbial residue distribution was due to the fact of their effect on aggregate distribution but not microbial residue concentrations in aggregate fractions. Collectively, our results indicate that microbial residue stability decreased with stand age, which has significant implications for the management of SOC in subtropical plantations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fluxes and Production in Forest Ecosystems)
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18 pages, 3494 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Dissolved Carbon in Subalpine Forest Streams
by Jianfeng Hou, Fei Li, Zhihui Wang, Xuqing Li, Rui Cao and Wanqin Yang
Forests 2022, 13(5), 795; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13050795 - 19 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1731
Abstract
Dissolved carbon (DC) in forest streams plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and productivity of adjoining aquatic ecosystems as well as informing biogeochemical links between mountain forests and adjoining rivers. Nevertheless, the functions of forest stream DC dynamics are rarely incorporated [...] Read more.
Dissolved carbon (DC) in forest streams plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and productivity of adjoining aquatic ecosystems as well as informing biogeochemical links between mountain forests and adjoining rivers. Nevertheless, the functions of forest stream DC dynamics are rarely incorporated into river management. To better understand the biogeochemical links between subalpine forests and adjoining streams, the seasonal dynamics of DC in 15 representative forest streams were investigated in a geographically fragile subalpine-gorge catchment in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Depending on stream characteristics and critical periods, the DC stocks in the streams ranged from 0.22 to 2.35 mg m−2 for total DC, from 0.10 to 1.66 mg m−2 for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and from 0.12 to 1.27 mg m−2 for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Moreover, the annual stocks of DC, DIC, and DOC were 1.01, 0.56, and 0.45 mg m−2, respectively. Correspondingly, the averaged export rates for DC, DIC, and DOC from the forest streams ranged from 0.27 to 1.98 mg s−1, from 0.24 to 1.48 mg s−1, and from 0.18 to 0.90 mg s−1, respectively, in the subalpine forest catchment. The annual export rates of total DC, DIC, and DOC were 1.06, 0.75, and 0.31 mg C s−1, respectively. In particular, the highest rates of export were 4.67, 3.53, and 1.34 mg s−1 for DC, DIC, and DOC, respectively, in the snowmelt period. The average ratios of DOC to DIC stock in the export water ranged from 0.23–2.41 for the 15 streams, and the average value was 0.85 during this one-year investigation. In addition, the maximum and minimum values of the DC stocks, their exports, and the DIC:DOC ratio were consistently observed during the snowmelt season and the late growing period. In summary, precipitation, temperature, water discharge rate, and sediment depth regulated the stocks and export rates of DC and its components. In general, forest streams are important links between the carbon biogeochemical cycle of subalpine forests and adjoining streams. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fluxes and Production in Forest Ecosystems)
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13 pages, 3447 KiB  
Article
Spatial Patterns and Drivers of Soil Chemical Properties in Typical Hickory Plantations
by Mengjiao Sun, Enqing Hou, Jiasen Wu, Jianqin Huang, Xingzhao Huang and Xiaoniu Xu
Forests 2022, 13(3), 457; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13030457 - 15 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1664
Abstract
Soil nutrients play critical roles in regulating and improving the sustainable development of economic forests. Consequently, an elucidation of the spatial patterns and drivers of soil nutrients in these forests is fundamental to their management. For this study, we collected 314 composite soils [...] Read more.
Soil nutrients play critical roles in regulating and improving the sustainable development of economic forests. Consequently, an elucidation of the spatial patterns and drivers of soil nutrients in these forests is fundamental to their management. For this study, we collected 314 composite soils at a 0–30 cm depth from a typical hickory plantation in Lin’an, Zhejiang Province, China. We determined the concentrations of macronutrients (i.e., soil organic carbon, available potassium, available phosphorus, available sulfur, and hydrolyzed nitrogen) and micronutrients (i.e., soil available boron, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper) of the soils. We employed random forest analysis to quantify the relative importance of factors affecting soil nutrients to predict the concentrations, which could then be extrapolated to the entire hickory region. Random forest models explained 43–80% of the variations in soil nutrient concentrations. The mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and altitude were key predictors of soil macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations. Moreover, slope and parent material were important predictors of soil nutrients concentrations. Distinct spatial patterns of soil nutrient concentrations were driven by climate, parent material, and topography. Our study highlights the various environmental controls over soil macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations, which have significant implications for the management of soil nutrients in hickory plantations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fluxes and Production in Forest Ecosystems)
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