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Recent Advances in Dental Implantology
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Recent Advances in Dental Implantology

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2022) | Viewed by 34992

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Daniele De Santis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Head and Neck Department, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy
Interests: digital flow in dental surgery; computerized dentistry; tissue engineering; oral and facial pain; genetics; quality of life; dental implantology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, computerized and digital dentistry, tissue engineering, the application of genetics to oral pathology, and the control of orofacial pain have become among the most relevant topics in the scientific literature due to them not only representing a basis for great innovation, but they also aim at improving the quality of life.

As the Guest Editor of this Special Issue, it is my intention to gather the most current research related to these topics, involving some of the leading European experts in the field of dentistry.

It is unequivocal that global interest in this field is growing rapidly. I therefore hope readers enjoy this Special Issue and that it be of use in deepening and updating understanding related to these issues.

Furthermore, there is the possibility that MDPI may consider publishing the articles featured in this Special Issue in a book.

Prof. Dr. Daniele De Santis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Dentistry
  • Dental Implantology
  • Dental Implants
  • Digital Flow in Dental Surgery
  • Computerized Dentistry
  • Digital Dentistry
  • Tissue Engineering

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 713 KiB  
Article
Growth Factor Release within Liquid and Solid PRF
by Katharina Zwittnig, Barbara Kirnbauer, Norbert Jakse, Peter Schlenke, Irene Mischak, Shahram Ghanaati, Sarah Al-Maawi, Dániel Végh, Michael Payer and Tomislav A. Zrnc
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(17), 5070; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11175070 - 29 Aug 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2016
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to obtain data concerning growth factor release within liquid and solid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) matrices and to estimate the amount of potential interindividual variations as a basis for further preclinical and clinical trials. Therefore, we aimed [...] Read more.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to obtain data concerning growth factor release within liquid and solid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) matrices and to estimate the amount of potential interindividual variations as a basis for further preclinical and clinical trials. Therefore, we aimed to determine possible differences in the release of growth factors between liquid and solid PRF. Materials and Methods: Blood samples obtained from four subjects were processed to both liquid and solid PRF matrices using a standard centrifugation protocol. Five growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF; epidermal growth factor, EGF; platelet-derived growth factor-BB, PDGF-BB; transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1; and matrix metallopeptidase 9, MMP-9) have been evaluated at six time points by ELISA over a total observation period of 10 days (1 h, 7 h, 1 d, 2 d, 7 d, and 10 d). Results: Growth factor release could be measured in all samples at each time point. Comparing liquid and solid PRF matrices, no significant differences were detected (p > 0.05). The mean release of VEGF, TGFβ-1, PDGF-BB, and MMP-9 raised to a peak at time point five (day 7) in both liquid and solid PRF matrices. VEGF release was lower in liquid PRF than in solid PRF, whereas those of PDGF-BB and MMP-9 were higher in liquid PRF than in solid PRF at all time points. EGF had its peak release already at time point two after 7 h in liquid and solid matrices (hour 7 EGF solid: mean = 180 pg/mL, SD = 81; EGF liquid: mean = 218 pg/mL, SD = 64), declined rapidly until day 2, and had a second slight peak on day 7 in both groups (day 7 EGF solid: mean = 182 pg/mL, SD = 189; EGF liquid: mean = 81 pg/mL, SD = 70). Conclusions: This study detected growth factor release within liquid and solid PRF matrices with little variations. Further preclinical trials are needed to precisely analyze the growth factor release in larger samples and to better understand their effects on wound healing in different clinical indications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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13 pages, 3624 KiB  
Article
Custom Bone Regeneration (CBR): An Alternative Method of Bone Augmentation—A Case Series Study
by Daniele De Santis, Luciano Umberto, Donadello Dario, Faccioni Paolo, Morris Zarantonello, Cristian Alberti, Giuseppe Verlato and Federico Gelpi
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(16), 4739; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11164739 - 13 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2113
Abstract
We performed this clinical study in order to evaluate the reliability of the Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) surgical technique through the use of customized CAD CAM titanium meshes (Yxoss CBR® Reoss) in order to show an alternative method of bone augmentation. Materials [...] Read more.
We performed this clinical study in order to evaluate the reliability of the Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) surgical technique through the use of customized CAD CAM titanium meshes (Yxoss CBR® Reoss) in order to show an alternative method of bone augmentation. Materials and methods: Nine patients presenting 10 bone defects were referred to solve oral dysfunction due to edentulous atrophic ridges. Guided bone regeneration was performed with titanium meshes combined with autogenous bone grafting and heterologous bovine bone mineral grafting, and exclusively a “poncho technique” soft tissue approach for all the cases. After a mean 9 months of graft healing (range 6–12 months), titanium meshes were removed, and implant surgery was subsequently performed. The results we obtained were positive in terms of volumetric increases in height, length and thickness of the atrophic ridges without biological complications detectable before implant surgery. Results: Out of nine, one site met titanium mesh exposure: however, in all 10 sites a three-dimensional volumetric bone implementation was obtained. The statistical results were estimated by uploading and superimposing cbct scans before and after CBR surgery for each patient, so it was possible evaluate the maximum linear vertical and horizontal bone gain through dedicated Cad Cam software (Exocad GmbH®). The average horizontal gain was 6.37 ± 2.17 mm (range 2.78–9.12 mm) and vertical gain was 5.95 ± 2.06 mm (range 2.68–9.02 mm). A total of 18 implants were placed into the grafted sites with a 100% survival rate (clearly they are relative percentages to be compared to the short time elapsed). Conclusions: The results we obtained in this study suggest that this CBR procedure (Yxoss® by Reoss) is reliable and safe for bone regeneration to allow implant-prosthetic restoration in horizontal, vertical and combined bone defects. The soft tissue management is diriment: all the cases were managed with a “poncho” flap approach to decrease exposure complication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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15 pages, 1260 KiB  
Article
Clinical, Microbiological, and Biochemical Impact of the Surgical Treatment of Peri-Implantitis—A Prospective Case Series
by Fernando Luengo, Myroslav Solonko, Javier Sanz-Esporrín, Ignacio Sanz-Sánchez, David Herrera and Mariano Sanz
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(16), 4699; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11164699 - 11 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1858
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study, a prospective case series, was to evaluate the clinical, microbiological, and biochemical impact of the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. Methods: Thirty subjects with diagnosis of peri-implantitis were treated following a surgical protocol including access flaps, [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of this study, a prospective case series, was to evaluate the clinical, microbiological, and biochemical impact of the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. Methods: Thirty subjects with diagnosis of peri-implantitis were treated following a surgical protocol including access flaps, surface decontamination with ultrasonics and glycine powder air-polishing, and systemic antibiotics. Disease resolution was defined by the composite outcome including presence of probing depths (PD) ≤5 mm, absence of bleeding on probing (BoP)/suppuration, and no additional radiographic bone loss (>1 mm). Regression analysis was used to evaluate the patient-, implant-, and prosthetic-related factors possibly influencing treatment outcomes. Results: Patients were evaluated at 6 months post treatment, demonstrating statistically significant reductions in PD (2.14 ± 1.07 mm) and increase in mucosal recession (1.0 ± 0.77 mm). Plaque, BoP, and suppuration were also reduced by 40.56%, 62.22%, and 7.78%, respectively. Disease resolution was achieved in 56.67% of patients. No significant changes were detected in microbiological parameters except for a significant reduction in proportions of Parvimonas micra. Similarly, the levels of the biomarker interleukin-8 in crevicular fluid were significantly lower at 6 months. Conclusions: The proposed surgical treatment of peri-implantitis demonstrated statistically significant clinical improvements although the impact on microbiological and biochemical parameters was scarce. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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11 pages, 2822 KiB  
Article
Damaged Mesenchymal Cells Dampen the Inflammatory Response of Macrophages and the Formation of Osteoclasts
by Layla Panahipour, Azarakhsh Oladzad Abbasabadi, Viktoria Kaiser, Mariane Beatriz Sordi, Zahra Kargarpour and Reinhard Gruber
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(14), 4061; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11144061 - 14 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1788
Abstract
Damage to mesenchymal cells occurs by dental implant drills as a consequence of shear forces and heat generation. However, how the damaged mesenchymal cells can affect the polarization of macrophages and their differentiation into osteoclastogenesis is not fully understood. To simulate cell damage, [...] Read more.
Damage to mesenchymal cells occurs by dental implant drills as a consequence of shear forces and heat generation. However, how the damaged mesenchymal cells can affect the polarization of macrophages and their differentiation into osteoclastogenesis is not fully understood. To simulate cell damage, we exposed suspended ST2 murine bone marrow stromal cells to freeze/thawing or sonication cycles, followed by centrifugation. We then evaluated the lysates for their capacity to modulate lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage polarization and RANKL-MCSF-TGF-β-induced osteoclastogenesis. We report that lysates of ST2, particularly when sonicated, greatly diminished the expression of inflammatory IL6 and COX2 as well as moderately increased arginase 1 in primary macrophages. That was confirmed by lysates obtained from the osteocytic cell line IDG-SW3. Moreover, the ST2 lysate lowered the phosphorylation of p65 and p38 as well as the nuclear translocation of p65. We further show herein that lysates of damaged ST2 reduced the formation of osteoclast-like cells characterized by their multinuclearity and the expression of tartrate-resistant phosphatase and cathepsin K. Taken together, our data suggest that thermal and mechanical damage of mesenchymal cells causes the release of as-yet-to-be-defined molecules that dampen an inflammatory response and the formation of osteoclasts in vitro. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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10 pages, 2794 KiB  
Article
Influence of Exposure Parameters and Implant Position in Peri-Implant Bone Assessment in CBCT Images: An In Vitro Study
by Paweł Sawicki, Piotr Regulski, Artur Winiarski and Paweł J. Zawadzki
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(13), 3846; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11133846 - 02 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1317
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of dimensional distortion and its changes with modification of exposure setting parameters on the measurements of peri-implant bone margin. Ten titanium dental implants (InKone Primo, Global D, Paris, France) were placed in two [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of dimensional distortion and its changes with modification of exposure setting parameters on the measurements of peri-implant bone margin. Ten titanium dental implants (InKone Primo, Global D, Paris, France) were placed in two prepared bovine ribs. Two bone models and an implant-with-transfer model were scanned with 3shape E4 (3shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) laboratory scanner. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of two bone models were taken with different values of voltage (60, 70, 80, 90 kV), tube current (4, 10 mA) and voxel size (200, 300 µm). All the data were superimposed using planning software, and the measurements of buccal bone thickness in two selected regions were performed both using CBCT and scan cross-sections. The mean squared error (MSE) being the squared differences between measurements was used in the accuracy assessment of the CBCT device. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences between voltage and MSE (p = 0.044), as well as implant position and MSE (p = 0.005). The distortions of measurements depend on bone margin thickness, and the higher the distance to measure, the higher the error. Accurate measurements of buccal bone thickness (MSE below 0.25) were achieved with voltage values of 70, 80, and 90 kV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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7 pages, 205 KiB  
Article
Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain (PIFP) in Patients Referred to a Multidisciplinary Centre in Italy: A Retrospective Observational Study
by Vittorio Schweiger, Riccardo Nocini, Daniele De Santis, Pasquale Procacci, Giovanni Zanette, Erica Secchettin, Giovanna Del Balzo, Andrea Fior, Alvise Martini, Marta Nizzero, Katia Donadello, Gabriele Finco, Leonardo Gottin and Enrico Polati
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(13), 3821; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11133821 - 01 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1754
Abstract
Background: Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain (PIFP), previously named Atypical Facial Pain (AFP) is a poorly understood condition, often diagnosed after several inconclusive investigations. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with PIFP referred to [...] Read more.
Background: Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain (PIFP), previously named Atypical Facial Pain (AFP) is a poorly understood condition, often diagnosed after several inconclusive investigations. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with PIFP referred to a Facial Pain Center. Methods: Between May 2011 and September 2014, data on 41 PIFP patients were analyzed regarding temporal, topographical and descriptive pain features, including onset, localization, pain descriptors and intensity. Pharmacological pain treatments were also registered. Finally, the presence and type of previous minor oro-surgery procedures in the painful area were investigated. Results: Demographic and clinical characterization were similar to PIFP patients reported in literature. The presence of previous minor oro-surgery procedures in the painful area was reported in most of these patients, in particular endodontic treatments and tooth extractions. Conclusions: This retrospective analysis showed a high prevalence of minor oro-surgery procedures in our population, while its role in PIFP pathophysiology remains unknown. A new classification of PIFP built around the main discriminant factor of presence of these procedures in the painful area could be considered while available data were still insufficient to define specific diagnostic criteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
15 pages, 2140 KiB  
Article
What Does Bone Corticalization around Dental Implants Mean in Light of Ten Years of Follow-Up?
by Marcin Kozakiewicz, Małgorzata Skorupska and Tomasz Wach
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(12), 3545; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11123545 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2246
Abstract
The phenomenon of peri-implant bone corticalization after functional loading does not yet have a definite clinical significance and impact on prognosis. An attempt was made to assess the clinical significance of this phenomenon. This prospective study included 554 patients. Standardized intraoral radiographs documenting [...] Read more.
The phenomenon of peri-implant bone corticalization after functional loading does not yet have a definite clinical significance and impact on prognosis. An attempt was made to assess the clinical significance of this phenomenon. This prospective study included 554 patients. Standardized intraoral radiographs documenting the jawbone environment of 1556 implants were collected. The follow-up period was 10 years of functional loading. Marginal alveolar bone loss (MBL) and radiographic bone structure (bone index, BI) were evaluated in relation to intraosseous implant design features and prosthetic work performed. After five years, bone structure abnormalities expressed by a reduction of BI to 0.47 ± 0.21 and MBL = 0.88 ± 1.27 mm were observed. Both values had an inverse relationship with each other (p < 0.0001). Reference cancellous bone showed BI = 0.85 ± 0.18. The same relationship was observed after ten years of functional loading: BI = 0.48 ± 0.21, MBL = 1.49 ± 1.94 mm, and again an inverse relationship (p < 0.0001). Increasing corticalization (lower BI) is strongly associated with increasing marginal bone loss and increasing corticalization precedes future marginal bone loss. Marginal bone loss will increase as corticalization progresses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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8 pages, 1649 KiB  
Article
Alveolar Bone Remodeling with or without Collagen Filling of the Extraction Socket: A High-Resolution X-ray Tomography Animal Study
by Ugo Covani, Enrica Giammarinaro, Daniele Panetta, Piero A. Salvadori, Saverio Cosola and Simone Marconcini
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(9), 2493; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11092493 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2250
Abstract
The healing process of the tooth extraction socket often leads to significant resorption of the alveolar bone, eventually causing clinical difficulties for future implant-supported rehabilitations. The aim of the present animal study was to evaluate alveolar bone remodeling after tooth extraction in a [...] Read more.
The healing process of the tooth extraction socket often leads to significant resorption of the alveolar bone, eventually causing clinical difficulties for future implant-supported rehabilitations. The aim of the present animal study was to evaluate alveolar bone remodeling after tooth extraction in a rabbit model, either with or without the use of a plain collagen plug inside the socket, by means of micro-computed tomography. The study included the micro-tomography analysis of 36 rabbits’ incisor extraction sockets, either left empty or filled with a collagen plug. All animals were euthanized in a staggered manner, in order to address molecular, histologic, and radiographic analyses at different time-points, up to 90 days after surgery. The three-dimensional evaluation was carried out using micro-computed tomography technology on excised bone blocks including the alveolus and the contralateral bone. Both linear and volumetric measures were recorded: the percentage of bone volume change (ΔBV) within the region of interest was considered the primary endpoint of the study. The micro-CT analysis revealed mean volumetric changes of −58.1% ± from baseline to 3 months for the control group, and almost no bone loss for the test group, −4.6%. The sockets treated with the collagen plug showed significantly less dimensional resorption, while the natural-healing group showed an evident collapse of the alveolar bone three months after extraction surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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15 pages, 2759 KiB  
Article
Influence of Bone-Level Dental Implants Placement and of Cortical Thickness on Osseointegration: In Silico and In Vivo Analyses
by Javier Gil, Clara Sandino, Miguel Cerrolaza, Román Pérez, Mariano Herrero-Climent, Blanca Rios-Carrasco, Jose Vicente Rios-Santos and Aritza Brizuela
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(4), 1027; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11041027 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2707
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to study the biomechanical response of dental implants in bone-level type locations, 0.5 mm above and below the bone level. In addition, the influence of the thickness of the cortical bone on osseointegration is determined due to [...] Read more.
The purpose of this research is to study the biomechanical response of dental implants in bone-level type locations, 0.5 mm above and below the bone level. In addition, the influence of the thickness of the cortical bone on osseointegration is determined due to the mechanical loads transfer from the dental implant to the cortical and trabecular bone. The thicknesses studied were 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm. Numerical simulations were performed using a finite element method (FEM)-based model. In order to verify the FEM model, the in silico results were compared with the results obtained from a histological analysis performed in an in vivo study with 30 New Zealand rabbits. FEM was performed using a computerized 3D model of bone-level dental implants inserted in the lower jawbone with an applied axial load of 100 N. The analysis was performed using different distances from the bone level and different thicknesses of cortical bone. The interface area of bone growth was evaluated by analyzing the bone–implant contact (BIC), region of interest (ROI) and total bone area (BAT) parameters obtained through an in vivo histological process and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bone-level implants were inserted in the rabbit tibiae, with two implants placed per tibia. These parameters were evaluated after three or six weeks of implantation. FEM studies showed that placements 0.5 mm below the bone level presented lower values of stress distribution compared to the other studied placements. The lower levels of mechanical stress were then correlated with the in vivo studies, showing that this position presented the highest BIC value after three or six weeks of implantation. In this placement, vertical bone growth could be observed up the bone level. The smallest thickness of the study showed a better transfer of mechanical loads, which leads to a better osseointegration. In silico and in vivo results both concluded that the implants placed 0.5 mm below the cortical bone and with lower thicknesses presented the best biomechanical and histological behavior in terms of new bone formation, enhanced mechanical stability and optimum osseointegration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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16 pages, 3537 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Dental Surface Image Registration and Fiducial Marker Registration: An In Vivo Accuracy Study of Static Computer-Assisted Implant Surgery
by Yen-Ting Han, Wei-Chun Lin, Fang-Yu Fan, Chih-Long Chen, Chia-Cheng Lin and Hsin-Chung Cheng
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(18), 4183; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10184183 - 16 Sep 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2923
Abstract
This study compared the accuracy of static computer-assisted implant surgery (sCAIS) planned through dental surface image registration and fiducial marker registration. Stone models of 30 patients were converted into digital dental casts by using a desktop scanner. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed [...] Read more.
This study compared the accuracy of static computer-assisted implant surgery (sCAIS) planned through dental surface image registration and fiducial marker registration. Stone models of 30 patients were converted into digital dental casts by using a desktop scanner. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed and superimposed to the digital dental casts with two methods: matching the dental surface images or matching the fiducial markers on a stereolithographic radiographic template. Following the implant planning, stereolithographic surgical guides were fabricated, and 56 fully guided implants were inserted by the same doctor. Deviations between planned and inserted implants were measured and compared using postoperative CBCT images. After adjustment for other potential influencing factors, compared with the fiducial marker registration group, significantly larger mean lateral deviations were noted in the dental surface registration group at both the implant platform and apex (p = 0.0188 and 0.0371, respectively). However, the mean lateral deviations for the dental surface registration (0.83 ± 0.51 mm at implant platform and 1.24 ± 0.68 mm at implant apex) were comparable to the literature. In conclusion, our findings indicate that although sCAIS planned using dental surface image registration was not statistically as accurate as that using fiducial marker registration, its accuracy was satisfactory for clinical use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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14 pages, 3087 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Computer-Aided Static Navigation Technique on the Accuracy of the Orthodontic Micro-Screws Placement: An In Vitro Study
by Paulina Rodríguez Torres, Sergio Toledano Gil, Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho, María Bufalá Pérez, Elena Riad Deglow, Georgia Tzironi, Alberto Albaladejo Martínez and Sofía Hernández Montero
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(18), 4127; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10184127 - 13 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1970
Abstract
To analyze the influence of the computer-aided static navigation technique on the accuracy of placement of orthodontic micro-screws. One hundred and thirty-eight orthodontic micro-screws were randomly assigned to the following study groups: Group A. orthodontic micro-screw placement using a computer-aided static navigation technique [...] Read more.
To analyze the influence of the computer-aided static navigation technique on the accuracy of placement of orthodontic micro-screws. One hundred and thirty-eight orthodontic micro-screws were randomly assigned to the following study groups: Group A. orthodontic micro-screw placement using a computer-aided static navigation technique (n = 69); B. orthodontic micro-screw placement using the conventional freehand technique (n = 69). In addition, the accuracy in the canine–premolar, premolar and molar sectors was analyzed in each study group. Cone-beam computed tomography and intraoral scans were taken both prior and subsequent to orthodontic micro-screw placement. The images were then uploaded using a 3D implant planning software, where the deviation and horizontal angles were analyzed using a multivariate linear model. These measurements were taken at the coronal entry point and apical endpoint between the planned orthodontic micro-screws. In addition, any complications resulting from micro-screw placement, such as spot perforations, were also analyzed in all dental sectors. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the two study groups with regard to the coronal entry-point, apical end-point (p < 0.001) and angular deviations (p < 0.001) between the computer-aided static navigation technique and freehand technique study groups. Moreover, statistically significant differences were showed between the different dental sectors (p < 0.001). Additionally, twelve root perforations were observed at the conventional free hand technique study group while there were no root perforations in the computer-aided static navigation technique study group. The results showed that the computer-aided static navigation technique enables a more accurate orthodontic micro-screw placement with less intraoperative complications when compared with the conventional freehand technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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12 pages, 2762 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Stress and Deformation between One-Fenced and Three-Fenced Dental Implants Using Finite Element Analysis
by Chia-Hsuan Lee, Arvind Mukundan, Szu-Chien Chang, Yin-Lai Wang, Shu-Hao Lu, Yu-Cheng Huang and Hsiang-Chen Wang
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(17), 3986; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10173986 - 02 Sep 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2358
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) has always been an important tool in studying the influences of stress and deformation due to various loads on implants to the surrounding jaws. This study assessed the influence of two different types of dental implant model on stress [...] Read more.
Finite element analysis (FEA) has always been an important tool in studying the influences of stress and deformation due to various loads on implants to the surrounding jaws. This study assessed the influence of two different types of dental implant model on stress dissipation in adjoining jaws and on the implant itself by utilizing FEA. This analysis aimed to examine the effects of increasing the number of fences along the implant and to compare the resulting stress distribution and deformation with surrounding bones. When a vertical force of 100 N was applied, the largest displacements found in the three-fenced and single-fenced models were 1.7469 and 2.5267, respectively, showing a drop of 30.8623%. The maximum stress found in the three-fenced and one-fenced models was 13.518 and 22.365 MPa, respectively, showing a drop of 39.557%. Moreover, when an oblique force at 35° was applied, a significant increase in deformation and stress was observed. However, the three-fenced model still had less stress and deformation compared with the single-fenced model. The FEA results suggested that as the number of fences increases, the stress dissipation increases, whereas deformation decreases considerably. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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13 pages, 25700 KiB  
Article
Behavior of Soft Tissue around Platform-Switched Implants and Non-Platform-Switched Implants: A Comparative Three-Year Clinical Study
by Davide Farronato, Mattia Manfredini, Marco Farronato, Pietro Mario Pasini, Andrea Alain Orsina and Diego Lops
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(13), 2955; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10132955 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2580
Abstract
To verify the influence of platform-switching (PS) on soft tissue behavior by comparing the soft tissue stability around implants with and without PS, during three years of follow-up. The study included patients treated with fixed dentures supported by implants with an internal connection. [...] Read more.
To verify the influence of platform-switching (PS) on soft tissue behavior by comparing the soft tissue stability around implants with and without PS, during three years of follow-up. The study included patients treated with fixed dentures supported by implants with an internal connection. The radiographic distance between the first bone-to-implant contact (FBIC) and the implant shoulder was assessed. Additionally, the presence of keratinized facial mucosa and the prosthetic crown height (TH) were monitored for three years from the delivery of the definitive crown. These parameters were measured for two different groups: platform-switched implants in the PS group and non-platform-switched (NPS) implants in the NPS group. Seventy-seven implants were considered in the statistical analysis. After three years, the overall FBIC mean value was 0.31 ± 1.00 mm. However, the mean FBIC was 0.66 ± 0.97 mm for the NPS group and −0.05 ± 0.91 mm for the PS group. Moreover, a mean recession of 0.54 ± 1.39 mm was measured for the NPS group, whereas a mean coronal migration of 0.17 ± 0.95 mm was measured for the PS group. A significant correlation was also found between the presence of PS and ΔTH (p ≤ 0.01) over the three years of follow-up. The absence or presence of platform-switching would appear to affect the tendency of the gingival buccal margin towards recession or creeping. Additionally, implant-abutment platform-switching seems to help prevent peri-implant soft tissue recession over time when compared to implants without PS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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Review

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20 pages, 653 KiB  
Review
Fractal Dimension as a Tool for Assessment of Dental Implant Stability—A Scoping Review
by Sukanya Mishra, Manoj Kumar, Lora Mishra, Rinkee Mohanty, Rashmita Nayak, Abhaya Chandra Das, Sambhab Mishra, Saurav Panda and Barbara Lapinska
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(14), 4051; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11144051 - 13 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1539
Abstract
A lot of modalities for assessing implant stability are available for clinicians, but they fail to assess trabecular changes as they are solely dependent on the operator’s skills. The use of Fractal Dimension (FD) has evolved to be used as a measure for [...] Read more.
A lot of modalities for assessing implant stability are available for clinicians, but they fail to assess trabecular changes as they are solely dependent on the operator’s skills. The use of Fractal Dimension (FD) has evolved to be used as a measure for trabecular changes depicting implant stability before and after implant placement. The objective of this systematic review was to qualitatively analyse the available scientific literature describing the use of FD as a tool to measure implant stability on the basis of trabecular changes. An electronic search in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus was carried out using relevant keywords, such as: fractal dimension; fractal analysis; dental implants; implant stability; osseointegration, etc. Studies reporting the use of FD as a tool to measure implant stability were included and subjected to qualitative analysis using ROBINS-I and Cochrane risk of bias assessment criteria. Fourteen studies were included in this review. Results showed that FD was found to be used solely as a measure of implant stability in seven studies, out of which six studies showed an increment in FD values. The majority of studies concluded with a statistical correlation between FD and respective other assessment methods used. FD may not serve as a sole indicator of implant stability; however, it can be used as an adjunct to conventional methods along with additional fractal factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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Other

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12 pages, 6844 KiB  
Case Report
A Novel Muco-Gingival Approach for Immediate Implant Placement to Obtain Soft- and Hard-Tissue Augmentation
by Martina Stefanini, Matteo Sangiorgi, Diego Bianchelli, Pietro Bellone, Federico Gelpi, Daniele De Santis and Giovanni Zucchelli
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(17), 4985; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11174985 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2431
Abstract
The aim of this article is to describe a novel approach combining muco-gingival, regenerative and prosthetics concepts for immediate implant insertion that overcomes the limits traditionally considered as contraindications for Type 1 flapless implant positioning, simultaneously obtaining soft- and hard-tissue augmentation. After pre-surgical [...] Read more.
The aim of this article is to describe a novel approach combining muco-gingival, regenerative and prosthetics concepts for immediate implant insertion that overcomes the limits traditionally considered as contraindications for Type 1 flapless implant positioning, simultaneously obtaining soft- and hard-tissue augmentation. After pre-surgical CBCT evaluation, the surgical technique consisted in the execution of a lateral-approach coronally advanced envelope flap, with oblique submarginal interproximal incisions directed towards the flap’s center of rotation (the tooth to be extracted); after buccal-flap elevation, the atraumatic extraction of the tooth was performed. Following guided implant insertion, a mixture of biomaterial and autologous bone was placed, stabilized by a pericardium membrane and a connective-tissue graft sutured in the inner aspect of the buccal flap. The peri-implant soft tissues were conditioned with a provisional crown until the shape and position for the mucosal scallop to resemble the gingival margin of the adjacent corresponding tooth were obtained; then, the definitive screw-retained restoration was placed. Within the limitations of this case report, the proposed immediate implant placement approach combining CTG application and buccal bone regeneration showed the possibility of obtaining 1-year-follow-up implant success, stable bone level, good esthetic results and high patient satisfaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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16 pages, 4199 KiB  
Systematic Review
A New Matrix for Soft Tissue Management
by Daniele De Santis, Umberto Luciano, Paola Pancera, Giacomo Castegnaro, Christian Alberti and Federico Gelpi
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(15), 4486; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11154486 - 01 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1393
Abstract
Gingival recession is a mucogingival defect defined as the apical shifting of the gingival margin in relation to the CEJ. The use of connective tissue autografts allows for the obtention of very satisfactory results but is associated with undoubted disadvantages. The aim of [...] Read more.
Gingival recession is a mucogingival defect defined as the apical shifting of the gingival margin in relation to the CEJ. The use of connective tissue autografts allows for the obtention of very satisfactory results but is associated with undoubted disadvantages. The aim of the present work is to carry out a systematic review of the literature using a meta-analysis to investigate the clinical efficacy of xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM) in the treatment of gingival recessions. This revision was carried out strictly following the guidelines published in the Cochrane Handbook. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to calculate relative risks and standardized mean differences for each of the variables considered. The results of the meta-analysis show that CAF + CTG was statistically better than CAF + XCM in almost all the variables analyzed: complete root coverage (RR 0.46), mean root coverage (SMD −0.89), recession reduction (SMD −0.98), clinical attachment level (SMD −0.63) and gingival thickness (SMD −1.68). Meanwhile, CAF + XCM was slightly better than CAF alone in regard to: mean root coverage (SMD 0.51), recession reduction (SMD 0.47) and gingival thickness (SMD 0.56). It is possible to conclude that CAF + CTG still remains the gold standard in radicular coverage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Implantology)
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