Innovations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy

Dear Colleagues,

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the seventh most common cancer worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer death. Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for patients with HCC remains poor, and it remains a significant global health challenge. This Special Issue delves into the latest advancements in understanding the pathogenesis, improving diagnosis, and developing innovative therapies for HCC.

In the first section, we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HCC. This includes the identification of new genetic and epigenetic alterations that contribute to HCC development, as well as the role of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Notably, the identification of driver mutations in HCC has led to the development of targeted therapies that have shown promise in clinical trials. Additionally, research on the tumor microenvironment has revealed the importance of immune cells in HCC progression and has led to the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches.

In diagnostics, the ai mis detects HCC at an early stage, when treatment is most likely to be curative. Imaging modalities, such as ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, can be used to diagnose HCC and to monitor treatment response. Moreover, the integration of advanced imaging techniques, liquid biopsies, and multi-omics approaches has revolutionized the precise characterization of HCC. Emerging biomarkers, including circulating tumor DNA, microRNAs, and exosomal proteins, provide promising avenues for non-invasive screening and the real-time monitoring of disease progression and treatment response.

Therapeutically, the landscape of HCC management is rapidly evolving. This includes the use of targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and combination therapies. The advent of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors has significantly improved patient outcomes such as lenvatinib, bevacizumab, atezolizumab, and durvalumab. Additionally, innovative approaches like CAR-T cell therapy, oncolytic virotherapy, and combination regimens are under investigation, aiming to overcome resistance mechanisms and enhance antitumor activity.

This Special Issue collates contributions from leading researchers and clinicians, providing comprehensive insights into the cutting-edge developments in HCC. By bridging the gap between basic research and clinical application, it aims to foster collaboration and accelerate the translation of scientific discoveries into effective therapies, ultimately improving prognosis and quality of life for HCC patients.

Prof. Dr. Luca Rinaldi
Guest Editor

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• hepatocellular carcinoma
• MASLD
• virus
• immune checkpoint inhibitors
• liquid biopsy