Journal of Clinical Medicine

Research

14 pages, 1478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resistance Training to Muscle Failure with Variable Load Intensities: Implications for Post-Exercise Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Trained Men

by Ali Kamil Güngör, Hüseyin Topçu, Monira I. Aldhahi, Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna and Mehmet Gülü

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(8), 2296; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm13082296 - 16 Apr 2024

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Abstract

Background: The modulation of cardiac sympathovagal balance alters following acute resistance training (RT) sessions. Nevertheless, the precise influence of RT at varying load intensities on this physiological response remains to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare [...] Read more.

Background: The modulation of cardiac sympathovagal balance alters following acute resistance training (RT) sessions. Nevertheless, the precise influence of RT at varying load intensities on this physiological response remains to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the time course of recovery following low- (40%), moderate- (60%), and high- (80%) load-intensity RT protocols performed up to muscle repetition failure in resistance-trained men. Method: Sixteen young, resistance-trained men (mean age: 21.6 ± 2.5 years, mean height: 175.7 ± 8.9 cm, mean weight: 77.1 ± 11.3 kg) participated in a randomized crossover experimental design involving three sessions, each taken to the point of muscle failure. These sessions were characterized by different load intensities: low (40% of 1-repetition maximum, 1RM), moderate (60% of 1RM), and high (80% of 1RM). The exercise regimen comprised four exercises—back squat (BS), bench press (BnP), barbell row (BR), and shoulder press (SP)—with each exercise consisting of three sets. Throughout each session, heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure (BP) parameters were assessed both pre-exercise and during a 40 min post-exercise period, segmented into 10 min intervals for stabilization. Statistical analysis involved the use of a repeated measures ANOVA. Results: It was observed that the 40% and 60% RT sessions resulted in a significantly higher root mean square of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD) value compared to the 80% RT session in the post-exercise recovery process in 30 min (respectively, p = 0.025; p = 0.028) and 40 min (respectively, p = 0.031; p = 0.046), while the 40% and 60% RT sessions produced similar responses. The 40% RT session was significantly higher in the high frequency (HF) value post-exercise in 40 min compared to the 80% RT session (p = 0.045). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that engaging in resistance training (RT) sessions to muscle failure at an intensity of 80% induces acute increases in sympathetic activity, potentially leading to elevated cardiovascular stress. For individuals with normal blood pressure, it is advisable to opt for lighter loads and higher repetition volumes when prescribing RT, as heavier-load RT may carry an increased risk of cardiac-related factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Exercise: How It Benefits Health and Disease)

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11 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Acute Deep Seawater Supplementation on Muscle Function after Triathlon

by Jerónimo Aragón-Vela, Olivia González-Acevedo, Juan Carlos De la Cruz-Márquez, Francisco Javier Rojas Ruíz, Manuel Martínez Marín, Rafael A. Casuso, Julio Plaza-Diaz and Jesus F. Rodriguez Huertas

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(8), 2258; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm13082258 - 12 Apr 2024

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Abstract

(1) Background: Trainers and athletes have always sought to reduce the failure of muscle function during long endurance events. However, nowadays, it is a topic that is generating much debate in the scientific field. Currently, deep-sea water (DSW) intake seems to be a [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Trainers and athletes have always sought to reduce the failure of muscle function during long endurance events. However, nowadays, it is a topic that is generating much debate in the scientific field. Currently, deep-sea water (DSW) intake seems to be a suitable hydration alternative for this type of endurance event. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether DSW consumption during a triathlon event could preserve muscle function after exercise. (2) Methods: Nineteen trained male triathletes (age = 39.0 ± 4.25 years; BMI = 23.67 ± 1.81 kg/m²) randomly performed three triathlons, one of them consuming DSW (Totum SPORT 30 AB, Laboratories Quinton International, S.L., Spain), the other consuming isotonic placebo and the last with tap water-hydration. A vertical jump test with countermovement and an isometric muscle strength test were conducted before and after the triathlon test. (3) Results: There was a significant difference between treatment × time during the isometric muscle strength test. Based on the Tukey post hoc analysis, the peak net force decreased statistically in the placebo (p = 0.045) and control conditions (p = 0.026), but not in the experimental condition (p = 0.121). In addition, all of the conditions studied obtained similar results in the countermovement vertical jump after exercise. (4) Conclusions: As a result, consumption of DSW seems to delay the failure of muscle function specifically in isometric exercises but does not improve performance in sports. Thus, DSW does not alter muscle capacity in a negative way; therefore, its consumption may be recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Exercise: How It Benefits Health and Disease)

12 pages, 1866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Combining Blood Flow Restriction with the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Hamstring Strength: Randomized Controlled Trial

by Necdet Eray Pişkin, Gönül Yavuz, Zait Burak Aktuğ, Monira I. Aldhahi, Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna and Mehmet Gülü

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 2035; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm13072035 - 01 Apr 2024

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Abstract

(1) Background: It is a matter of curiosity what effect the blood flow restriction (BFR) method, which is usually combined with low-intensity resistance exercises, will have when used with high-intensity eccentric exercises. (2) Methods: The present study examined the effects of combining BFR [...] Read more.

(1) Background: It is a matter of curiosity what effect the blood flow restriction (BFR) method, which is usually combined with low-intensity resistance exercises, will have when used with high-intensity eccentric exercises. (2) Methods: The present study examined the effects of combining BFR with nordic hamstring exercises (NHEs) on hamstring muscle strength, bilateral deficit (BLD), and training volume. Thirty young female volleyball players, who trained three times a week, participated voluntarily in the study. These players were stratified into three groups, each comprising ten individuals: a control group (CG), an NHE group, and an NHE + BFR group. Hamstring muscle strength and BLD values were determined using an H-BORD device, while training volume was measured in terms of sets and repetitions. (3) Results: Statistical analysis revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in non-dominant and dominant leg peak torque parameters in the exercise groups (F = 2.65; p = 0.097; η_p² = 0.17; F = 1.15; p = 0.0334; η_p² = 0.084), while the total training volume was lower in the NHE + BFR group. (4) Conclusions: As a result, it was seen that adding the BFR method to NHE did not provide additional gains. However, due to the low training volume of BFR + NHE, it may be recommended to apply BFR together with NHE to athlete groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Exercise: How It Benefits Health and Disease)

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14 pages, 1660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Upper Limb Functional Assessment and Clinical Tests of Shoulder Mobility and Posture in Individuals Participating in Recreational Strength Training

by Magdalena Zawadka, Marta Gaweł, Agnieszka Tomczyk-Warunek, Karolina Turżańska and Tomasz Blicharski

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 1028; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm13041028 - 10 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Background: The upper limb is crucial for functioning in everyday life, thus comprehensive assessment is crucial for physically active people to monitor the effect of exercise and prevent injuries. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between upper limb function, [...] Read more.

Background: The upper limb is crucial for functioning in everyday life, thus comprehensive assessment is crucial for physically active people to monitor the effect of exercise and prevent injuries. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between upper limb function, shoulder mobility, and posture in individuals who participate in recreational strength training. Methods: Thirty-four subjects who engaged in strength training of the upper limbs were divided into two groups: Group 1 (exercise < 3 years) and Group 2 (exercise ≥ 3 years). Lateral scapular slide tests, head and clavicle posture evaluations, and shoulder mobility and closed kinetic chain tests were performed. Results: Group 1 had a greater flexion deficit in both shoulders than Group 2. There was greater external rotation in the non-dominant shoulder and a greater score of the closed kinetic chain test in Group 2 compared to Group 1. There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding scapula, clavicle, and head posture. The closed kinetic chain test was correlated with a scapula position and symmetry in shoulder flexion in Group 2. Conclusions: Long-term strength training of the upper limbs can be recommended to improve functional abilities in the closed kinetic chain, increase shoulder mobility, and reduce asymmetry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Exercise: How It Benefits Health and Disease)

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22 pages, 4869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Various Hydration Strategies on Work Intensity and Selected Physiological Indices in Young Male Athletes during Prolonged Physical Exercise at High Ambient Temperatures

by Tomasz Pałka, Łukasz Rydzik, Piotr Michał Koteja, Anna Piotrowska, Małgorzata Bagińska, Tadeusz Ambroży, Boryana Angelova-Igova, Norollah Javdaneh, Szczepan Wiecha, Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik and Łukasz Tota

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 982; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm13040982 - 08 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Background: In high temperatures, adequate hydration is vital for sustained physical exercise. This study explores the effect of three hydration strategies on physiological indices and work intensity. Methods: The research involved 12 healthy males who engaged in three test series, each [...] Read more.

Background: In high temperatures, adequate hydration is vital for sustained physical exercise. This study explores the effect of three hydration strategies on physiological indices and work intensity. Methods: The research involved 12 healthy males who engaged in three test series, each separated by a one-week interval. During the trials, participants underwent a 120 min cycling session in a thermal climate chamber (temperature: 31 ± 2 °C, humidity: 60 ± 3%, air movement: <1 m/s). Measurements of rectal temperature (Tre) and heart rate (HR), and assessment of subjective workload perception, and thermal comfort were made both before and during the exercise. The computation of the physical strain index (PSI) relied on Tre and HR values. Three hydration strategies (isotonic drink, water, and no hydration) were administered before, during, and after the exercise. Results: Regardless of the hydration strategy, the participants’ mean body mass decreased as a result of the exercise. Statistically significant differences in HR were observed between the no-hydration and water groups (p < 0.036). The mean PSI values significantly varied between hydration strategies, with the no hydration group exhibiting a higher PSI compared to the isotonic drink or water groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: All hydration strategies contribute to thermoregulatory processes and mitigate the rise in internal body temperature during sustained physical exercise in elevated ambient temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Exercise: How It Benefits Health and Disease)

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10 pages, 1072 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Analysis of Course of Changes in Blood Lactate Concentration in Response to Graded Exercise Test and Modified Wingate Test in Adolescent Road Cyclists

by Bartosz Zając

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(2), 535; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm13020535 - 17 Jan 2024

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Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the course of changes in the blood lactate (BL) concentration in response to the graded exercise test (GXT) and the modified Wingate test (MWT). Methods: This study involved 23 male highly trained road cyclists [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the course of changes in the blood lactate (BL) concentration in response to the graded exercise test (GXT) and the modified Wingate test (MWT). Methods: This study involved 23 male highly trained road cyclists (age: 16.2 ± 1.1 years; experience: 5.0 ± 2.1 years; VO₂max 59.0 ± 3.5 mL × kg⁻¹ × min⁻¹). The analysis of BL concentration was conducted using an enzymatic–amperometric electrochemical technique. Results: Our study provided the following information: (i) peak BL concentration in response to GXT (12.86 ± 2.32 mmol × L⁻¹) and MWT (12.85 ± 1.47 mmol × L⁻¹) is expected around the third minute after the completion of the trial; (ii) 60 min is not a sufficient period for BL concentration to return to resting values after GXT; (iii) post-GXT BL removal during the 60 min period is unsteady (3–20 min: −2.6 ± −0.6% × min⁻¹; 20–60 min: −1.6 ± −0.3% × min⁻¹; p-value for comparison < 0.01), whereas post-MWT BL removal during the 12 min period appears to be constant (3–6 min: −2.4 ± −5.6% × min⁻¹, 6–9 min: −2.6 ± −1.8 % × min⁻¹; 9–12 min: −3.1 ± −2.1 % × min⁻¹; p-value for all comparisons < 0.01). Conclusions: When aiming to obtain valuable data regarding the course of changes in BL concentration during the post-exertion period, it is essential to consider the number of measurements and the time points in sample collection for analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Exercise: How It Benefits Health and Disease)

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10 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Two Different Self-Paced Training Modalities on the Aerobic Fitness Levels, Psychophysiological Responses, and Antioxidant Status in Physically Active Young Adults

by Yusuf Soylu, Peter Krustrup, Magni Mohr, Ersan Arslan, Bulent Kilit and Łukasz Radzimiński

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(23), 7232; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm12237232 - 22 Nov 2023

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Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effects of self-paced high-intensity interval training (Sp-HIIT) vs. self-paced moderate-intensity continuous training (Sp-MICT) on aerobic fitness levels, psychophysiological responses, and antioxidant status to assess the relationship between aerobic fitness levels and antioxidant markers. Physically active young adults [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the effects of self-paced high-intensity interval training (Sp-HIIT) vs. self-paced moderate-intensity continuous training (Sp-MICT) on aerobic fitness levels, psychophysiological responses, and antioxidant status to assess the relationship between aerobic fitness levels and antioxidant markers. Physically active young adults were randomised into Sp-HIIT and Sp-MICT groups. The intervention consisted of three weekly sessions during an eight-week period. Sp-HIIT consisted of performing two sets of 12–24 × 30 s high-intensity runs ≥ 85% HR_max followed by 30 s rest periods, while Sp-MICT consisted of performing 24–48 min of continuous running at 60–75% HR_max. Pre- and post-intervention testing included a maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) assessment during a 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15 IFT), as well as resting blood samples, which were analysed for oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA)) and activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)). The Sp-HIIT group showed a greater improvement in velocity of 30-15 IFT, VO_2max, and MDA responses. Furthermore, the Sp-HIIT group demonstrated higher psychophysiological responses than the Sp-MICT group, except for anger responses. In conclusion, these results suggest that Sp-HIIT has a higher level of beneficial exercise-induced effects in physiological responses with greater perceived exertion in physically active young adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Exercise: How It Benefits Health and Disease)

12 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Minimal Detectable Change in Resting Blood Pressure and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Secondary Analysis of a Study on School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training Intervention

by Jarosław Domaradzki

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(19), 6146; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm12196146 - 23 Sep 2023

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Abstract

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) effects on resting blood pressure (BP) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) have already been studied. Furthermore, the responses of responders and non-responders to HIIT in terms of these physiological outcomes have also been examined. However, the minimal detectable change (MDC) [...] Read more.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) effects on resting blood pressure (BP) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) have already been studied. Furthermore, the responses of responders and non-responders to HIIT in terms of these physiological outcomes have also been examined. However, the minimal detectable change (MDC) in BP and CRF has not been addressed yet. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the MDC₉₀ of BP (systolic and diastolic) and CRF (fitness index (FI) results) in the context of a school-based HIIT program for adolescents. Participants were adolescents, with an average age of 16.16 years (n = 141; 36.6% males). A preplanned secondary analysis was conducted using pre–post data from the control group to estimate MDC₉₀. The MDC₉₀ of SBP, DBP, and FI were 7.82 mm HG, 12.45 mm HG, and 5.39 points, respectively. However, taking into account the relative values of these changes, MDC₉₀ required a greater change in DBP (17.27%) than FI (12.15%) and SBP (6.68%). Any training-induced physiological changes in the average values of the outcomes did not exceed MDC₉₀. However, a comparison of the participants who exceeded and did not exceed MDC₉₀ showed statistically significant differences. These findings reveal the huge variability in and insensitivity to the intervention effect for all measurements. This is likely because of the large subgroup of participants with low sensitivity to the physiological stimulus. As such, there is a considerable need to create individually tailored intervention programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Exercise: How It Benefits Health and Disease)

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