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Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Physical Drivers, Modeling and Impact...
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Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Physical Drivers, Modeling and Impact Assessment

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Oceanography".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 15530

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Xiaosong Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton, NJ, USA
Interests: coupled model initialization for climate prediction; seasonal to decadal scale climate predictability and variability; climate extremes: attribution and prediction; eddy-mean flow interactions and storm track dynamics
Dr. Wei Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
Interests: hydrometeorology; climate change; numerical models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Extreme weather and climate events, such as intense tropical cyclones (e.g., major hurricanes and super typhoons), explosive extra-tropical storms, atmospheric rivers, extreme precipitation, atmospheric and marine heat waves, floods and droughts, can cause tremendous economic losses, pose a great mortality risk and lead to substantial damage to ecosystems; thus, scientific understanding of the physical drivers controlling these extreme events will be important for improving the predictive skill regarding extreme events on day to decadal time scales. Publications in this Special Issue will aim at understanding the physical mechanisms underpinning the occurrence frequency of these extremes, improving model capabilities of simulating and predicting extreme events, and assessing their socioeconomic impacts.

With these issues in mind, among the various subjects, authors are invited to discuss physical drivers of extreme events, identify the key physical processes and/or model resolutions on revolving extreme events in weather/climate models, examine the predictability of extreme events and assess ecosystem responses to extreme events.

For this purpose, authors are invited to submit contributions that take into considerations the following topics:

  • Detection and attribution of changes in extreme weather and climate events
  • Physical drivers of the extreme events on multiple time scales
  • The key physical processes and/or model resolutions on simulating extreme events.
  • Predictability of extreme events on multiple time scales
  • Vulnerability and impact assessment of extreme events

Dr. Xiaosong Yang
Dr. Wei Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Tropical Cyclones
  • Extra-tropical storms
  • Atmospheric Rivers
  • Extreme Precipitation
  • Heat waves
  • Extreme events
  • Climate Modeling;
  • Prediction and predictability
  • Detection and attribution

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 158 KiB  
Editorial
Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Physical Drivers, Modeling and Impact Assessment
by Wei Zhang and Xiaosong Yang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(6), 448; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8060448 - 19 Jun 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1686
Abstract
Extreme weather and climate events, including hurricanes [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Physical Drivers, Modeling and Impact Assessment)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 7000 KiB  
Article
Analysis of A Remote Rainstorm in the Yangtze River Delta Region Caused by Typhoon Mangkhut (2018)
by Jiaqi Yu, Si Gao, Ling Zhang, Xinyong Shen and Luyan Guo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(5), 345; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8050345 - 12 May 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2316
Abstract
An extraordinary heavy rain event caused by Typhoon Mangkhut occurred in the Yangtze River Delta region on 16 September 2018, with the maximum of 24-h accumulated rainfall at a single station reaching 297 mm. However, numerical models and subjective forecast failed to predict [...] Read more.
An extraordinary heavy rain event caused by Typhoon Mangkhut occurred in the Yangtze River Delta region on 16 September 2018, with the maximum of 24-h accumulated rainfall at a single station reaching 297 mm. However, numerical models and subjective forecast failed to predict this typhoon remote rainstorm accurately. In this study, multiple observational data, an analysis dataset, and a trajectory model are used to analyze the causes of this severe rainstorm. The results show that the circulation situation provides a favorable large-scale background condition for the generation of the rainstorm. The coupling of the upper-level westerly jet and the low-level southerly jet is beneficial to the development of strong convections. In the rainstorm area there is a positive vorticity center connected to the main body of the typhoon. The cooling and humidifying effect of dry-cold air saturates the formerly unsaturated wet air, leading to the increase of precipitation. Besides, there is a lower-tropospheric moisture transport path connecting the typhoon and the rainstorm area, providing abundant moisture for the development of rainstorms. The backward trajectory simulation shows that the moisture mainly originates from the lower troposphere over the Philippine Sea, the southern South China Sea, and the sea south of the Philippines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Physical Drivers, Modeling and Impact Assessment)
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7 pages, 1876 KiB  
Article
Potential Impacts of Anthropogenic Forcing on the Frequency of Tropical Depressions in the North Indian Ocean in 2018
by Wei Zhang, Vittal Hari and Gabriele Villarini
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 436; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse7120436 - 29 Nov 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2147
Abstract
Fourteen tropical depressions formed in the North Indian Ocean during 2018—the most active season since 1986 and the second most active season since 1980. Among the 14 tropical depressions during 2018, seven developed into cyclonic storms, with five intensifying into severe cyclonic storms—three [...] Read more.
Fourteen tropical depressions formed in the North Indian Ocean during 2018—the most active season since 1986 and the second most active season since 1980. Among the 14 tropical depressions during 2018, seven developed into cyclonic storms, with five intensifying into severe cyclonic storms—three of which became very severe cyclonic storms. The sea surface temperature anomaly associated with El Niño appears to have played a minor role in shaping this extreme event (i.e., the 14 tropical depressions in the North Indian Ocean). Using large ensemble experiments performed by the Community Earth System Model developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, we detected an important role potentially played by anthropogenic forcing in increasing the risk of the 14 tropical depressions in the North Indian Ocean that were observed in the active 2018 season. Moreover, the projection experiments suggest a rising frequency of tropical depressions in the second half of the 21st century. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Physical Drivers, Modeling and Impact Assessment)
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12 pages, 2187 KiB  
Article
Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on United States Major Hurricane Landfall Frequency
by Emma L. Levin and Hiroyuki Murakami
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(5), 135; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse7050135 - 10 May 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4604
Abstract
Although anthropogenic climate change has contributed to warmer ocean temperatures that are seemingly more favorable for Atlantic hurricane development, no major hurricanes made landfall in the United States between 2006 and 2016. The U.S., therefore, experienced a major hurricane landfall drought during those [...] Read more.
Although anthropogenic climate change has contributed to warmer ocean temperatures that are seemingly more favorable for Atlantic hurricane development, no major hurricanes made landfall in the United States between 2006 and 2016. The U.S., therefore, experienced a major hurricane landfall drought during those years. Using the high-resolution Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory 25 km grid High-Resolution Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (HiFLOR) global climate model, the present study shows that increases in anthropogenic forcing, due to increases in greenhouse gasses, are associated with fewer long-duration major hurricane landfall droughts in the U.S., which implies an increase in major hurricane landfall frequency. We create six different fixed-distance ‘buffers’ that artificially circle the United States coastline in 100 km radial increments and can compensate for the bias in hurricane landfall calculations with six-hourly datasets. Major hurricane landfall frequencies are computed by applying the buffer zones to the six-hourly observed and simulated storm track datasets, which are then compared with the observed recorded major hurricane frequencies. We found that the major hurricane landfall frequencies generated with the 200 km buffer using the six-hourly observed best-track dataset are most correlated with the observed recorded major hurricane landfall frequencies. Using HiFLOR with an implemented buffer system, we found less frequent projections of long-duration major hurricane landfall drought events in controlled scenarios with greater anthropogenic global warming, which is independent on the radius of the coastal buffer. These results indicate an increase in U.S. major hurricane landfall frequencies with an increase in anthropogenic warming, which could pose a substantial threat to coastal communities in the U.S. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Physical Drivers, Modeling and Impact Assessment)
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16 pages, 5151 KiB  
Article
The Role of Latent Heat Flux in Tropical Cyclogenesis over the Western North Pacific: Comparison of Developing versus Non-Developing Disturbances
by Si Gao, Shengbin Jia, Yanyu Wan, Tim Li, Shunan Zhai and Xinyong Shen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(2), 28; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse7020028 - 28 Jan 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4222
Abstract
The possible role of air–sea latent heat flux (LHF) in tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated using state-of-the-art satellite and analysis datasets. The authors conducted composite analyses of several meteorological variables after identifying developing and non-developing tropical [...] Read more.
The possible role of air–sea latent heat flux (LHF) in tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated using state-of-the-art satellite and analysis datasets. The authors conducted composite analyses of several meteorological variables after identifying developing and non-developing tropical disturbances from June to October of the period 2000 to 2009. Compared to the non-developing disturbances, increased LHF underlying the developing disturbances enhances boundary–layer specific humidity. The secondary circulation then transports more boundary–layer moisture inward and upward and, thus, induces a stronger moist core in the middle troposphere. Accordingly, the air in the core region ascends following a warmer moist adiabat than that in the environment and results in a stronger upper-level warm core, which is associated with a stronger near-surface tangential wind based on the thermal wind balance. This enlarges the magnitude and negative radial gradient of LHF and, thereby, further increases boundary–layer specific humidity. A tropical depression forms when the near-surface tangential wind increases to a certain extent as a result of the continuing positive feedback between near-surface wind and LHF. The results suggest an important role of wind-driven LHF in TC genesis over the WNP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Physical Drivers, Modeling and Impact Assessment)
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