Soil Management for Soil Health

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Soil-Sediment-Water Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2024 | Viewed by 9367

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Via della Navicella, 2-4, 00184 Rome, Italy
Interests: geostatistics; digital soil mapping; soil science; sustainable agriculture; soil and water conservation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Via della Navicella, 2-4, 00184 Rome, Italy
Interests: soil science; digital soil mapping; soil hydrological and physical modeling; agro-environmental, biophysical and microbiological soil-quality indicators

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment - Via della Navicella, 2-4, 00184 Rome, Italy
Interests: sustainable agriculture; agricultural soils; biophysical models; soil organic carbon; sustainability indicators
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to submit studies related to the Special Issue subject of “Soil Management for Soil Health” in Land.

Soil is a critical resource—the way in which it is managed can improve or degrade the quality of that resource. Healthy soil is the basis for profitable, productive, and environmentally sound agricultural systems. By understanding how the soil processes supporting plant growth and regulating environmental quality are affected by management practices, it is possible to design a crop and soil management system that improves and maintains soil health over time. Soil-health management systems are agricultural systems that prioritize the health of soils, by reducing soil disturbance and keeping living roots in the ground.

To promote healthy soils, it is important to keep the ground covered as much as possible, e.g., leaving crop residues in place instead of tilling the soil. The residue acts as a shield, protecting the soil from wind and water and reducing soil evaporation rates to retain moisture available for plant use. Ground cover reduces runoff and nutrient loss, while residues and living plants provide habitats for beneficial microorganisms. Moreover, minimizing soil disturbance—biological (e.g., overgrazing), chemical (e.g., over-application of fertilizer and pesticides), or physical (e.g., tillage)—allows a natural soil structure to develop, with large pores to infiltrate rainwater and small pores to hold water during dry spells. Good soil structure also protects soil organic matter, an important component of crop productivity. Plant diversity is another important component, mimicking the multifunctionality and resiliency of natural plant communities. Plant diversity can reduce pest and disease pressures, leading to less pesticide and herbicide use. Another way of improving soil health is incorporating a living root on a year-round basis: roots change the soil biology and structure. Plants feed carbon to soil microbes, enhancing nutrient cycling at the root surface.

In this Special Issue, we welcome the submissions of both research and review papers focusing on, but not limited to, the following topics:

  • Preventing, minimizing, and mitigating soil-quality decline, e.g., compaction, contamination, salinization, and acidification;
  • Managing soil nutrients;
  • Maintaining and improving soil organic matter;
  • Cover crops and rotations/diversity;
  • No till/conservation tillage;
  • Root–soil interactions;
  • Maintaining soil structure;
  • Minimizing soil erosion from agricultural land;
  • Maintaining or improving soil water-holding capacity;
  • Fostering beneficial soil biological activity;
  • Pest and disease management.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Chiara Piccini
Dr. Rosario Napoli
Dr. Roberta Farina
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • soil quality
  • soil fertility
  • soil erosion
  • soil organic matter
  • soil structure
  • soil biological activity
  • soil water-holding capacity
  • conservation agriculture
  • crop diversification

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2405 KiB  
Article
Importance of Soil Health for Coffea spp. Cultivation from a Cooperative Society in Puebla, Mexico
by Carol Meritxell Molina-Monteleón, Amparo Mauricio-Gutiérrez, Rosalía Castelán-Vega and José Victor Tamariz-Flores
Land 2024, 13(4), 541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land13040541 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 507
Abstract
The cultivation systems of Coffea spp. in a cooperative society in Puebla, Mexico, include Rustic, Traditional Polyculture, Commercial Polyculture, Unshaded Monoculture and Shaded Monoculture. In this work, the properties of the soil were analyzed through physical, chemical and biological analyses to determine its [...] Read more.
The cultivation systems of Coffea spp. in a cooperative society in Puebla, Mexico, include Rustic, Traditional Polyculture, Commercial Polyculture, Unshaded Monoculture and Shaded Monoculture. In this work, the properties of the soil were analyzed through physical, chemical and biological analyses to determine its nutritional status. Composite sample analyses were conducted to determine physical, chemical and microbiological parameters (fungi, actinomycetes, mesophilic bacteria, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria). Leaf nutrients were determined. Rustic was the cropping system with the highest amount of K in the soil and nutrient assimilation in the leaf (N, P, K and Fe) (p = 0.001); in addition, it had high populations of mesophilic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes and very low nitrification and denitrification rates. The principal component analyses (PCA) (>3.25%) indicated that actinomycetes and K in soil favor the assimilation of Fe, K and P. This Coffea spp. cultivation system generated a lower impact on soil health than the rest of the systems and favored forest ecosystem conservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Management for Soil Health)
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12 pages, 1660 KiB  
Article
Ten-Year Impact of Cover Crops on Soil Organic Matter Quantity and Quality in Semi-Arid Vineyards
by Marco Antonio Jiménez-González, Hugo López-Romano, Pilar Carral, Ana María Álvarez-González, Juan-Emilio Herranz-Luque, Blanca Esther Sastre-Rodríguez, Andrés García-Díaz, Gregorio Muñoz-Organero and María José Marques
Land 2023, 12(12), 2143; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land12122143 - 08 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1040
Abstract
Soil organic matter depletion is a significant concern in agricultural soils, impacting crucial aspects of ecosystem health, especially soil properties such as fertility and soil moisture retention. Adopting sustainable soil management practices, such as cover crops, can mitigate this issue. In this study, [...] Read more.
Soil organic matter depletion is a significant concern in agricultural soils, impacting crucial aspects of ecosystem health, especially soil properties such as fertility and soil moisture retention. Adopting sustainable soil management practices, such as cover crops, can mitigate this issue. In this study, we analyzed the soil organic carbon (SOC) content and quality in vineyards using two distinct management methods: permanent spontaneous cover crops and conventional tillage. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was quantified and chemically characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy. Our results showed an increase of 4.7 Mg C/ha in the carbon stock (50 cm depth) after 10 years of implementing vegetation covers compared with tilled soil. Additionally, cover crop management increased less humified soluble carbon in surface soil layers, while tillage transformed the solubilized carbon. This finding is important because tilled soil becomes more accessible to microbial degradation and leaching, which, in the long term, leads to a SOM content decrease. In conclusion, an increase in carbon stock was observed when using cover crops due to the incorporation of fresh organic matter, whereas tilled soils showed a depletion of carbon stock, including the mobilization of more stable carbon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Management for Soil Health)
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17 pages, 5153 KiB  
Article
Modeling Soil Health Indicators to Assess the Effectiveness of Sustainable Soil Management on Mediterranean Arable Land
by Chiara Piccini, Roberta Farina, Claudia Di Bene, Silvia Vanino and Rosario Napoli
Land 2023, 12(11), 2001; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land12112001 - 31 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1140
Abstract
Considering future tasks in soil health, resource management, and environmental protection, farmers are challenged to develop sustainable strategies for managing soil and land resources. In this study, the long-term sustainability of two fertilization strategies—current, with synthetic fertilizers (SYN) vs. conservative, with organic sources [...] Read more.
Considering future tasks in soil health, resource management, and environmental protection, farmers are challenged to develop sustainable strategies for managing soil and land resources. In this study, the long-term sustainability of two fertilization strategies—current, with synthetic fertilizers (SYN) vs. conservative, with organic sources of nitrogen (organic amendments plus green manure with a legume, CONS)—was assessed in a processing tomato/durum wheat rotation. The EPIC model was used, validated with field data, and then run to simulate the management for 30 years under three current and future climates. Yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) stock change, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and nitrate leaching were considered sustainability indicators. Under all of the future climate scenarios, tomato yield increased with CONS, remaining almost stable with SYN. Wheat yield increased both with CONS and SYN; however, the average yield with CONS was considerably lower than with SYN. NUE and nitrate leaching followed the same trend, both decreasing with CONS, while WUE was higher with CONS compared to SYN. The effect of CONS on SOC was always positive. Thus, the alternative N fertilization strategy proposed can be a favorable option for maintaining soil health and sustainable crop production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Management for Soil Health)
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22 pages, 2422 KiB  
Article
Soil Carbon and Biochemical Indicators of Soil Quality as Affected by Different Conservation Agricultural and Weed Management Options
by Gobinder Singh, Kuldeep Raj Sharma, Rajan Bhatt, Jagdeep Singh, Owais Ali Wani, Ahmed Z. Dewidar and Mohamed A. Mattar
Land 2023, 12(9), 1783; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land12091783 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 889
Abstract
Burning of agricultural residues, cultivation of single crop varieties such as rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and traditional soil tillage practices collectively contribute to the degradation of environmental quality, water systems, and soil resources. To address these [...] Read more.
Burning of agricultural residues, cultivation of single crop varieties such as rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and traditional soil tillage practices collectively contribute to the degradation of environmental quality, water systems, and soil resources. To address these issues, conservation agriculture (CA)-based crop management practice has emerged as one of the viable options. The current study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the effect of CA and weed management (WM) practices on carbon dynamics and biochemical properties of soil. The experiment included two factors, viz., CA and WM practices. The CA levels vary from conventional agriculture to partial CA (pCA1, pCA2, and pCA3) and full CA, while WM had three levels consisting of chemical control, integrated weed management, and weedy check. The results demonstrated that soil organic carbon (SOC) under the full CA treatment, was 30.6, 23.5, and 20.6 percent higher than conventional agriculture (T1), partial CA1, and partial CA2 practices, respectively. Similarly, labile fractions of carbon, KMnO4-C MBC, WSOC, and POC, in full CA increased by 46.3, 52.3, 152.4, and 15.6 percent, respectively, over conventional agriculture. Nonetheless, the total organic carbon exhibited no significant impact. The highest SOC stock was sequestered under full CA treatment, which was higher by 26.5 to 40.6 per cent than the rest of the CA treatments. Among biological properties, full CA resulted in 104.3 and 40.6 percent higher dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity than conventional agriculture. The impact of weed management practices was significant for KMnO4-C, with very labile carbon and alkaline phosphatase activity only in the surface soil layer. Soil quality index (SQI) followed the decreasing order as full CA (0.94) > partial CA3 (0.88) > partial CA2 (0.78) partial CA1 (0.77) > conventional agriculture (0.67) under different CA treatments, whereas WM followed herbicide (0.82) > weedy check (0.81) > IWM (0.80). The current study offered incredible information on soil carbon and biological indicators to monitor soil quality changes in rice–wheat cropping systems in response to conservation agriculture practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Management for Soil Health)
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22 pages, 2634 KiB  
Article
Combined Application of Desulfurization Gypsum and Biochar for Improving Saline-Alkali Soils: A Strategy to Improve Newly Reclaimed Cropland in Coastal Mudflats
by Peijun Wang, Qi Liu, Shenglong Fan, Jing Wang, Shouguo Mu and Chunbo Zhu
Land 2023, 12(9), 1717; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land12091717 - 02 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1210
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of combined (mixed) application of desulfurization gypsum and biochar on crop growth and soil properties in the saline-alkali soils of coastal mudflats through indoor pot experiments and eight experimental ameliorant treatments. Among them, CK was the control of [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of combined (mixed) application of desulfurization gypsum and biochar on crop growth and soil properties in the saline-alkali soils of coastal mudflats through indoor pot experiments and eight experimental ameliorant treatments. Among them, CK was the control of newly reclaimed cropland in the study area with no added ameliorator, treatment A was desulfurization gypsum applied alone, and treatment F was biochar applied alone, while treatments B, C, D, and E were set as a combination of desulfurization gypsum and biochar treatments with different ratios, and treatment G was a local multi-year improved farmland soil with no added ameliorator. Additionally, an evaluation index system was established for evaluating the saline-alkali soil improvement in the newly reclaimed cropland. Finally, the improvement effect was evaluated by assessing soil physical and chemical indicators, as well as nutrient and crop growth indicators. Based on the results, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) Desulfurization gypsum and biochar significantly improved the soil physicochemical properties. Both single and mixed application of desulfurization gypsum significantly increased soil Ca2+, SO42−, and Mg2+ contents and significantly reduced soil pH, sodium adsorption ratio, and bulk density. Both single and mixed application of biochar significantly reduced soil bulk density and significantly increased water-soluble K+, field capacity (water-holding capacity), available phosphorus, available potassium, and organic matter contents. (2) Both single and mixed application of desulfurization gypsum and biochar demonstrated effectiveness in promoting crop growth, where the fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and leaf area of peanut were higher than those of treatments CK and G. Treatment A (desulfurization gypsum 100 g/kg) was the most effective ameliorant treatment, in terms of improving the fresh and dry weight of peanut. Treatment C (desulfurization gypsum 75 g/kg, biochar 20 g/kg) had the most significant effect on peanut plant height and leaf area. (3) After 60 days of planting, the improvement effect of each treatment was ranked as C > A > E > B > D > F > G > CK. The treatments with a desulfurization gypsum–biochar combination and desulfurization gypsum alone had the best improvement effect, followed by the treatment with biochar alone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Management for Soil Health)
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21 pages, 5560 KiB  
Article
Quantifying Damages to Soil Health and Emissions from Land Development in the State of Illinois (USA)
by Elena A. Mikhailova, Hamdi A. Zurqani, Lili Lin, Zhenbang Hao, Christopher J. Post, Mark A. Schlautman, Gregory C. Post, George B. Shepherd and Renee M. Dixon
Land 2023, 12(8), 1567; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land12081567 - 08 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1729
Abstract
The concept of soil health is increasingly being used as an indicator for sustainable soil management and even includes legislative actions. Current applications of soil health often lack geospatial and monetary analyses of damages (e.g., land development), which can degrade soil health through [...] Read more.
The concept of soil health is increasingly being used as an indicator for sustainable soil management and even includes legislative actions. Current applications of soil health often lack geospatial and monetary analyses of damages (e.g., land development), which can degrade soil health through loss of carbon (C) and productive soils. This study aims to evaluate the damages to soil health (e.g., soil C, the primary soil health indicator) attributed to land developments within the state of Illinois (IL) in the United States of America (USA). All land developments in IL can be associated with damages to soil health, with 13,361.0 km2 developed, resulting in midpoint losses of 2.5 × 1011 of total soil carbon (TSC) and a midpoint social cost of carbon dioxide emissions (SC-CO2) of $41.8B (where B = billion = 109, USD). More recently developed land area (721.8 km2) between 2001 and 2016 likely caused the midpoint loss of 1.6 × 1010 kg of TSC and a corresponding midpoint of $2.7B in SC-CO2. New developments occurred adjacent to current urban areas near the capital cities of Springfield, Chicago, and St. Louis (the border city between the states of Missouri and IL). Results of this study reveal several types of damage to soil health from developments: soil C loss, associated “realized” soil C social costs (SC-CO2), and loss of soil C sequestration potential from developments. The innovation of this study has several aspects. Geospatial analysis of land cover combined with corresponding soil types can identify changes in the soil health continuum at the landscape level. Because soil C is a primary soil health indicator, land conversions caused by developments reduce soil health and the availability of productive soils for agriculture, forestry, and C sequestration. Current IL soil health legislation can benefit from this landscape level data on soil C loss with GHG emissions and associated SC-CO2 costs by providing insight into the soil health continuum and its dynamics. These techniques and data can also be used to expand IL’s GHG emissions reduction efforts from being solely focused on the energy sector to include soil-based emissions from developments. Current soil health legislation does not recognize that soil’s health is harmed by disturbance from land developments and that this disturbance results in GHG emissions. Soil health programs could be broadened to encourage less disturbance of soil types that release high levels of GHG and set binding targets based on losses in the soil health continuum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Management for Soil Health)
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13 pages, 1516 KiB  
Article
Impact of Green Manuring on Health of Low Fertility Calcareous Soils
by Asifa Naz, Ansa Rebi, Raheela Naz, Muhammad Usman Akbar, Ana Aslam, Amina Kalsom, Abid Niaz, Muhammad Ibrar Ahmad, Shahrish Nawaz, Rizwana Kausar, Baber Ali, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem and Jinxing Zhou
Land 2023, 12(3), 546; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land12030546 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1836
Abstract
This study was conducted in a rice-based cropping scheme to investigate the impact of green manuring on soil health, considering soil physicochemical properties and sustainable crop production. A field experiment was started on 2 November 2015 and completed on 15 April 2018 under [...] Read more.
This study was conducted in a rice-based cropping scheme to investigate the impact of green manuring on soil health, considering soil physicochemical properties and sustainable crop production. A field experiment was started on 2 November 2015 and completed on 15 April 2018 under a rice–berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) cropping system in calcareous soil. Two green manuring patterns, rice–berseem and rice–wheat–sesbania (rostrata), were compared with a commonly practiced rice–wheat (Oryza sativa-Triticumaestivum) cropping pattern. Green manuring of the berseem crop (last cutting) along with 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended fertilizer doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) were compared with recommended NPK fertilization along with control (no fertilizer). The plant growth parameters of rice, including plant height, tillers per plant at maturity, and yield data, were recorded at harvest. The pre-sowing soil analysis revealed that the experimental soil was low in salts, and the nutrient (NPK) status was very low. The results indicated that green manuring substantially enhanced the grain and straw yield of rice crops. Green manuring combined with 75% of recommended NPK produced the highest grain yield (5.83 t ha−1 in year III) compared to the other treatments. The soil analysis showed that the bulk density was reduced while soil porosity, organic carbon, and N, K, and P contents were significantly improved. From the results of this study, it is recommended that under calcareous soil conditions, the regular use of green manuring can significantly improve crop growth, yield, and physicochemical properties of soil and, therefore, should be adopted by farmers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Management for Soil Health)
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