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Laser Materials Processing 2019

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 May 2024 | Viewed by 45359

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Frank A. Müller

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Colloids, Surfaces, and Interfaces (CSI), Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
Interests: bio-inspired materials; biomaterials; biomineralization; laser materials processing; additive manufacturing; surface modification; nanoparticles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Stephan Gräf

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Colloids, Surfaces, and Interfaces (CSI), Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
Interests: bio-inspired materials; laser materials processing; functional surfaces; surface structuring; laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nowadays, industrial production processes are inconceivable without lasers. Lasers have been established in numerous areas of materials processing, like cutting, drilling and welding. A broad variety of available laser systems with different wavelengths, pulse durations, and intensities facilitate the processing of almost all types of materials, including metals, ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, and composites. The main advantages of laser-based technologies include their high flexibility and efficiency, the reproducible adjustability of processing parameters, and the excellent quality of processed products. The required amount of energy can be provided in a well-defined, locally limited volume with negligible heat transfer to surrounding components. These unique properties are continuously stimulating new applications of lasers as a tool in materials processing. Consequently, novel processing routes in surface engineering (micro- and nanostructuring; laser induced periodic surface structures), additive manufacturing (stereolithography; selective laser sintering), coating techniques (pulsed laser deposition; matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation), and nanoparticle synthesis (laser ablation; laser vaporisation) are on their way from research to industrial application.

This Special Issue covers the whole spectrum of laser materials processing, ranging from novel trends in well-established industrial processing techniques like cutting and drilling, via the synthesis of functional nanoparticles and coatings, the fabrication of sub-wavelength surface structures up to additive manufacturing techniques for the preparation of 3D scaffolds. The performance and application of laser-processed materials in the fields of biomaterials, optics, energy and environmental technologies will be discussed. In addition, fundamental research concerning the interaction between laser radiation and matter, as well as simulations and modeling of formation processes and structure–property relations will be topics of specific interest.

It is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, short communications, as well as reviews, would be greatly appreciated.

Prof. Dr. Frank A. Müller
Dr. Stephan Gräf
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • interaction between laser radiation and matter
  • novel trends in laser materials processing
  • micro- and nanoscale structures
  • laser induced periodic surface structures
  • selective laser sintering stereolithography
  • pulsed laser deposition
  • laser-based nanoparticle synthesis
  • strategies for the fabrication of bio-inspired materials
  • application of laser processed materials
  • simulation and modeling

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 3368 KiB  
Article
Improvement of the Laser-Welded Lap Joint of Dissimilar Mg Alloy and Cu by Incorporation of a Zn Interlayer
by Jun Dai, Banglong Yu, Qingdong Ruan and Paul K. Chu
Materials 2020, 13(9), 2053; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13092053 - 28 Apr 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1893
Abstract
During pulsed laser welding of AZ 31B magnesium (Mg) alloy and T2 pure copper (Cu), Cu2Mg and Mg2Cu are generated, but the bonding ability of the two compounds is usually weak, resulting in low strength. In order to improve [...] Read more.
During pulsed laser welding of AZ 31B magnesium (Mg) alloy and T2 pure copper (Cu), Cu2Mg and Mg2Cu are generated, but the bonding ability of the two compounds is usually weak, resulting in low strength. In order to improve the joint of two dissimilar metals, a zinc interlayer was inserted between the Mg alloy and Cu, and the effects of the thickness of the Zn interlayer on the microstructure and properties of the joint were studied. The fused zone consisted of Cu2Mg and MgZn, and, according to first-principles calculation, in the same energy range, the area enclosed by the density of the state curve of MgZn was larger than that of Cu2Mg. Hence, the bonding ability of MgZn was better than that of Cu2Mg, and MgZn improved the strength of the welded joint. The most advantageous thickness of the Zn interlayer was 0.1 mm, and the shear strength was 48.15 MPa that was 161% higher than that of the directly welded Mg/Cu joint. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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12 pages, 6673 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Laser Ablation Parameters on the Holes Structure of Laser Manufactured Graphene Paper Microsieves
by Barbara Nasiłowska, Zdzisław Bogdanowicz, Antoni Sarzyński, Wojciech Skrzeczanowski, Małgorzata Djas, Bartosz Bartosewicz, Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz, Ludwika Lipińska and Zygmunt Mierczyk
Materials 2020, 13(7), 1568; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13071568 - 28 Mar 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2464
Abstract
The graphene paper microsieves can be applied in the filtration of biological fluids or separation of solid particles from exploitation fluids. To produce graphene paper microsieves for specific applications, good control over fabrication should be achieved. In this study, a laser ablation method [...] Read more.
The graphene paper microsieves can be applied in the filtration of biological fluids or separation of solid particles from exploitation fluids. To produce graphene paper microsieves for specific applications, good control over fabrication should be achieved. In this study, a laser ablation method using a picosecond laser was applied to fabricate graphene paper microsieves. Holes in the microsieves were drilled using pulsed laser radiation with a pulse energy from 5 to 100 µJ, a duration of 60 ps, a wavelength of 355 nm, and a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The impact method was applied using 10 to 100 pulses to drill one hole. To produce holes of a proper diameter which could separate biological particles of a certain size (≥10 µm), optimum parameters of graphene paper laser ablation were defined using the MATLAB software taking into account laser pulse energy, repetition rate, and a desired hole diameter. A series of structural tests were carried out to determine the quality of an edge and a hole shape. Experimental results and Laguerre–Gauss calculations in MATLAB were then compared to perform the analysis of the distribution of diffraction fringes. Optimum experimental parameters were determined for which good susceptibility of the graphene paper to laser processing was observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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14 pages, 8430 KiB  
Article
Stability of a Melt Pool during 3D-Printing of an Unsupported Steel Component and Its Influence on Roughness
by Mateusz Skalon, Benjamin Meier, Andreas Gruberbauer, Sergio de Traglia Amancio-Filho and Christof Sommitsch
Materials 2020, 13(3), 808; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13030808 - 10 Feb 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3631
Abstract
The following work presents the results of an investigation of the cause–effect relationship between the stability of a melt pool and the roughness of an inclined, unsupported steel surface that was 3D-printed using the laser powder bed fusion (PBF-L/M) process. In order to [...] Read more.
The following work presents the results of an investigation of the cause–effect relationship between the stability of a melt pool and the roughness of an inclined, unsupported steel surface that was 3D-printed using the laser powder bed fusion (PBF-L/M) process. In order to observe the balling effect and decrease in surface quality, the samples were printed with no supporting structures placed on the downskin. The stability of the melt pool was investigated as a function of both the inclination angle and along the length of the melt pool. Single-track cross-sections were described by shape parameters and were compared and used to calculate the forces acting on the melt pool as the downskin was printed. The single-melt track tests were printed to produce a series of samples with increasing inclination angles with respect to the baseplate. The increasing angles enabled us to physically simulate specific solidification conditions during the sample printing process. As the inclination angle of the unsupported surface increased, the melt-pool altered in terms of its size, geometry, contact angles, and maximum length of stability. The balling phenomenon was observed, quantified, and compared using roughness tests; it was influenced by the melt track stability according to its geometry. The research results show that a higher linear energy input may decrease the roughness of unsupported surfaces with low inclination angles, while a lower linear energy input may be more effective with higher inclination angles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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14 pages, 8045 KiB  
Article
Formation Mechanism of Dilute Region and Microstructure Evolution in Laser Solid Forming TA15/Ti2AlNb Dual Alloy
by Hua Tan, Zesen Mi, Yongshuai Zhu, Zhenyu Yan, Xin Hou and Jing Chen
Materials 2020, 13(3), 552; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13030552 - 23 Jan 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2262
Abstract
TA15/Ti2AlNb multiple-layer samples and a dual-alloy sample were fabricated by laser solid forming (LSF) in this study. The formation mechanism of the dilute region and microstructure evolution of the dual alloy were analyzed. The results confirmed a “step” distribution of the [...] Read more.
TA15/Ti2AlNb multiple-layer samples and a dual-alloy sample were fabricated by laser solid forming (LSF) in this study. The formation mechanism of the dilute region and microstructure evolution of the dual alloy were analyzed. The results confirmed a “step” distribution of the composition among several initial layers in the multiple-layer samples, which can be explained by calculating the ratio of the remelted zone to the deposited Ti2AlNb zone in each deposited layer. However, the “step” compositional distribution disappears, and the compositional variation tends to be more continuous and smooth in the TA15/Ti2AlNb dual-alloy sample, which is attributed to alloy elements’ diffusion at the subsequent multiple re-melting and the longer thermal cycle. The macrostructure of the TA15/Ti2AlNb dual-alloy sample consists of epitaxially grown columnar prior β grains at the TA15 side and equiaxed grains at the Ti2AlNb side, while the microstructure shows a transition of α+β→α+α2+β/B2→α2+β/B2→α2+B2+O with increasing amounts of Ti2AlNb, leading to the microhardness also changing significantly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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10 pages, 2887 KiB  
Article
Development of an Analytical Model for Optimization of Direct Laser Interference Patterning
by Bogdan Voisiat, Alfredo I. Aguilar-Morales, Tim Kunze and Andrés Fabián Lasagni
Materials 2020, 13(1), 200; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010200 - 03 Jan 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4581
Abstract
Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) has proven to be a fast and, at the same time, high-resolution process for the fabrication of large-area surface structures. In order to provide structures with adequate quality and defined morphology at the fastest possible fabrication speed, the [...] Read more.
Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) has proven to be a fast and, at the same time, high-resolution process for the fabrication of large-area surface structures. In order to provide structures with adequate quality and defined morphology at the fastest possible fabrication speed, the processing parameters have to be carefully selected. In this work, an analytical model was developed and verified by experimental data, which allows calculating the morphological properties of periodic structures as a function of most relevant laser-processing parameters. The developed model permits to improve the process throughput by optimizing the laser spot diameter, as well as pulse energy, and repetition rate. The model was developed for the structures formed by a single scan of the beam in one direction. To validate the model, microstructures with a 5.5 µm spatial period were fabricated on stainless steel by means of picosecond DLIP (10 ps), using a laser source operating at a 1064 nm wavelength. The results showed a difference of only 10% compared to the experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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16 pages, 6672 KiB  
Article
Development of a Monitoring Strategy for Laser-Textured Metallic Surfaces Using a Diffractive Approach
by Sascha Teutoburg-Weiss, Bogdan Voisiat, Marcos Soldera and Andrés Fabián Lasagni
Materials 2020, 13(1), 53; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010053 - 20 Dec 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2941
Abstract
The current status of research around the world concurs on the powerful influence of micro- and nano-textured surfaces in terms of surface functionalization. In order to characterize the manufactured topographical morphology with regard to the surface quality or homogeneity, major efforts are still [...] Read more.
The current status of research around the world concurs on the powerful influence of micro- and nano-textured surfaces in terms of surface functionalization. In order to characterize the manufactured topographical morphology with regard to the surface quality or homogeneity, major efforts are still required. In this work, an optical approach for the indirect evaluation of the quality and morphology of surface structures manufactured with Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) is presented. For testing the designed optical configuration, line-like surface patterns are fabricated at a 1064 nm wavelength on stainless steel with a repetitive distance of 4.9 µm, utilizing a two-beam DLIP configuration. Depending on the pulse to pulse overlap and hatch distance, different single and complex pattern geometries are produced, presenting non-homogenous and homogenous surface patterns. The developed optical system permitted the successfully classification of different pattern geometries, in particular, those showing single-scale morphology (high homogeneity). Additionally, the fabricated structures were measured using confocal microscopy method, and the obtained topographies were correlated with the recorded optical images. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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12 pages, 4711 KiB  
Article
Laser Microdrilling of Slate Tiles
by Joaquín Penide, Antonio Riveiro, Ramón Soto, Mohamed Boutinguiza, Felipe Arias-Gonzalez, Jesús del Val, Rafael Comesaña, Fernando Lusquiños, Félix Quintero and Juan Pou
Materials 2019, 12(3), 398; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12030398 - 28 Jan 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2929
Abstract
Slate is a natural rock usually used in roofs, façades, and for tiling. In spite of this broad use, the production process of slate tiles requires substantial improvements. An important quantity of slate from the quarry is wasted during the manufacturing of the [...] Read more.
Slate is a natural rock usually used in roofs, façades, and for tiling. In spite of this broad use, the production process of slate tiles requires substantial improvements. An important quantity of slate from the quarry is wasted during the manufacturing of the final product. Furthermore, processes are not automatized and the production lead times can be considerably shortened. Therefore, new processing methods to increase productivity, reduce costs and to provide added value to the final slate product are required. Drilling is an important part of these manufacturing processes. Conventional drilling processes usually cause the breaking of the slate tiles; then, even a higher quantity of material is wasted. To overcome these problems, lasers emerge as a feasible tool to produce holes in this material, since mechanical stresses are not induced on the workpiece. In this work, we have studied the CO2 laser microdrilling of slate tiles. We used a Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology to determine the influence of the laser processing parameters on the hole quality. This work demonstrates the capability of a CO2 laser to produce holes in slate with less than 100 microns in diameter, avoiding any fracture, and with a processing time of less than 50 ms per hole. Finally, this process demonstrates the viability of the production of high-density micron-sized holes in a slate tile for water draining purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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15 pages, 47520 KiB  
Article
Pulsed UV Laser Processing of Carbosilane and Silazane Polymers
by Samuel Clark Ligon, Gurdial Blugan and Jakob Kuebler
Materials 2019, 12(3), 372; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12030372 - 24 Jan 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3927
Abstract
Freestanding SiCNO ceramic pieces with sub-mm features were produced by laser crosslinking of carbosilane and silazane polymer precursors followed by pyrolysis in inert atmosphere. Three different pulsed UV laser systems were investigated, and the influence of laser wavelength, operating power and scanning speed [...] Read more.
Freestanding SiCNO ceramic pieces with sub-mm features were produced by laser crosslinking of carbosilane and silazane polymer precursors followed by pyrolysis in inert atmosphere. Three different pulsed UV laser systems were investigated, and the influence of laser wavelength, operating power and scanning speed were all found to be important. Different photoinitiators were tested for the two lasers operating at 355 nm, while for the 266 nm laser, crosslinking occurred also without photoinitiator. Pre-treatment of glass substrates with fluorinated silanes was found to ease the release of green bodies during solvent development. Polymer crosslinking was observed with all three of the laser systems, as were bubbles, surface charring and in some cases ablation. By focusing the laser beam several millimeters above the surface of the resin, selective polymer crosslinking was observed exclusively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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15 pages, 3245 KiB  
Article
Study on the Fabrication of Super-Hydrophobic Surface on Inconel Alloy via Nanosecond Laser Ablation
by Zhen Yang, Yanling Tian, Yuechao Zhao and Chengjuan Yang
Materials 2019, 12(2), 278; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12020278 - 16 Jan 2019
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 4733
Abstract
Nanosecond laser ablated metallic surfaces showed initial super-hydrophilicity, and then experienced gradual wettability conversion to super-hydrophobicity with the increase of exposing time to ambient air. Due to the presence of hierarchical structures and change of surface chemistry, the laser-induced Inconel alloy surfaces showed [...] Read more.
Nanosecond laser ablated metallic surfaces showed initial super-hydrophilicity, and then experienced gradual wettability conversion to super-hydrophobicity with the increase of exposing time to ambient air. Due to the presence of hierarchical structures and change of surface chemistry, the laser-induced Inconel alloy surfaces showed a stable apparent contact angle beyond 150° over 30-day air exposure. The wetting states were proposed to elucidate the initial super-hydrophilicity and the final super-hydrophobicity. The basic fundaments behind the wettability conversion was explored by analyzing surface chemistry using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the origins of super-hydrophobicity were identified as the increase of carbon content and the dominance of C–C(H) functional group. The C–C(H) bond with excellent nonpolarity derived from the chemisorbed airborne hydrocarbons, which resulted in dramatic reduction of surface-free-energy. This study confirmed that the surface chemistry is not the only factor to determine surface super-hydrophobicity. The laser-induced super-hydrophobicity was attributed to the synergistic effect of surface topography and surface chemical compositions. In this work, the corresponding chemical reaction was particularly described to discuss how the airborne hydrocarbons were attached onto the laser ablated surfaces, which reveals the generation mechanism of air-exposed super-hydrophobic surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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14 pages, 4727 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Respond Surface Methodology Modeling on Property and Performance of Two-Dimensional Gradient Material Laser Cladding on Die-cutting Tool
by Guofu Lian, Mingpu Yao, Yang Zhang and Xu Huang
Materials 2018, 11(10), 2052; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma11102052 - 21 Oct 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3421
Abstract
Die-cutting tools have been widely applied in industrial production. However, different forms of failure on a blade, such as wear and fracture, can greatly reduce its service life. In this research, the die-cutting tool was selected as the object, a mixture of high [...] Read more.
Die-cutting tools have been widely applied in industrial production. However, different forms of failure on a blade, such as wear and fracture, can greatly reduce its service life. In this research, the die-cutting tool was selected as the object, a mixture of high speed steel powder and 304 stainless steel powder was coated as a gradient cladding layer onto the surface of AISI/SAE 1045 steel by laser cladding. The central composition design of the response surface methodology was adopted to establish a mathematical model between the pore area of the multi-layer, multi-track cladding, and its processing parameters: Laser Power (LP), Scanning Speed (SS), Gas Flow (GF), and Overlapping Rate (OR). This model was validated by variance analysis and inspection indicators. The actual experiment value by processing parameters optimization for achieving the smallest pore area showed a 4.41% error compared with the predicted value. The internal structure of the cladding layer is uniform. The defects, such as pores and cracks, meet the requirements. The wear resistance on the cutting edge is about 4.5 times compared with the substrate. The results provide a theoretical guidance for the controlling and prediction of the laser cladding forming quality on a two-dimensional gradient material and the optimization of the processing parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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14 pages, 7931 KiB  
Article
Nanosecond Laser Fabrication of Hydrophobic Stainless Steel Surfaces: The Impact on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance
by Mehran Rafieazad, Jaffer Alkarim Jaffer, Cong Cui, Xili Duan and Ali Nasiri
Materials 2018, 11(9), 1577; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma11091577 - 01 Sep 2018
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7550
Abstract
Creation of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces has attracted broad attention as a promising solution for protection of metal surfaces from corrosive environments. This work investigates the capability of nanosecond fiber laser surface texturing followed by a low energy coating in the fabrication of [...] Read more.
Creation of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces has attracted broad attention as a promising solution for protection of metal surfaces from corrosive environments. This work investigates the capability of nanosecond fiber laser surface texturing followed by a low energy coating in the fabrication of hydrophobic 17-4 PH stainless steel surfaces as an alternative to the ultrashort lasers previously utilized for hydrophobic surfaces production. Laser texturing of the surface followed by applying the hydrophobic coating resulted in steady-state contact angles of up to 145°, while the non-textured coated base metal exhibited the contact angle of 121°. The microstructure and compositional analysis results confirmed that the laser texturing process neither affects the microstructure of the base metal nor causes elemental loss from the melted regions during the ultrafast melting process. However, the electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the water-repelling property of the surface did not contribute to the anticorrosion capability of the substrate. The resultant higher corrosion current density, lower corrosion potential, and higher corrosion rate of the laser textured surfaces were ascribed to the size of fabricated surface micro-grooves, which cannot retain the entrapped air inside the hierarchical structure when fully immersed in a corrosive medium, thus degrading the material’s corrosion performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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11 pages, 5592 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Spot Size Combination Mode on Ablation Morphology of Aluminum Alloy by Millisecond-Nanosecond Combined-Pulse Laser
by Bo-Shi Yuan, Ye Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yuan Dong and Guang-Yong Jin
Materials 2018, 11(8), 1419; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma11081419 - 13 Aug 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4176
Abstract
Ablation morphology affects the quality of laser processing. Therefore, the control of ablation morphology is very important. The influence of spot size combination mode on the ablation morphology of aluminum alloy is studied for the first time. Experimental results show that when the [...] Read more.
Ablation morphology affects the quality of laser processing. Therefore, the control of ablation morphology is very important. The influence of spot size combination mode on the ablation morphology of aluminum alloy is studied for the first time. Experimental results show that when the nanosecond laser spot is larger, the ablation morphology looks like a bowl-shape, and there is little solidification near the edge. When the nanosecond laser spot is smaller, the shape of the ablation morphology is similar to a hole, and the protuberance is formed near the edge of the cavity. Through the analysis and simulation of the physical model, the physical mechanism, which describes the influence of the spot size combination mode on the molten pool, is discussed. The research results of this paper have important guiding significance for the control of laser processing effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Processing 2019)
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