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Multiobjective Design Optimization of Sandwich-Structured Composites and Their Mechanical Properties
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Multiobjective Design Optimization of Sandwich-Structured Composites and Their Mechanical Properties

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2021) | Viewed by 12795

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Krzysztof Jamroziak

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: ballistic shields; composite materials; dynamic behavior of materials; behind armor blunt trauma

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Still-growing demands for heavily loaded structures, especially in the construction, automotive, aviation, and defense industries, force the use of lightweight, durable, and reliable materials. Sandwich structures are such materials. The challenge of modern material and mechanical engineering is the constant search for optimal material solutions with a simultaneous increase in strength requirements. These requirements depend on the geometric structure of the composite itself and on the technological production process. The internal structure of individual geometric structures is a challenge for many researchers. It is closely related to chemically diverse composite materials in such a way that, despite the clear boundary of separation between them, a good and continuous combination of components and possibly even distribution of the reinforcing phase in the matrix occurs. Their resultant properties depend on the characteristics of the component phases, the volumetric fraction of the phases, the distribution of the dispersed phase in the matrix, and the geometric features of the dispersed phase. Thanks to this, their properties can be modified in an almost unlimited way. Due to their structure, they can be considered difficult to process. Machining is often associated with debonding and delamination, parameters also influencing the energy consumption of the structure.

In view of the above, I encourage my colleagues to share their experiences in the study of sandwich structures. In order to emphasize the importance of sandwich composites, this Special Edition will focus on polymeric materials, which constitute the dominant group of composite materials.

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental works related to a multiobjective optimization and design of composite materials mainly influenced by mechanical properties are solicited. Micro- as well as macro-sandwich structures approaches are within the scope of the Special Issue.

Dr. Krzysztof Jamroziak
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Structural composites
  • Sandwich materials
  • Multiobjective optimization and design
  • Experimental investigations
  • Mechanical and thermomechanical properties
  • Computational modeling
  • Numerical simulation
  • Impact behavior
  • Fracture
  • Wear and damage

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 7340 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of Radial Basis Function Metamodels for Predictive Modelling of Laminated Composites
by Kanak Kalita, Shankar Chakraborty, S Madhu, Manickam Ramachandran and Xiao-Zhi Gao
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3306; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14123306 - 15 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1809
Abstract
High-fidelity structural analysis using numerical techniques, such as finite element method (FEM), has become an essential step in design of laminated composite structures. Despite its high accuracy, the computational intensiveness of FEM is its serious drawback. Once trained properly, the metamodels developed with [...] Read more.
High-fidelity structural analysis using numerical techniques, such as finite element method (FEM), has become an essential step in design of laminated composite structures. Despite its high accuracy, the computational intensiveness of FEM is its serious drawback. Once trained properly, the metamodels developed with even a small training set of FEM data can be employed to replace the original FEM model. In this paper, an attempt is put forward to investigate the utility of radial basis function (RBF) metamodels in the predictive modelling of laminated composites. The effectiveness of various RBF basis functions is assessed. The role of problem dimensionality on the RBF metamodels is studied while considering a low-dimensional (2-variable) and a high-dimensional (16-variable) problem. The effect of uniformity of training sample points on the performance of RBF metamodels is also explored while considering three different sampling methods, i.e., random sampling, Latin hypercube sampling and Hammersley sampling. It is observed that relying only on the performance metrics, such as cross-validation error that essentially reuses training samples to assess the performance of the metamodels, may lead to ill-informed decisions. The performance of metamodels should also be assessed based on independent test data. It is further revealed that uniformity in training samples would lead towards better trained metamodels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiobjective Design Optimization of Sandwich-Structured Composites and Their Mechanical Properties)
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13 pages, 21943 KiB  
Article
Mechanical, Chemical, and Processing Properties of Specimens Manufactured from Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) Using 3D Printing
by Maciej Mrówka, Tomasz Machoczek, Paweł Jureczko, Kamil Joszko, Marek Gzik, Wojciech Wolański and Krzysztof Wilk
Materials 2021, 14(11), 2717; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14112717 - 21 May 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2409
Abstract
As part of the experiments herein, the mechanical properties of specimens made of poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) material using 3D printing technology were determined. Two populations of specimens were investigated, the first of which contained an amorphous structure, while the other held a crystal structure. [...] Read more.
As part of the experiments herein, the mechanical properties of specimens made of poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) material using 3D printing technology were determined. Two populations of specimens were investigated, the first of which contained an amorphous structure, while the other held a crystal structure. The studies also investigated the influence of the print directionality on the mechanical properties obtained. Static tensile, three-point bending, and impact tests were carried out. The results for the effect of the structure type on the tensile properties showed that the modulus of elasticity was approximately 20% higher for the crystal than for the amorphous PEEK form. The Poisson’s ratios were similar, but the ratio was slightly higher for the amorphous samples than the crystalline ones. Furthermore, the studies included a chemical PEEK modification to increase the hydrophilicity. For this purpose, nitrite and hydroxyl groups were introduced into the chain by chemical reactions. The results demonstrate that the modified PEEK specimens had worse thermoplastic properties than the unmodified specimens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiobjective Design Optimization of Sandwich-Structured Composites and Their Mechanical Properties)
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17 pages, 5201 KiB  
Article
Prompt Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Industrial Polypropylene Sandwich Pipes
by Sergejs Vidinejevs, Rafal Chatys, Andrey Aniskevich and Krzysztof Jamroziak
Materials 2021, 14(9), 2128; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14092128 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1828
Abstract
A simple and prompt method to determine the mechanical properties of industrial multilayer extrusion polypropylene pipes for a gravity sewer network is suggested. The engineering formulas included for calculating the permissible thickness and relative position of a foam core in the pipes are [...] Read more.
A simple and prompt method to determine the mechanical properties of industrial multilayer extrusion polypropylene pipes for a gravity sewer network is suggested. The engineering formulas included for calculating the permissible thickness and relative position of a foam core in the pipes are based on a linear-elastic approximation and the rule of mixtures. The applicability of the approximation was justified experimentally during investigation of the effective tensile characteristics of single- and multilayer pipes and each layer specimen by using traditional tests and finite-element calculations. The results obtained were used to formulate engineering recommendations for calculations of this type. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiobjective Design Optimization of Sandwich-Structured Composites and Their Mechanical Properties)
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17 pages, 18596 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Quasi-Static Penetration Resistance Behaviour of Carbon/Aramid Fibre-Reinforced PP Laminate
by Joanna Pach and Ewa Kuterek
Materials 2021, 14(4), 709; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14040709 - 03 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1902
Abstract
This work presents the experimental results of a quasi-static attempt at the penetration of hybrid and non-hybrid laminates reinforced with aramid and carbon fibres on a thermoplastic polypropylene matrix. The hybrid laminates were prepared in two fibre combinations: carbon–aramid–carbon (CAC), in which the [...] Read more.
This work presents the experimental results of a quasi-static attempt at the penetration of hybrid and non-hybrid laminates reinforced with aramid and carbon fibres on a thermoplastic polypropylene matrix. The hybrid laminates were prepared in two fibre combinations: carbon–aramid–carbon (CAC), in which the carbon fibres comprised the outer (lining) layers, and aramid–carbon–aramid (ACA) with carbon fibres in their intermediate layers. A quasistatic penetration attempt was performed for two coefficients: SPR—support span to punch diameter ratio, (SPR = 2 and 5). The SPR = Ds/Dp was calculated as the ratio of the support (Ds) to the punch diameter (Dp). A punch with a rounded 9-mm diameter tip was used to penetrate the material. Percentage changes of penetration energy (%E) and of maximum load (%P) compared to a non-hybrid laminate with carbon fibres were calculated in order to estimate the impact of hybridisation on the properties of laminates. The maximum load recorded during a quasi-static penetration test was used to calculate the PSS (punch shear strength) of the laminates. The damage was observed after the penetration test. It was observed that both the order of layers of laminate reinforcement as well as the SPR coefficient used in the test influenced the obtained results and the laminate damage mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiobjective Design Optimization of Sandwich-Structured Composites and Their Mechanical Properties)
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15 pages, 6098 KiB  
Article
Research into the Effect of Grain and the Content of Alundum on Tribological Properties and Selected Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites
by Aneta Krzyzak, Ewelina Kosicka and Robert Szczepaniak
Materials 2020, 13(24), 5735; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13245735 - 16 Dec 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1613
Abstract
The subject of the research is a polymer composite with a matrix base of epoxy resin L285 cured with H285 hardener, and a physical modifier of friction in the form of alundum. The article presents an analysis of findings of tribological examinations. The [...] Read more.
The subject of the research is a polymer composite with a matrix base of epoxy resin L285 cured with H285 hardener, and a physical modifier of friction in the form of alundum. The article presents an analysis of findings of tribological examinations. The authors evaluated the influence of the modifier properties in the form of alundum, i.e., mass share and grain size, on the abrasive wear of a composite, defined as loss of weight as well as on roughness parameters and selected mechanical properties. The tribological examinations have been extended by measurements of hardness and density of the prepared composites. The obtained results of tribological examinations showed an increase in the average value of weight loss in relation to the loss of sample weight loss between the cycles. The influence of both the grain size and the mass percentage share of alundum upon the increase in the longitudinal modulus of elasticity was also observed. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that alundum of grain sizes equal to F220 and F240 exerted the best influence on the reduction of abrasive wear of the tested samples. In the case of F220, it was 14.04% of the average value of the weight loss between the cycles for all percentage shares of the used grains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiobjective Design Optimization of Sandwich-Structured Composites and Their Mechanical Properties)
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21 pages, 21020 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Hybridisation of Composites Consisting of Aramid, Carbon, and Hemp Fibres in a Quasi-Static Penetration Test
by Joanna Pach, Natalia Frączek and Jacek Kaczmar
Materials 2020, 13(20), 4686; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13204686 - 21 Oct 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2456
Abstract
The quasi-static penetration properties of hybrid laminates were experimentally investigated. Aramid fabrics, carbon fabrics, and short hemp fibres were applied as the reinforcements of hybrid and non-hybrid composite laminates with polyurethane–polyurea (PUR/PUA) matrix. The laminates were made by hand, in a mould. They [...] Read more.
The quasi-static penetration properties of hybrid laminates were experimentally investigated. Aramid fabrics, carbon fabrics, and short hemp fibres were applied as the reinforcements of hybrid and non-hybrid composite laminates with polyurethane–polyurea (PUR/PUA) matrix. The laminates were made by hand, in a mould. They were cured at room temperature for 24 h. Hybrid laminates consisted of aramid and carbon layers in two different configurations, i.e., aramid at the innermost layers and outermost layers. Aramid/PUR/PUA and carbon/PUR/PUA composites were fabricated for comparison purposes. Laminates were also prepared via an analogue sequence of laying the reinforcement layers with the addition of 5% by weight of hemp fibres in the PUR/PUA matrix. Quasi-static penetration tests (QSPT) were conducted using a tensile testing machine with a surface-hardened, hemispherical, steel punch (9 mm diameter tip), reflecting the geometry of the Parabellum projectile. A quasi-static puncture test was carried out until the laminate was perforated. The ratio between the support span (Ds) and the punch diameter (Dp) was SPR = Ds/Dp = 5.0. The results showed the influences of laminate hybridisation on the values of absorbed energy, punch shear strength, and damage mechanism in the QSPT test. The addition of hemp fibres to aramid laminates resulted in a positive hybridisation effect. The order of layers of aramid and carbon fabrics in hybrid laminates influenced the results obtained in the QSPT test. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiobjective Design Optimization of Sandwich-Structured Composites and Their Mechanical Properties)
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