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Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2022) | Viewed by 19122

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Prof. Dr. Xinjun Sun

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China Iron and Steel Research Institute Group, Beijing, China
Interests: fundamental research on physical metallurgy of steels; development and application of advanced steels, including HSLA steels, high Mn steel, wear resistant steels, low density steels, etc.

Prof. Dr. Wenwen Sun

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School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Interests: 3rd generation advanced high strengthe steels; maraging steels; wear resistant multiprincipal element alloy; metastable multiprincipal element alloy

Dr. Lu Jiang

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Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
Interests: steels; aluminium alloys; microstructure characterisation; atom probe tomography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metallic alloys have had a considerable impact on the development of a wide range of structural applications. Improving mechanical performance, strength in particular, has been the driving force for intensive research in the field of advanced steels and alloys. This can be achieved by means of a suitable combination of chemical composition and thermo-mechanical processing to optimise the microsturutures of alloys. Therefore, in-depth understanding of the relationship between the processing, microstructure, and properties of advanced structural alloys is required. With this context in mind, the aim of this Special Issue of Materials is to provide a forum for publishing high-quality original research articles related to microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of advanced steels and alloys.

This issue invites submissions that employ various experimental techniques or/and simulations to advance the knowledge of the relationship between the processing, structure, and properties of structural metallic alloys. Comprehensive reviews in the field of steels and alloys are also welcomed.

The following alloys are of particular interest:

High performance steels;
Aluminium alloys;
High-entropy alloys;
Titanium alloys.

Prof. Dr. Xinjun Sun
Prof. Dr. Wenwen Sun
Dr. Lu Jiang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

steels
alloys
microstructure
precipitation
mechanical properties
applications

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 18071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Microstructural Evolution on the Mechanical Properties of Ni-Cr-Mo Ultra-Heavy Steel Plate

by Kaihao Guo, Tao Pan, Ning Zhang, Li Meng, Xiaobing Luo and Feng Chai

Materials 2023, 16(4), 1607; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16041607 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1235

Abstract

In this study, microstructural evolution and its effects on mechanical properties across the thickness of a 120 mm Ni-Cr-Mo industrial ultra-heavy steel plate were quantitatively investigated by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the martensite fraction is 65% at 10 mm and disappears at 40 mm, while granular bainite appears at 35 mm and climbs up to as high as 32% at 60 mm, with M-A constituents significantly coarsened. The strength drops with the gradual coarsening of the laths as well as decreased martensite fraction from the surface to the centre. The toughness is mainly affected by the block size and the morphology and quantity of M-A constituents. This study established a multivariate function between the microstructure and toughness (50% fibre area transition temperature, FATT₅₀) with careful consideration of the influence of effective grain size (EGS) and M-A constituent size distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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16 pages, 15331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superior Comprehensive Mechanical Properties of a Low-Carbon Medium Manganese Steel for Replacing AISI 4330 Steel in the Oil and Gas Industry

by Xinjun Sun, Gang Liu, Xiaokai Liang and Shuai Tong

Materials 2023, 16(2), 490; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16020490 - 04 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1219

Abstract

A low-carbon medium manganese steel (0.12C-3.13Mn) containing Cr, Ni, Mo, V, and Cu elements was designed to replace the AISI 4330 steel applied in the oil and gas industry. The mechanical properties, microstructures, and fatigue crack growth rate were comparatively analyzed using uniaxial tension tests, microstructure characterization, and compact tension with fatigue crack growth characterization. The results showed that the ductility and −40 °C impact energy of 0.12C-3.13Mn steel were better than AISI 4330 steel (from 115 J to 179 J), while the yield strength of 957 MPa of the former was lower than the latter of 1060 MPa after being subjected to the same tempering process. The microstructure of 0.12C-3.13Mn steel was composed of a mixture of tempered martensite, reversed austenite, and nanosized precipitation particles, while the microstructure of S4330 steel contained ferrite and large-size Fe₃C with lath and near-spherical morphologies. Compared to Cr-rich Fe₃C, (V, Mo)C and Cu-rich particles have smaller sizes and, thus, provide more strengthening increment, leading to a higher yield ratio. The impressive fatigue-resistance property was obtained in 0.12C-3.13Mn steel because the threshold value was 5.23 MPa*m^1/2 compared to the value of 4.88 MPa*m^1/2 for S4330 steel. Even if the fatigue crack grew, the stress intensity factor range of 0.12C-3.13Mn steel was obviously wider than that of AISI 4330 steel due to the presence of reversed austenite and secondary cracks. Overall, the AISI 4330 steel could be replaced with the designed 0.12C-3.13Mn steel due to the similar strength and better ductility, low-temperature toughness, and fatigue-resistance property. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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12 pages, 2820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precipitation Law of Vanadium in Microalloyed Steel and Its Performance Influencing Factors

by Hongliang Liu, Bo Yang, Yu Chen, Chuncheng Li and Chengjun Liu

Materials 2022, 15(22), 8146; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15228146 - 17 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1394

Abstract

Based on theoretical calculations, laboratory simulation research and industrial production data analysis combined with characterisations such as metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and microhardness testing, this study investigated the state of occurrence and the precipitation law of vanadium (V) in microalloyed steel to determine a reasonable production process for V microalloyed steel. The results showed that the V(C,N) precipitation phase was the main form of V in microalloyed steel that precipitated after the transformation of austenite to ferrite. The amount of V precipitation was positively correlated with the amount of V that was added. However, the precipitation temperature was not significantly correlated with the amount added. When the V content increased from 0.03% to 0.06%, the initial precipitation temperature only increased by 23 °C. The coiling temperature was identified as the core factor affecting the strength of V microalloyed steel. When the effects of precipitation strengthening and microstructure strengthening were considered, as the coiling temperature decreased, the strength first increased, then decreased and finally increased again. Under different processing conditions, the strengthening of vanadium in the material increased first and then decreased as the temperature decreased (700–200 °C). The corresponding temperatures for the best strengthening effect of aging treatment, industrial statistical data and simulating coiling were 550, 470 and 400 °C, respectively. The difference between laboratory research results and industrial production was found. When V precipitation strengthening was used to improve material properties, it was necessary to determine a reasonable quantity of V to add and the production process, according to different alloy systems, to make more effective use of V microalloyed resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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12 pages, 3975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of V on the Precipitation Behavior of Ti−Mo Microalloyed High-Strength Steel

by Ruyang Han, Gengwei Yang, Deming Xu, Lu Jiang, Zhixiang Fu and Gang Zhao

Materials 2022, 15(17), 5965; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175965 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1180

Abstract

In this work, the precipitates in Ti−Mo−V steel were systematically characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The thermodynamics and kinetics of precipitates in Ti−Mo and Ti−Mo−V steels were theoretically analyzed, and the effect of vanadium on the precipitation behavior was clarified. The results showed that the precipitation volume fraction of the Ti−Mo−V steel was significantly higher than that of Ti−Mo steel. The randomly dispersed precipitation and interphase precipitation (Ti, Mo, V)C particles coexisted in the Ti−Mo−V steel. When the temperature was higher than 872 °C, the addition of vanadium could increase the driving force for (Ti, Mo, V)C precipitation in austenite, resulting in an increased nucleation rate and shortened incubation period, promoting the (Ti, Mo, V)C precipitation. When the temperature was lower than 872 °C, the driving force for (Ti, Mo, V)C precipitation in austenite was lower than that for (Ti, Mo)C precipitation, and the incubation period of (Ti, Mo, V)C precipitation was increased. Moreover, it was also found that the precipitated-time-temperature curve of (Ti, Mo, V)C precipitated in the ferrite region was “C” shaped, but that of (Ti, Mo)C was “ε” shaped, and the incubation period of (Ti, Mo, V)C was significantly shorter than that of (Ti, Mo)C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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14 pages, 9799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Yttrium on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of PH13-8Mo Stainless Steels Produced by Selective Laser Melting

by Chang-Jun Wang, Chang Liu, Meng-Xing Zhang, Lu Jiang, Yu Liu, Zhen-Bao Liu and Jian-Xiong Liang

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5441; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155441 - 08 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1568

Abstract

In the present work, PH13-8Mo stainless steel parts without yttrium and with yttrium (Y) were manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM). The microstructure, phase composition and grain orientation of the stainless steels parts with Y and without Y were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron-backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The characterization results revealed that the addition of Y clearly refined the grain size of the PH13-8Mo steel formed part, resulting in more equiaxed massive grains and in a less anisotropic microstructure. PH13-8Mo stainless steel formed parts were mainly composed of martensite and retained austenite. The addition of Y could significantly increase the content of retained austenite and also generate nano-sized precipitates containing Y. The mechanical test results showed that both strength and toughness of the shaped parts containing Y were improved synergistically. The yield strength reached 1443 MPa, the elongation was 12.2%, and the room temperature impact energy reached 124.25 J/cm². The strengthening and toughening by Y of the formed parts were mainly attributed to grain refinement, higher volume fraction of the retained austenite and the formation of nano-sized precipitates containing Y. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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15 pages, 7366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Nb Addition and Heat Input on Heat-Affected Zone Softening in High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel

by Feilong Wang, Gang Zhao, Yu Hou, Junpin Lin, Ba Li, Shujun Jia, Qingyou Liu, Gang Liu and Ping Yang

Materials 2022, 15(13), 4503; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15134503 - 26 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1324

Abstract

The effect of both Nb content and heat input on the softening phenomenon of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of low-alloy high-strength steel was studied through welding thermal simulation experiments. The microstructure evolution, density variation of geometrically necessary dislocation, microhardness distribution and the second phase precipitation behavior in HAZ was characterized and analyzed by combining the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscope with microhardness tests. The results showed that the softening appeared in the fine-grain HAZ (FGHAZ) of the low-alloy high-strength steel with the polygonal ferrite and bainite microstructure. With an increase in Nb content, the FGHAZ softening was inhibited even with high heat input; however, the hardness shows little variation. On the one hand, the increase in the Nb content increased the volume fraction of high-strength bainite in the FGHAZ. On the other hand, the remarkable strengthening was produced by the equally distributed precipitation nanoparticles. As a result, the two factors were the main reason for the solution of the FGHAZ softening problem in the low-alloyed high-strength steel with the mixed microstructure of ferrite and bainite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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20 pages, 12516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Morphology of Structures and the Mechanical Properties of Prequenching—Quenching and Partitioning Steel

by Deming Xu, Yuanyao Cheng, Gengwei Yang, Gang Zhao and Siqian Bao

Materials 2022, 15(12), 4156; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15124156 - 11 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1159

Abstract

In this study, we comparatively study the microstructures and mechanical properties of prequenching—quenching and partitioning (QQ&P) and traditional Q&P samples at different annealing temperatures (intercritical annealing temperatures). When the annealing temperature is 780 °C, the ferrite and retained austenite in QQ&P samples with lath and blocky morphologies. The lath retained austenite is mainly distributed along the lath ferrite. As the annealing temperature increases, the lath ferrite recrystallizes and gradually grows into the blocky (equiaxed) shape, leading to a decrease in the lath retained austenite content. When the annealing temperature increases to 870 °C, the ferrite content decreases significantly, and the retained austenite is mainly blocky and thin film, distributed at the boundaries of prior austenite grains and between martensite laths, respectively. Different from QQ&P samples, the ferrite and retained austenite in Q&P samples are mainly blocky when the annealing temperature is 780 °C or 810 °C. When the annealing temperature is increased to 870 °C, the microstructures of the Q&P sample are basically the same as that of the QQ&P sample. The 780 °C-QQ&P sample and the 810 °C-QQ&P sample have higher total elongation and product of strength and elongations (PSEs) than their counterpart Q&P samples due to the fact that lath ferrite and retained austenite are conducive to carbon diffusion and carbon homogenization in austenite grains, thereby improving the thermal stability and volume fraction of the retained austenite. In addition, the lath structures can release local stress concentration and delay the formation of voids and microcracks. The difference of mechanical properties between QQ&P samples and Q&P samples decreases with the increase in the annealing temperature. The results show that the low annealing temperature combined with prequenching—Q&P heat treatments can significantly improve the elongation and PSE of Q&P steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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11 pages, 3404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Al Additions and Cooling Rate on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenite FeMnAlC Steels

by Cunyu Wang, Chenxing Cao, Jing Zhang, Hui Wang and Wenquan Cao

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3574; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15103574 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1303

Abstract

The precipitation behavior of κ-carbide and its effects on mechanical properties in Fe-30Mn-xAl-1C (x = 7–11%) steels under water quenching and furnace cooling are studied in the present paper. TEM, XRD, EPMA were employed to characterize the microstructure, and tensile test and the Charpy impact test were used to evaluate mechanical properties. The results show that the density decreases by 0.1 g/cm³ for every 1 wt.% of Al addition. The excellent mechanical properties of tensile strength of 880 MPa and impact absorption energy of 120–220 J at −40 °C with V notch were obtained, with both solid solution and precipitation strengthening results in the yield strength increasing by about 57.5 MPa with per 1% Al addition in water-quenched samples. The increasing of yield strength of furnace-cooled samples comes from the relative strengthening of κ-carbides, and the strengthening potential reaches 107–467 MPa. The lower the cooling rate, the easier it is to promote the precipitation of κ-carbides and the formation of ferrite. The partitioning of C, Mn, Al determines the formation of κ-carbides at a given Al addition, and element partition makes the κ-carbides sufficiently easy to precipitate at a low cooling rate. The precipitation of κ-carbides improves strength and does not significantly reduce the elongation, but significantly reduces the impact absorption energy when Al addition ≥ 8%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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10 pages, 2105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Deformation-Induced Martensite Start Temperature by Convolutional Neural Network with Dual Mode Features

by Chenchong Wang, Da Ren, Yong Li, Xu Wang and Wei Xu

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103495 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1530

Abstract

Various models were established for deformation-induced martensite start temperature prediction over decades. However, most of them are empirical or considering limited factors. In this research, a dual mode database for medium Mn steels was established and a convolutional neural network model, which considered [...] Read more.

M_{s}^{σ}

prediction. By comprehensively considering composition, processing and microstructure factors, this model was more rational and much more accurate than traditional thermodynamic models. Also, by the full use of images information, this model has stronger ability to overcome overfitting compared with various traditional machine learning models. This framework provides inspiration for the similar data analysis issues with small sample datasets but different data modes in the field of materials science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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16 pages, 8688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Intercritical Annealing Time on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Medium Manganese Steel Subjected to Multi-Step Heat Treatment Process

by Feilong Wang, Xiaoyu Ye, Shoubin Ren, Kaihua Zhang, Xiaokai Liang and Gang Liu

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2425; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15072425 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1804

Abstract

A novel multi-step heat treatment process was performed for 0.2C–5Mn steel, and the effect of intercritical annealing (IA) durations on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties was studied. The results showed that the content of primary reversed austenite (PRA) hardly changed as the IA time increased from 6 h to 50 h, but only less than 10% of PRA remained after being tempered at 200 °C due to the appearance of secondary martensite (SM). The final microstructure contained SM, the primary martensite (PM), and RA, which was protected by the SM so that the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect was unlikely to occur. Meanwhile, the (Ti, V, Mo)C particle sizes were 14.27, 14.68 and 15.65 nm for the intermediate processes of IA-6 h, IA-12 h, and IA-50 h, respectively. As the IA time increased from 6 h to 50 h, both the dislocation and precipitation strengthening increment decreased. As a result, the best mechanical properties were obtained from the intermediate process of IA-12 h, with a yield strength of 1115.5 MPa, tensile strength of 1573.5 MPa, and −20 °C impact energy of 30.4 J. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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11 pages, 7110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Intercritical Tempering Temperature on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of High Strength and Toughness Medium Manganese Steel

by Xiaokai Liang, Hang Fu, Mei Cui and Gang Liu

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2162; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15062162 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1710

Abstract

The effect of intercritical tempering temperature (TT) on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 3.6Mn medium manganese steel, which contained martensite and austenite, was investigated by X-ray diffraction, electron backscattering diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, as well as Thermo-Calc calculation. The results showed that the volume fraction of reversed austenite (RA) increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing TT in the range of 550~650 °C. When the TT was below 620 °C, lath-like RA with good stability was mainly displayed between martensite laths and its size is about 100 nm. When the TT was higher than 650 °C, larger-size and block RA was formed in the martensite block boundaries, and part of the RA transformed into fresh martensite during cooling. The yield strength and tensile strength of the experimental steels decreased gradually as the TT increased, but the tensile strength increased gradually with the formation of block RA and fresh martensite. Lath-like RA could significantly improve the toughness and plasticity with slight loss of yield strength, but block RA decreased slightly them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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9 pages, 5255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strengthening of CoNiFeV_0.5Mo_0.2 Medium Entropy Alloy Wire Rods with Loading-Unloading Cycles

by Xulong An, Chenglin Chu, Wenwen Sun and Wei Wei

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1493; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15041493 - 17 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1236

Abstract

Changes in the texture as well as mechanical properties of CoNiFeV_0.5Mo_0.2 medium entropy alloy wire rods during loading–unloading are investigated. The intensity of the recrystallization texture {001}<110> component and fraction of low angle grains increase with the loading–unloading cycles and the alloy strength increases (934 MPa to 1083 MPa) due to dislocation increment in the loading–unloading cycles. The loading modulus (E_l) and average modulus (E_secant) for a hysteresis loop decrease slightly, whereas the unloading modulus (E_un) increases, the Eun increment of 5-TC-UTand 10-TC-UT are 22 and 137 GPa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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16 pages, 115428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of BN-Promoting Acicular Ferrite Nucleation to Improve Heat-Affected Zone Toughness of V-N-Ti Microalloyed Offshore Steel

by Zhongran Shi, Tao Pan, Yu Li, Xiaobing Luo and Feng Chai

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1420; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15041420 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1340

Abstract

This study examined the effect of boron (B) on the microstructure and toughness of the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of normalized vanadium microalloyed offshore steel by using the welding thermal simulation method under different heat inputs for welding. The results showed that [...] Read more.

^{\circ}

C) increased from 14 s to 24 s, In the range of t_8/5 of 24–44 s, the impact energy of the CGHAZ rose initially and then remained constant at around 125 J at −40

^{\circ}

C, and dropped to 79 J when t_8/5 increased to 64 s. The particles (Ti,V)(C,N)-BN and BN contributed in the generation of acicular ferrite, which minimized the loss of CGHAZ toughness due to the presence of carbon. Furthermore, the microstructural parameters controlling CGHAZ toughness were the contents of the high misorientation grain boundaries and effective grain size at a tolerance angle of 15

^{\circ}

at varied heat inputs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Steels and Alloys)

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