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Metals
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Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys
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Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion and Protection".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 10336

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Guy Ben-Hamu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering Department, SCE – Shamoon College of Engineering, Ashdod, Israel
Interests: magnesium alloys; environmental degradation of materials; manufacturing technologies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magnesium alloys are a very attractive material for use in various industries. Over the past few decades, many studies have been conducted regarding the uses of magnesium alloys in the transportation industry; weight reduction through the use of lightweight materials remains a very successful and simple means of improving the fuel economy and reducing harmful emissions. However, the corrosion of magnesium alloys is one of the major problems that limit the use of magnesium alloys for transportation applications.

Furthermore, there are additional future uses for magnesium rather than for use as a structural material for the transportation industry: in the medical industry—use of magnesium alloys as a structural material for biodegradable implants; and in the energy industries—use of magnesium as a structural material for magnesium–air batteries or as a structural material for hydrogen storage.

The application of all future uses depends on the development of new magnesium alloys together with the ability to control the environmental behavior of the new alloys.

The Journal of Metals will publish a Special Issue in the summer of 2021 focusing on “Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys”. This issue is intended to explore the complex relationship between the performances, processing, microstructure, and corrosion of magnesium alloys. The Special Issue invites contributions from academia, researchers, industry professionals, and engineers.

Dr. Guy Ben-Hamu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • magnesium alloys
  • corrosion
  • coatings
  • biodegradable implant
  • magnesium-air battery
  • hydrogen storage
  • environmental degradation

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 7091 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Short-Time Testing Method for Simulating the Degradation Behavior of Magnesium-Based Biomaterials
by Nils Wegner, Johanna Vergin and Frank Walther
Metals 2022, 12(4), 591; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met12040591 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1506
Abstract
In regenerative medicine, degradable, magnesium-based biomaterials represent a promising material class. The low corrosion resistance typical for magnesium is advantageous for this application since the entire implant degrades in the presence of the aqueous body fluids after fulfilling the intended function, making a [...] Read more.
In regenerative medicine, degradable, magnesium-based biomaterials represent a promising material class. The low corrosion resistance typical for magnesium is advantageous for this application since the entire implant degrades in the presence of the aqueous body fluids after fulfilling the intended function, making a second operation for implant removal obsolete. To ensure sufficient stability within the functional phase, the degradation behavior must be known for months. In order to reduce time and costs for these long-time investigations, an electrochemical short-time testing method is developed and validated, accelerating the dissolution process of a magnesium alloy with and without surface modification based on galvanostatic anodic polarization, enabling a simulation of longer immersion times. During anodic polarization, the hydrogen gas formed by the corrosion process increases linearly. Moreover, the gas volume shows a linear relationship to the dissolving mass, enabling a defined dissolution of magnesium. As a starting point, corrosion rates of both variants from three-week immersion tests are used. A simplified relationship between the current density and the dissolution rate, determined experimentally, is used to design the experiments. Ex situ µ-computed tomography scans are performed to compare the degradation morphologies of both test strategies. The results demonstrate that a simulation of the degradation rates and, hence, considerable time saving based on galvanostatic anodic polarization is possible. Since the method is accompanied by a changed degradation morphology, it is suitable for a worst-case estimation allowing the exclusion of new, unsuitable magnesium systems before subsequent preclinical studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys)
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16 pages, 4955 KiB  
Article
Modification of Biocorrosion and Cellular Response of Magnesium Alloy WE43 by Multiaxial Deformation
by Natalia Anisimova, Natalia Martynenko, Keryam Novruzov, Olga Rybalchenko, Mikhail Kiselevskiy, Georgy Rybalchenko, Boris Straumal, Gennady Salishchev, Almagul Mansharipova, Aigul Kabiyeva, Maratbek Gabdullin, Sergey Dobatkin and Yuri Estrin
Metals 2022, 12(1), 105; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met12010105 - 05 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1507
Abstract
The study shows that multiaxial deformation (MAD) treatment leads to grain refinement in magnesium alloy WE43. Compared to the initial state, the MAD-processed alloy exhibited smoother biocorrosion dynamics in a fetal bovine serum and in a complete cell growth medium. Examination by microCT [...] Read more.
The study shows that multiaxial deformation (MAD) treatment leads to grain refinement in magnesium alloy WE43. Compared to the initial state, the MAD-processed alloy exhibited smoother biocorrosion dynamics in a fetal bovine serum and in a complete cell growth medium. Examination by microCT demonstrated retardation of the decline in the alloy volume and the Hounsfield unit values. An attendant reduction in the rate of accumulation of the biodegradation products in the immersion medium, a less pronounced alkalization, and inhibited sedimentation of biodegradation products on the surface of the alloy were observed after MAD. These effects were accompanied with an increase in the osteogenic mesenchymal stromal cell viability on the alloy surface and in a medium containing their extracts. It is expected that the more orderly dynamics of biodegradation of the WE43 alloy after MAD and the stimulation of cell colonization will effectively promote stable osteosynthesis, making repeat implant extraction surgeries unnecessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys)
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18 pages, 7947 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ca Addition on Corrosion Behavior of Wrought AM60 Magnesium Alloy in Alkaline Solutions
by Polina Metalnikov, Guy Ben-Hamu, Kwang Seon Shin and Amir Eliezer
Metals 2021, 11(8), 1172; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met11081172 - 23 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2135
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) alloys possess the lowest density among structural materials, and their application in the automotive and aircraft industries might enhance fuel efficiency. The mechanical properties can be improved by the addition of alloying elements. However, since Mg and its alloys are very [...] Read more.
Magnesium (Mg) alloys possess the lowest density among structural materials, and their application in the automotive and aircraft industries might enhance fuel efficiency. The mechanical properties can be improved by the addition of alloying elements. However, since Mg and its alloys are very susceptible to corrosion degradation, it is important to study the effect of these elements on the alloys’ corrosion behavior. In this study, 1 wt% of calcium (Ca) was added to wrought AM60 Mg alloy, and the electrochemical corrosion behavior of the alloys in alkaline solutions with and without Cl− ions was compared. The corrosion behavior was investigated by means of immersion tests, gravimetric measurements and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP); the characteristics of the oxide layer were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The addition of Ca resulted in precipitation of the ternary aluminum-rich (Mg-Al)2Ca phase. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscope (SKPFM) identified that this phase has a cathodic behavior relative to the α-Mg matrix; hence it can serve as additional sites for initiation of pitting corrosion. As a result, the corrosion resistance of wrought AM60 alloy with 1 wt% Ca addition deteriorated in a NaCl solution. However, in the absence of Cl− ions, alloying with Ca improves the corrosion resistance of wrought AM60 alloy due to the stabilization of the corrosion products layer. The effect of long-period immersion time on the corrosion behavior and alloy oxidation is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys)
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14 pages, 16168 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Behavior and Osteogenic Activity of a Biodegradable Orthopedic Implant Mg–Si Alloy with a Gradient Structure
by Weiyan Jiang and Wenzhou Yu
Metals 2021, 11(5), 781; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met11050781 - 11 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1476
Abstract
A gradient Mg-8 wt % Si alloy, which was composed of the agglomerated Mg2Si crystals coating (GMS8-1) and the eutectic Mg–Si alloy matrix (GMS8-2), was designed for biodegradable orthopedic implant materials. The bio-corrosion behavior was evaluated by the electrochemical measurements and [...] Read more.
A gradient Mg-8 wt % Si alloy, which was composed of the agglomerated Mg2Si crystals coating (GMS8-1) and the eutectic Mg–Si alloy matrix (GMS8-2), was designed for biodegradable orthopedic implant materials. The bio-corrosion behavior was evaluated by the electrochemical measurements and the immersion tests. The results show that a significant improvement of bio-corrosion resistance was achieved by using the gradient Mg–Si alloy, as compared with the traditional Mg-8 wt % Si alloy (MS8), which should be attributed to the compact and insoluble Mg2Si phase distributed on the surface of the material. Especially, GMS8-1 exhibits the highest polarization resistance of 1610 Ω, the lowest corrosion current density of 1.7 × 10−6 A·cm−2, and the slowest corrosion rate of 0.10 mm/year. In addition, GMS8-1 and GMS8-2 show better osteogenic activity than MS8, with no cytotoxicity to MC3T3-E1 cells. This work provides a new way to design a gradient biodegradable Mg alloys with some certain biological functions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys)
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21 pages, 3919 KiB  
Article
Experimental Apparent Stern–Geary Coefficients for AZ31B Mg Alloy in Physiological Body Fluids for Accurate Corrosion Rate Determination
by Federico R. García-Galvan, Santiago Fajardo, Violeta Barranco and Sebastián Feliu, Jr.
Metals 2021, 11(3), 391; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met11030391 - 27 Feb 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2635
Abstract
The corrosion behavior of AZ31B Mg alloy exposed to Ringer’s, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Hank’s, and simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions for 4 days was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization, weight loss, and surface characterization. Changes in corrosion rates with immersion [...] Read more.
The corrosion behavior of AZ31B Mg alloy exposed to Ringer’s, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Hank’s, and simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions for 4 days was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization, weight loss, and surface characterization. Changes in corrosion rates with immersion time determined by weight loss measurements were compared with EIS data to determine the possibility of obtaining quantitative electrochemical information. In addition, changes in the protective properties of the corrosion product layer calculated from the EIS parameters were evaluated as a function of their surface chemical composition as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and visual observations of the corroded specimen’s surface. Apparent Stern–Geary coefficients for the AZ31B Mg alloy in each test solution were calculated using the relationship between icorr from weight loss measurements and the EIS data (both Rp and Rt). This provided experimental reference B′ values that may be used as a useful tool in independent investigations to improve the accuracy of corrosion rates of AZ31B Mg alloy in simulated body solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys)
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