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Micromachines
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Miniaturized Pyro Devices
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Miniaturized Pyro Devices

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "A：Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 18150

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Carole Rossi

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Guest Editor
Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS-CNRS), 31400 Toulouse, France
Interests: PyroMEMS; nanothermite; metal-oxide (2D layered materials and 3D assembling) nanostructures; reactive interfaces; multifunctional nanocomposite materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ruiqi Shen

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Co-Guest Editor
School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
Interests: nanothermite; nanolaminates
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Energetic materials are the only attractive sources of reliable and “dormant” energy, exhibiting a long shelf-life and able to very quickly deliver gas, heat, and chemical species, or, after conversion, electrical power. For example, the decomposition of the well-known TNT can produce ~4 MJ/kg in a few tens of µs, while a modern chemical lithium battery only stores 0.5 MJ/kg. Therefore, even with a low energy conversion efficiency, energetic materials, such as nano-thermites, remain very attractive for being able to produce—on chips—a high-power and high-energy for a wide-range of applications, such as space transportation systems, medicine, fighting crime, security systems, and so on. To realize their full potential and to promote their applications, however, it is necessary to develop new nano-energetic material technologies, as well as manufacturing techniques, assembly, and packaging methods, towards miniaturized, safe, and reliable pyrotechnical microsystems.

The Special Issue on “Miniaturized Pyro Devices” brings together contributions from scientists working on nano-energetics and small pyrotechnical devices. The main topics of the Issue include, not exclusively, new technologies of (multifunctional) energetic materials, pyroMEMS, utilisation and safety of energetic materials, 3D printing, experimental techniques, behaviour of energetic materials under a wide variety of conditions, and so on. The Issue aims to be a platform for presenting cutting edge research in technology, as well as in the chemistry and physics of the energetic materials used in small-scale devices.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Prof. Dr. Carole Rossi
Prof. Dr. Ruiqi Shen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Nanothermite
  • PyroMEMS
  • Microreactor
  • Micro-/nano-satellite
  • Microignitor
  • Safe and arm devices
  • Micropyrosystems

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 192 KiB  
Editorial
Miniaturized Pyrotechnic Systems Meet the Performance Needs While Limiting the Environmental Impact
by Carole Rossi and Ruiqi Shen
Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13030376 - 26 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1387
Abstract
Pyrotechnic systems, also termed pyrotechnics, refer to a broad family of sophisticated single-use devices that are able to produce heat, light, smoke, sound, motion, and/or a combination of these thanks to the reaction of an energetic material (primary and secondary explosives, powders/propellants, and [...] Read more.
Pyrotechnic systems, also termed pyrotechnics, refer to a broad family of sophisticated single-use devices that are able to produce heat, light, smoke, sound, motion, and/or a combination of these thanks to the reaction of an energetic material (primary and secondary explosives, powders/propellants, and other pyrotechnic substances) [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Pyro Devices)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

10 pages, 2875 KiB  
Communication
PyroMEMS as Future Technological Building Blocks for Advanced Microenergetic Systems
by Jean-Laurent Pouchairet and Carole Rossi
Micromachines 2021, 12(2), 118; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12020118 - 23 Jan 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2281
Abstract
For the past two decades, many research groups have investigated new methods for reducing the size and cost of safe and arm-fire systems, while also improving their safety and reliability, through batch processing. Simultaneously, micro- and nanotechnology advancements regarding nanothermite materials have enabled [...] Read more.
For the past two decades, many research groups have investigated new methods for reducing the size and cost of safe and arm-fire systems, while also improving their safety and reliability, through batch processing. Simultaneously, micro- and nanotechnology advancements regarding nanothermite materials have enabled the production of a key technological building block: pyrotechnical microsystems (pyroMEMS). This building block simply consists of microscale electric initiators with a thin thermite layer as the ignition charge. This microscale to millimeter-scale addressable pyroMEMS enables the integration of intelligence into centimeter-scale pyrotechnical systems. To illustrate this technological evolution, we hereby present the development of a smart infrared (IR) electronically controllable flare consisting of three distinct components: (1) a controllable pyrotechnical ejection block comprising three independently addressable small-scale propellers, all integrated into a one-piece molded and interconnected device, (2) a terminal function block comprising a structured IR pyrotechnical loaf coupled with a microinitiation stage integrating low-energy addressable pyroMEMS, and (3) a connected, autonomous, STANAG 4187 compliant, electronic sensor arming and firing block. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Pyro Devices)
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17 pages, 7234 KiB  
Article
Energetic Films Realized by Encapsulating Copper Azide in Silicon-Based Carbon Nanotube Arrays with Higher Electrostatic Safety
by Xuwen Liu, Yan Hu, Hai Wei, Bingwen Chen, Yinghua Ye and Ruiqi Shen
Micromachines 2020, 11(6), 575; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi11060575 - 06 Jun 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2570
Abstract
Since copper azide (Cu(N3)2) has high electrostatic sensitivity and is difficult to be practically applied, silicon-based Cu(N3)2@carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite energetic films with higher electrostatic safety were fabricated, which can be compatible with micro-electro mechanical [...] Read more.
Since copper azide (Cu(N3)2) has high electrostatic sensitivity and is difficult to be practically applied, silicon-based Cu(N3)2@carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite energetic films with higher electrostatic safety were fabricated, which can be compatible with micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS). First, a silicon-based porous alumina film was prepared by a modified two-step anodic oxidation method. Next, CNTs were grown in pores of the silicon-based porous alumina film by chemical vapor deposition. Then, copper nanoparticles were deposited in CNTs by electrochemical deposition and oxidized to Cu(N3)2 by gaseous hydrogen azide. The morphology and composition of the prepared silicon-based Cu(N3)2@CNTs energetic films were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The electrostatic sensitivity of the composite energetic film was tested by the Bruceton method. The thermal decomposition kinetics of the composite energetic films were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the exothermic peak of the silicon-based Cu(N3)2@CNTs composite energetic film is at the temperature of 210.95 °C, its electrostatic sensitivity is significantly less than that of Cu(N3)2 and its 50% ignition energy is about 4.0 mJ. The energetic film shows good electric explosion characteristics and is successfully ignited by laser. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Pyro Devices)
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13 pages, 9589 KiB  
Article
Firing Performance of Microchip Exploding Foil Initiator Triggered by Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Controlled Thyristor
by Ke Wang, Peng Zhu, Cong Xu, Qiu Zhang, Zhi Yang and Ruiqi Shen
Micromachines 2020, 11(6), 550; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi11060550 - 29 May 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3396
Abstract
In this paper, microchip exploding foil initiators were fabricated by micro-electro-mechanical system scale fabrication methods, such as magnetron sputtering, photolithography, and chemical vapor deposition. A small-scale capacitor discharge unit based on the metal-oxide-semiconductor controlled thyristor was designed and produced to study the performance [...] Read more.
In this paper, microchip exploding foil initiators were fabricated by micro-electro-mechanical system scale fabrication methods, such as magnetron sputtering, photolithography, and chemical vapor deposition. A small-scale capacitor discharge unit based on the metal-oxide-semiconductor controlled thyristor was designed and produced to study the performance of the microchip exploding foil initiator. The discharge performance of the capacitor discharge unit without load and the effect of protection devices on the metal-oxide-semiconductor controlled thyristor were studied by the short-circuit discharge test. Then, the electric explosion characteristic of the microchip exploding foil initiator was also conducted to study the circuit current, peak power, deposited energy, and other parameters. Hexanitrostilbene refined by ball-milling and microfluidic technology was adopted to verify the initiation capability of the microchip exploding foil initiator triggered by the metal-oxide-semiconductor controlled thyristor. The results showed that the average inductance and resistance of the capacitor discharge circuit were 22.07 nH and 72.55 mΩ, respectively. The circuit peak current reached 1.96 kA with a rise time of 143.96 ns at 1200 V/0.22 μF. Hexanitrostilbene fabricated by ball-milling and microfluidic technology was successfully initiated at 1200 V/0.22 μF and 1100 V/0.22 μF, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Pyro Devices)
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13 pages, 7581 KiB  
Article
Study on Electrical Explosion Properties of Cu/Ni Multilayer Exploding Foil Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering and Electroplating
by Fan Lei, Qin Ye, Shuang Yang and Qiubo Fu
Micromachines 2020, 11(5), 528; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi11050528 - 22 May 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2576
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the microstructure and properties of Cu/Ni multilayer films prepared by magnetron sputtering and electroplating on the electrical explosion performance of the films. In this study, Cu/Ni multilayer films of the same thickness [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the microstructure and properties of Cu/Ni multilayer films prepared by magnetron sputtering and electroplating on the electrical explosion performance of the films. In this study, Cu/Ni multilayer films of the same thickness were prepared by electroplating (EP) and magnetron sputtering (MS), and their morphology and crystal structure were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). XRD was used to observe the crystal structure and size of the samples. In addition, the Cu/Ni multilayer film was etched into the shape of a bridge, and the electric explosion phenomenon in the same discharge circuit of the multilayer foil obtained by the two preparation processes was tested by an electric explosion performance test system. The resistance–time curve and the energy–resistance curve during the electric explosion process were analyzed and calculated. The results showed that compared with the multilayer film prepared by the MS method, the crystal size of the multilayer film prepared by the EP method is smaller and the interface of Cu/Ni is clearer. In the electric explosion experiment, the MS samples had earlier burst times, larger peak resistances, smaller peak energies and higher ionization voltages. Through observation of the morphology of the samples after the electric explosion and combination with gas ionization theory, the internal influencing factors of the peak voltage and the relative resistance of the two samples were analyzed. The influence of the multilayer film mixing layer thickness on the sample energy conversion efficiency was analyzed by modeling the microstructure of the multilayer film exploding foil and electric heating. The results show that the thicker the mixing layer is, the more energy is distributed on the Ni, the faster the resistance increases, and the higher the energy conversion efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Pyro Devices)
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10 pages, 2145 KiB  
Article
A Facile Preparation and Energetic Characteristics of the Core/Shell CoFe2O4/Al Nanowires Thermite Film
by Chunpei Yu, Wei Ren, Ganggang Wu, Wenchao Zhang, Bin Hu, Debin Ni, Zilong Zheng, Kefeng Ma, Jiahai Ye and Chenguang Zhu
Micromachines 2020, 11(5), 516; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi11050516 - 20 May 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2808
Abstract
In this study, CoFe2O4 is selected for the first time to synthesize CoFe2O4/Al nanothermite films via an integration of nano-Al with CoFe2O4 nanowires (NWs), which can be prepared through a facile hydrothermal-annealing route. [...] Read more.
In this study, CoFe2O4 is selected for the first time to synthesize CoFe2O4/Al nanothermite films via an integration of nano-Al with CoFe2O4 nanowires (NWs), which can be prepared through a facile hydrothermal-annealing route. The resulting nanothermite film demonstrates a homogeneous structure and an intense contact between the Al and CoFe2O4 NWs at the nanoscale. In addition, both thermal analysis and laser ignition test reveal the superb energetic performances of the prepared CoFe2O4/Al NWs nanothermite film. Within different thicknesses of nano-Al for the CoFe2O4/Al NWs nanothermite films investigated here, the maximum heat output has reached as great as 2100 J·g−1 at the optimal thickness of 400 nm for deposited Al. Moreover, the fabrication strategy for CoFe2O4/Al NWs is also easy and suitable for diverse thermite systems based upon other composite metal oxides, such as MnCo2O4 and NiCo2O4. Importantly, this method has the featured advantages of simple operation and compatibility with microsystems, both of which may further facilitate potential applications for functional energetic chips. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Pyro Devices)
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13 pages, 4890 KiB  
Article
Inkjet Printing of GAP/NC/DNTF Based Microscale Booster with High Strength for PyroMEMS
by Yining He, Xiuti Guo, Yanling Long, Guangwu Huang, Xiangpu Ren, Chuanhao Xu and Chongwei An
Micromachines 2020, 11(4), 415; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi11040415 - 14 Apr 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2377
Abstract
In order to improve the mechanical strength of micro-booster based on 3,4-dinitrofurazanofuroxan (DNTF), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was introduced into the composite binder of nitrocotton (NC) and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP). A full-liquid explosive ink containing DNTF, binder and solvent was printed layer by [...] Read more.
In order to improve the mechanical strength of micro-booster based on 3,4-dinitrofurazanofuroxan (DNTF), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was introduced into the composite binder of nitrocotton (NC) and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP). A full-liquid explosive ink containing DNTF, binder and solvent was printed layer by layer. By the polymer cross-linking technology, the inkjet printed sample with three-dimensional network structure was obtained. The morphology, crystal form, density, mechanical strength, thermal decomposition and micro scale detonation properties of the printed samples were tested and analyzed. The results show that the printed sample has a smooth surface and a dense internal microstructure, and the thickness of the single layer printing is less than 10 μm. Compared with the raw material DNTF, the thermal decomposition temperature and activation energy of the printed samples do not change significantly, indicating better thermal stability. The addition of curing agent TDI increases the mechanical properties and charge density of the energetic composites. The elastic modulus and hardness are increased by more than 20%. The charge density can attain 1.773 g·cm−3, which can reach 95.5% of the theoretical density. The critical detonation size of the sample can reach 1 mm × 0.01 mm or less and the detonation velocity can achieve 8686 m·s−1, which exhibits excellent micro-scale detonation ability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Pyro Devices)
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