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Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 55610

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Dana Maria Copolovici

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Technical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, 310330 Arad, Romania
Interests: phytochemicals; health, analytical, and natural product chemistry; peptides and proteins; drug discovery; drug delivery systems; synthesis/green synthesis of biologically active molecules and nanoparticles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The huge agricultural and food wastes generated nowadays due to our lifestyle, with their vast environmental and economic impact, are a great concern all over the world. It is mandatory that new strategies to process, valorize and use the biomolecules presented in the plant and animal wastes resulting from food industry and agriculture should emerge, both at laboratory and industrial scales. Waste and by-products of plant and animal origin (e.g., phytochemicals, vitamins, peptides, proteins, and fatty acids) were reported to contain biomolecules, which alone or in a mixture could be used to obtain food additives, agricultural materials, packaging materials, bio-fertilizers, medicines, cosmetic products, nanoparticles, dyes in textile industry, etc. This is an interdisciplinary field in which researchers from diverse areas of chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, food science and food engineering, biotechnology, and environmental engineering are expected to disseminate their latest results regarding the extraction methods of biomolecules, their chemical characterization, evaluation of in vitro and in vivo activities, as well as the developments of new value-added products.

This Special Issue aims to present, using reviews and original research, the current state-of-the-art in the field and the results of new approaches to extraction, valorization and application of biomolecules obtained from plant and animal wastes for uses in food and health settings.

Prof. Dr. Dana Maria Copolovici
Guest Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Plant waste
  • Animal waste
  • Biomolecules
  • Extraction
  • Analytical techniques
  • Green synthesis
  • Health
  • Natural products
  • Peptides and proteins
  • Phytochemicals
  • In vitro experiments
  • In vivo experiments

Published Papers (15 papers)

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15 pages, 1931 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Activity and Wound-Healing Capacity of Birch, Beech and Larch Bark Extracts
by Stefanie Emrich, Anja Schuster, Thomas Schnabel and Gertie Janneke Oostingh
Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2817; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27092817 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2321
Abstract
Bark is a major by-product of woodworking industries. The contents of several wood species are known to harbor antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing capacities. The aim of this work was to identify beneficial properties of Austrian larch, birch and beech bark extracts for [...] Read more.
Bark is a major by-product of woodworking industries. The contents of several wood species are known to harbor antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing capacities. The aim of this work was to identify beneficial properties of Austrian larch, birch and beech bark extracts for their potential usage as additives or active ingredients in dermatological applications. Bacterial agar diffusion assay and resazurin-based broth microdilution assay were used to evaluate anti-bacterial activity. To gain more insight into the cellular response to bark extracts, viability-, scratch-assays and ELISAs were performed. Birch and beech extracts showed strong antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and MRSA. Wound closure was enhanced with birch and beech extracts as compared to controls in the scratch-assays. Whereas beneficial properties of birch bark components have previously been described, the similar effects of beech extracts are novel. The combined positive effect on wound-healing and antimicrobial activity has great potential for the treatment of various skin diseases, including acne in future dermal applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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23 pages, 3902 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Cosmetic and Dermatological Properties of Kombucha-Fermented Berry Leaf Extracts Considered to Be By-Products
by Aleksandra Ziemlewska, Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Martyna Zagórska-Dziok, Tomasz Bujak, Magdalena Wójciak and Ireneusz Sowa
Molecules 2022, 27(7), 2345; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27072345 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3469
Abstract
Leaves of Rubus fruticosus L., Vaccinum myrtillus L., Ribes nigrum L. and Fragaria vesca L. are considered agro-waste of the berry industry, but they can be a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds used in cosmetic industry. In this study, kombucha-fermented and non-fermented [...] Read more.
Leaves of Rubus fruticosus L., Vaccinum myrtillus L., Ribes nigrum L. and Fragaria vesca L. are considered agro-waste of the berry industry, but they can be a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds used in cosmetic industry. In this study, kombucha-fermented and non-fermented extracts were compared in terms of chemical composition and biological activity. Polyphenol compounds were identified by HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS. The antioxidant potential was analyzed by evaluating the scavenging of intracellular free radicals contained in keratinocytes and fibroblasts and by DPPH and ABTS assay, obtaining a higher radical scavenging capacity for the ferments, especially for R. fruticosus and V. myrtillus ferments. Assessment of the cytotoxicity on skin cell lines showed their positive effect on the viability of fibroblasts and keratinocytes (especially for the ferments after 10 days of fermentation). The potential anti-ageing properties were determined by their ability to inhibit the activity of metalloproteinases, obtaining almost 30% inhibition of collagenase and elastase in the case of fermented V. myrtillus. Moreover, when the samples were applied to the skin, the positive effect of ferments on skin hydration and pH was demonstrated, which indicates that kombucha berry leaf extracts may be an innovative cosmetic ingredient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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17 pages, 1863 KiB  
Article
Pharmacological Potential and Chemical Composition of Crocus sativus Leaf Extracts
by Olha Mykhailenko, Vilma Petrikaite, Michal Korinek, Fang-Rong Chang, Mohamed El-Shazly, Chia-Hung Yen, Ivan Bezruk, Bing-Hung Chen, Chung-Fan Hsieh, Dmytro Lytkin, Liudas Ivanauskas, Victoriya Georgiyants and Tsong-Long Hwang
Molecules 2022, 27(1), 10; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27010010 - 21 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3512
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. (saffron) has been traditionally used as a food coloring or flavoring agent, but recent research has shown its potent pharmacological activity to tackle several health-related conditions. Crocus sp. leaves, and petals are the by-products of saffron production and are not [...] Read more.
Crocus sativus L. (saffron) has been traditionally used as a food coloring or flavoring agent, but recent research has shown its potent pharmacological activity to tackle several health-related conditions. Crocus sp. leaves, and petals are the by-products of saffron production and are not usually used in the medicine or food industries. The present study was designed to determine the chemical composition of the water and ethanolic extracts of C. sativus leaves and test their cytotoxic activity against melanoma (IGR39) and triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines by MTT assay. We also determined their anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral activities. HPLC fingerprint analysis showed the presence of 16 compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acids, xanthones, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids, which could contribute to the extracts’ biological activities. For the first time, compounds such as tectoridin, iristectorigenin B, nigricin, and irigenin were identified in Crocus leaf extracts. The results showed that mangiferin (up to 2 mg/g dry weight) and isoorientin (8.5 mg/g dry weight) were the major active ingredients in the leaf extracts. The ethanolic extract reduced the viability of IGR39 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells with EC50 = 410 ± 100 and 330 ± 40 µg/mL, respectively. It was more active than the aqueous extract. Kaempferol and quercetin were identified as the most active compounds. Our results showed that Crocus leaves contain secondary metabolites with potent cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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17 pages, 2668 KiB  
Article
Antifungal Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Olea europaea Leaf Extract, Thymus vulgaris and Boswellia carteri Essential Oil as Prospective Fungal Inhibitor Candidates
by Hanaa S. Omar, Soheir N. Abd El-Rahman, Sheikha M. AlGhannam, Nour El-Houda A. Reyad and Mohamed S. Sedeek
Molecules 2021, 26(20), 6118; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26206118 - 10 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3109 | Correction
Abstract
Background: The present study investigated the antifungal activity and mode of action of four Olea europaea leaf extracts, Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO), and Boswellia carteri EO against Fusarium oxysporum. Methods:Fusarium oxysporum lactucae was detected with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) [...] Read more.
Background: The present study investigated the antifungal activity and mode of action of four Olea europaea leaf extracts, Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO), and Boswellia carteri EO against Fusarium oxysporum. Methods:Fusarium oxysporum lactucae was detected with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The chemical compositions of chloroform and dichloromethane extracts of O. europaea leaves and T. vulgaris EO were analyzed using GC-MS analysis. In addition, a molecular docking analysis was used to identify the expected ligands of these extracts against eleven F. oxysporum proteins. Results: The nucleotide sequence of the F. oxysporum lactucae isolate was deposited in GenBank with Accession No. MT249304.1. The T. vulgaris EO, chloroform, dichloromethane and ethanol efficiently inhibited the growth at concentrations of 75.5 and 37.75 mg/mL, whereas ethyl acetate, and B. carteri EO did not exhibit antifungal activity. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major and most vital compounds of the T. vulgaris EO, chloroform, and dichloromethane were thymol, carvacrol, tetratriacontane, and palmitic acid. Moreover, molecular modeling revealed the activity of these compounds against F. oxysporum. Conclusions: Chloroform, dichloromethane and ethanol, olive leaf extract, and T. vulgaris EO showed a strong effect against F. oxysporum. Consequently, this represents an appropriate natural source of biological compounds for use in healthcare. In addition, homology modeling and docking analysis are the best analyses for clarifying the mechanisms of antifungal activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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19 pages, 2124 KiB  
Article
Exploring Effects of Protease Choice and Protease Combinations in Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysis of Poultry By-Products
by Diana Lindberg, Kenneth Aase Kristoffersen, Sileshi Gizachew Wubshet, Linn Maria Gundersen Hunnes, Marte Dalsnes, Katinka Riiser Dankel, Vibeke Høst and Nils Kristian Afseth
Molecules 2021, 26(17), 5280; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26175280 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4487
Abstract
A study of the effects of single and combined protease hydrolysis on myofibrillar versus collagenous proteins of poultry by-products has been conducted. The aim was to contribute with knowledge for increased value creation of all constituents of these complex by-products. A rational approach [...] Read more.
A study of the effects of single and combined protease hydrolysis on myofibrillar versus collagenous proteins of poultry by-products has been conducted. The aim was to contribute with knowledge for increased value creation of all constituents of these complex by-products. A rational approach was implemented for selecting proteases exhibiting the most different activity towards the major protein-rich constituents of mechanically deboned chicken residue (MDCR). An initial activity screening of 18 proteases on chicken meat, turkey tendons and MDCR was conducted. Based on weight yield, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and SDS-PAGE, stem Bromelain and Endocut-02 were selected. Studies on hydrolysis of four different poultry by-products at 40 °C, evaluated by protein yield, SEC, and SDS-PAGE, indicate that the proteases’ selectivity difference can be utilized in tailor-making hydrolysates, enriched in either meat- and collagen-derived peptides or gelatin. Three modes of stem Bromelain and Endocut-02 combinations during hydrolysis of MDCR were performed and compared with single protease hydrolysis. All modes of the protease combinations resulted in a similar approximately 15% increase in product yield, with products exhibiting similar SEC and SDS-PAGE profiles. This shows that irrespective of the modes of combination, the use of more than one enzyme in hydrolysis of collagen-rich material can provide means to increase the total protein yield and ultimately contribute to increased value creation of poultry by-products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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13 pages, 16000 KiB  
Article
Quantification of Flavonoids, Phenols and Antioxidant Potential from Dropped Citrus reticulata Blanco Fruits Influenced by Drying Techniques
by Dinesh Kumar, Milind S. Ladaniya, Manju Gurjar, Sunil Kumar and Sachin Mendke
Molecules 2021, 26(14), 4159; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26144159 - 08 Jul 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2892
Abstract
Physiologically dropped immature Citrus reticulata Blanco fruits are regarded as waste and discarded in the citrus orchard but are a good source of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, antioxidants and total phenols. A study was undertaken to identify and quantify these bioactive compounds and [...] Read more.
Physiologically dropped immature Citrus reticulata Blanco fruits are regarded as waste and discarded in the citrus orchard but are a good source of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, antioxidants and total phenols. A study was undertaken to identify and quantify these bioactive compounds and to investigate the influence of different drying techniques, namely freeze drying and hot air oven drying, on flavonoids namely flavanone glycosides, antioxidant potential and total phenol content in immature dropped fruits of Citrus reticulata Blanco. Flavonoids were quantified in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity were investigated with three assays azino-bis [3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) and total phenol content was determined. Freeze dried samples of 12 and 14 mm size retained maximum hesperidin flavonoid content (27.03% and 27.20%) as compared to the hot air dried samples (17.99%) and retained higher phenolic content ranged from 50.54–54.19 mg GAEL−1. The antioxidant activity in freeze dried fruits was from 12.21–13.55 mM L−1 Trolox and 15.27–16.72 mM L−1 Trolox with ABTS, DPPH assay and FRAP values ranging from 7.31–9.07 mM L−1 Trolox. Significant positive correlation was found between the flavonoid hesperidin with antioxidant assays and total phenolic content (TPC). The results showed that waste citrus fruits can act as potential source of bioflavonoids, especially hesperidin, and antioxidants for pharmaceutical as well as nutraceutical industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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17 pages, 1621 KiB  
Article
Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Obtained by Using Diverse Varieties of Cannabis sativa Leaf Extracts
by Adriana Cecilia Csakvari, Cristian Moisa, Dana G. Radu, Leonard M. Olariu, Andreea I. Lupitu, Anca Ofelia Panda, Georgeta Pop, Dorina Chambre, Vlad Socoliuc, Lucian Copolovici and Dana Maria Copolovici
Molecules 2021, 26(13), 4041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26134041 - 01 Jul 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4102
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) is a plant used in the textile industry and green building material industry, as well as for the phytoremediation of soil, medical treatments, and supplementary food products. The synergistic effect of terpenes, flavonoids, and cannabinoids in hemp extracts may [...] Read more.
Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) is a plant used in the textile industry and green building material industry, as well as for the phytoremediation of soil, medical treatments, and supplementary food products. The synergistic effect of terpenes, flavonoids, and cannabinoids in hemp extracts may mediate the biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles. In this study, the chemical composition of aqueous leaf extracts of three varieties of Romanian hemp (two monoecious, and one dioecious) have been determined by Fourier-Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-MS). Then, their capability to mediate the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their pottential antibacterial applications were evaluated. The average antioxidant capacity of the extracts had 18.4 ± 3.9% inhibition determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 78.2 ± 4.1% determined by 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS™) assays. The total polyphenolic content of the extracts was 1642 ± 32 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) L−1. After this, these extracts were reacted with an aqueous solution of AgNO3 resulting in AgNPs, which were characterized by UV−VIS spectroscopy, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results demonstrated obtaining spherical, stable AgNPs with a diameter of less than 69 nm and an absorbance peak at 435 nm. The mixture of extracts and AgNPs showed a superior antioxidant capacity of 2.3 ± 0.4% inhibition determined by the DPPH• assay, 88.5 ± 0.9% inhibition as determined by the ABTS•+ assay, and a good antibacterial activity against several human pathogens: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Staphylococcus aureus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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14 pages, 4004 KiB  
Article
Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit
by Chalermpong Saenjum, Thanawat Pattananandecha and Kouichi Nakagawa
Molecules 2021, 26(12), 3565; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26123565 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5720
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals and paramagnetic species in dragon fruit using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). HPLC analysis demonstrated that dragon fruit is enriched with bioactive phytochemicals, with significant variations between each part [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals and paramagnetic species in dragon fruit using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). HPLC analysis demonstrated that dragon fruit is enriched with bioactive phytochemicals, with significant variations between each part of the fruit. Anthocyanins namely, cyanidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside were detected in the dragon fruit peel and fresh red pulp. Epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, caffeine, and gallic acid were found in the dragon fruit seed. Additionally, 25–100 mg × L−1 of dragon fruit pulp and peel extracts containing enrichment of cyanidin 3-glucoside were found to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in cell-based studies without exerted cytotoxicity. EPR primarily detected two paramagnetic species in the red samples. These two different radical species were assigned as stable radicals and Mn2+ (paramagnetic species) based on the g-values and hyperfine components. In addition, the broad EPR line width of the white peel can be correlated to a unique moiety in dragon fruit. Our EPR and HPLC results provide new insight regarding the phytochemicals and related stable intermediates found in various parts of dragon fruit. Thus, we suggest here that there is the potential to use dragon fruit peel, which contains anthocyanins, as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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20 pages, 9148 KiB  
Article
Spent Grain from Malt Whisky: Assessment of the Phenolic Compounds
by Ancuța Chetrariu and Adriana Dabija
Molecules 2021, 26(11), 3236; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26113236 - 27 May 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2477
Abstract
In order to extract antioxidant phenolic compounds from spent grain (SG) two extraction methods were studied: the ultrasound-assisted method (US) and the Ultra-Turrax method (high stirring rate) (UT). Liquid to solid ratios, solvent concentration, time, and temperature/stirring rate were optimized. Spent grain extracts [...] Read more.
In order to extract antioxidant phenolic compounds from spent grain (SG) two extraction methods were studied: the ultrasound-assisted method (US) and the Ultra-Turrax method (high stirring rate) (UT). Liquid to solid ratios, solvent concentration, time, and temperature/stirring rate were optimized. Spent grain extracts were analyzed for their total phenol content (TPC) (0.62 to 1.76 mg GAE/g SG DW for Ultra-Turrax pretreatment, and 0.57 to 2.11 mg GAE/g SG DW for ultrasound-assisted pretreatment), total flavonoid content (TFC) (0.6 to 1.67 mg QE/g SG DW for UT, and 0.5 to 1.63 mg QE/g SG DW for US), and antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical (25.88% to 79.58% for UT, and 27.49% to 78.30% for UT). TPC was greater at a high stirring rate and high exposure time up to a certain extent for the Ultra-Turrax method, and at a high temperature for the ultrasound-assisted method. P-coumaric acid (20.4 ± 1.72 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and 14.0 ± 1.14 mg/100 SG DW for US) accounted for the majority of the phenolic found compounds, followed by rosmarinic (6.5 ± 0.96 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and 4.0 ± 0.76 mg/100 SG DW for US), chlorogenic (5.4 ± 1.1 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US), and vanillic acids (3.1 ± 0.8 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and 10.0 ± 1.03 mg/100 SG DW for US) were found in lower quantities. Protocatechuic (0.7 ± 0.05 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US), 4-hydroxy benzoic (1.1 ± 0.06 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US), and caffeic acids (0.7 ± 0.03 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US) were present in very small amounts. Ultrasound-assisted and Ultra-Turrax pretreatments were demonstrated to be efficient methods to recover these value-added compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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23 pages, 4190 KiB  
Article
Effect of Fish Bone Bioactive Peptides on Oxidative, Inflammatory and Pigmentation Processes Triggered by UVB Irradiation in Skin Cells
by Andreea Iosageanu, Daniela Ilie, Oana Craciunescu, Ana-Maria Seciu-Grama, Anca Oancea, Otilia Zarnescu, Ionut Moraru and Florin Oancea
Molecules 2021, 26(9), 2691; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26092691 - 04 May 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3853
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated for the first time the photoprotective effect of fish bone bioactive peptides (FBBP) preparation isolated from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) discarded tissue using in vitro experimental models of skin cells exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) [...] Read more.
In the present study, we evaluated for the first time the photoprotective effect of fish bone bioactive peptides (FBBP) preparation isolated from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) discarded tissue using in vitro experimental models of skin cells exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation and stressing agents. FBBP preparation was obtained by papain treatment of minced bones and centrifugal ultrafiltration, and the molecular weight (MW) distribution was characterized by size exclusion and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). In vitro assessment of the effect of FBBP pretreatment in UVB-irradiated L929 fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes revealed their cytoprotective activity. Their capacity to efficiently reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation varied in a dose-dependent manner, and it was greater in fibroblasts. A decrease of proinflammatory cytokines secretion, in particular of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), was found after FBBP pretreatment of THP-1-derived inflamed macrophages. Melanin production and tyrosinase activity investigated in UVB-irradiated Mel-Juso cells were lowered in direct relation to FBBP concentrations. FBBP fractions with high radical scavenging activity were separated by ion exchange chromatography, and two collagenic sequences were identified. All these results offer new scientific data on aquaculture fish bone-derived peptides confirming their ability to control the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and pigmentation processes developed during UV irradiation of skin cells and recommend their use as valuable natural ingredients of photoprotective cosmeceutical products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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17 pages, 3090 KiB  
Article
The Antimicrobial Activity of Origanum vulgare L. Correlated with the Gastrointestinal Perturbation in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
by Timea Claudia Ghitea, Amina El-Kharoubi, Mariana Ganea, Erika Bimbo-Szuhai, Tiberiu Sebastian Nemeth, Gabriela Ciavoi, Monica Foghis, Luciana Dobjanschi, Annamaria Pallag and Otilia Micle
Molecules 2021, 26(2), 283; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26020283 - 08 Jan 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3376
Abstract
(1) The metabolic syndrome (MS) promotes acute and chronic infections, due to the pro-inflammatory condition given by TNFα and IL6 or by affecting the microbiota. MS is also correlated with insulin resistance, causing inflammation and infections throughout the organism. (2) The purpose of [...] Read more.
(1) The metabolic syndrome (MS) promotes acute and chronic infections, due to the pro-inflammatory condition given by TNFα and IL6 or by affecting the microbiota. MS is also correlated with insulin resistance, causing inflammation and infections throughout the organism. (2) The purpose of this study was to track the effect of using the essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. (EOO) as an antibacterial treatment, compared to allopathic treatment with antibiotics in MS patients. A group of 106 people with MS was divided into four subgroups: L1—staphylococcal infection group, L2—Escherichia coli infection group, L3—streptococcal infection group with EOO treatment, and CG—control group without infection or treatment. (3) EOO is responsible for the antibacterial effect, and reduced minor uncomplicated infections. After a 10-day treatment, intestinal side effects were absent, improving the phase angle. (4) The results suggest that EOO may exhibit an antibacterial effect, similar to the antibiotic treatment, without promoting MS-specific dysbiosis, and it also improves the phase angle in patients, which is used as an index of health and cellular function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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21 pages, 1926 KiB  
Article
Strategies to Improve the Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Sunflower Oil by Exploiting the Antioxidant Potential of Blueberries Processing Byproducts
by Cristina-Ramona Metzner Ungureanu, Mariana-Atena Poiana, Ileana Cocan, Andreea Ioana Lupitu, Ersilia Alexa and Diana Moigradean
Molecules 2020, 25(23), 5688; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules25235688 - 03 Dec 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2455
Abstract
This research was conducted in order to establish the effectiveness of two freeze-dried extracts obtained from blueberry processing byproducts resulting from juice manufacturing compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in delaying the lipid oxidation of sunflower oil subjected to high-temperature convective heating at 180 [...] Read more.
This research was conducted in order to establish the effectiveness of two freeze-dried extracts obtained from blueberry processing byproducts resulting from juice manufacturing compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in delaying the lipid oxidation of sunflower oil subjected to high-temperature convective heating at 180 °C up to 12 h under simulated frying conditions. The fruits were harvested from spontaneous flora of two regions of Romania, Arieseni (Alba County) and Paltinis (Sibiu County) and the blueberry byproducts extracts (BBE) were noted according to the origin place as ABBE and PBBE. The progress of lipid thermo-oxidation was investigated in terms of peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), the response of TBA-malondialdehyde interactions assessed by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, the total oxidation (TOTOX) value and inhibition of oil oxidation (IO). The recorded data highlighted that BBE exhibit a high inhibitory response on lipid thermo-oxidation. The inhibitory effect was concentration-dependent, thus, the degree of lipid oxidation was in reverse related to the BBE dose. The exposure of the oil samples supplemented with 800 ppm BBE (ABBE, PBBE) to a high-temperature heating for 12 h led to a significant decrease of the assessed indices compared to additives-free sunflower oil sample as follows: PV (46%; 45%), p-AV (21%; 17%), TOTOX (27%; 24%), TBA value (25%; 11%). Regarding the impact of the origin on the potential of BBE to inhibit the lipid oxidative degradation, it was noted that ABBE derived from blueberries grown in a region with a milder climate with moderate precipitations and higher temperatures showed a stronger inhibitory effect on lipid thermo-oxidation than PBBE. A moderate level of 500 ppm BBE inhibited the lipid oxidation similar to 200 ppm BHT. The reported results reveal that BBE represent efficient natural antioxidants that could be successfully applied to improve the thermo-oxidative stability of sunflower oil used in various high-temperature food applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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Review

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16 pages, 1027 KiB  
Review
Biomolecules from Plant Wastes Potentially Relevant in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Co-Occurring Symptomatology
by Ioana-Miruna Balmus, Dana Copolovici, Lucian Copolovici, Alin Ciobica and Dragos Lucian Gorgan
Molecules 2022, 27(8), 2403; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27082403 - 08 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2502
Abstract
During and following the processing of a plant’s raw material, considerable amounts are wasted, composted, or redistributed in non-alimentary sectors for further use (for example, some forms of plant waste contribute to biofuel, bioethanol, or biomass production). However, many of these forms of [...] Read more.
During and following the processing of a plant’s raw material, considerable amounts are wasted, composted, or redistributed in non-alimentary sectors for further use (for example, some forms of plant waste contribute to biofuel, bioethanol, or biomass production). However, many of these forms of waste still consist of critical bioactive compounds used in the food industry or medicine. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders. The primary treatment is based on symptomatology alleviation and controlled dietary management. Thus, this review aimed to describe the possible relevance of molecules residing in plant waste that can be used to manage IBS and co-occurring symptoms. Significant evidence was found that many forms of fruit, vegetable, and medicinal plant waste could be the source of some molecules that could be used to treat or prevent stool consistency and frequency impairments and abdominal pain, these being the main IBS symptoms. While many of these molecules could be recovered from plant waste during or following primary processing, the studies suggested that enriched food could offer efficient valorization and prevent further changes in properties or stability. In this way, root, stem, straw, leaf, fruit, and vegetable pomaces were found to consist of biomolecules that could modulate intestinal permeability, pain perception, and overall gastrointestinal digestive processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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28 pages, 2237 KiB  
Review
Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections
by Abdulrhman Alsayari, Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah, Dalia Almaghaslah, Sivakumar Annadurai and Shadma Wahab
Molecules 2021, 26(13), 4095; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26134095 - 05 Jul 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7938
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are underestimated, as they are mild and generally not incapacitating. In clinical medicine, however, these infections are considered a prevalent problem. By 2030, the third most comprehensive reason for death worldwide will be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to [...] Read more.
Respiratory tract infections are underestimated, as they are mild and generally not incapacitating. In clinical medicine, however, these infections are considered a prevalent problem. By 2030, the third most comprehensive reason for death worldwide will be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to the World Health Organization. The current arsenal of anti-inflammatory drugs shows little or no benefits against COPD. For thousands of years, herbal drugs have been used to cure numerous illnesses; they exhibit promising results and enhance physical performance. Ginseng is one such herbal medicine, known to alleviate pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) formed by macrophages and epithelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of ginsenoside are still not fully understood. Various clinical trials of ginseng have exhibited a reduction of repeated colds and the flu. In this review, ginseng’s structural features, the pathogenicity of microbial infections, and the immunomodulatory, antiviral, and anti-bacterial effects of ginseng were discussed. The focus was on the latest animal studies and human clinical trials that corroborate ginseng’s role as a therapy for treating respiratory tract infections. The article concluded with future directions and significant challenges. This review would be a valuable addition to the knowledge base for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in treating respiratory tract infections. Further analysis needs to be re-focused on clinical trials to study ginseng’s efficacy and safety in treating pathogenic infections and in determining ginseng-drug interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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Other

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1 pages, 168 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Omar et al. Antifungal Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Olea europaea Leaf Extract, Thymus vulgaris and Boswellia carteri Essential Oil as Prospective Fungal Inhibitor Candidates. Molecules 2021, 26, 6118
by Hanaa S. Omar, Soheir N. Abd El-Rahman, Sheikha M. AlGhannam, Nour El-Houda A. Reyad and Mohamed S. Sedeek
Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3794; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27123794 - 13 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1108
Abstract
The authors of this paper [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomolecules from Plant and Animal Wastes: From Processing to Application in Food and Medicine)
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