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Nanomaterials
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Porous Carbon Nanomaterials
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Porous Carbon Nanomaterials

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "2D and Carbon Nanomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 August 2022) | Viewed by 15839

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jerzy P. Lukaszewicz

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Guest Editor
1. Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
2. Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
Interests: nanomaterials; 3D nano-scale structuration of graphene flakes by physical and chemical methods; carbon molecular sieves; N-rich nano-porous carbon matrixes; thermal direct conversion of polymers to multi-walled carbon nanotubes; porous carbon–based materials for applications in supercapacitors; metal–air batteries; solar cells; biological sensing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Piotr Kamedulski

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Gagarina 11, 87-100 Torun, Poland
Interests: nanomaterials; carbon nanotubes; 3D nano-scale structuration of graphene flakes by physical and chemical methods; hybrid carbon materials for applications in supercapacitors, metal–air batteries, and solar cells
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

To this Special Issue of Nanomaterials, we welcome outstanding innovative contributions presenting methods for the preparation, modification, and application of porous carbons, particularly carbon black, glassy carbon, activated carbon, graphite, graphene, diamond, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, and carbon-based hybrids, and other porous carbon-based materials. We also welcome contributions to the review of key trends and topics in the field of porous carbon-based materials for different applications.

This Special Issue aims to present a collection of original research articles and review papers that will provide researchers worldwide with an overview of the latest trends and progress in the research field of porous carbon materials.

Prof. Dr. Jerzy P. Lukaszewicz
Dr. Piotr Kamedulski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • porous carbons
  • carbon-based materials
  • graphene
  • graphene exfoliation
  • nanotubes
  • nanomaterials
  • N-rich nano-porous carbon matrixes
  • N-rich activated carbons
  • carbon molecular sieves
  • hybrid materials

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 12282 KiB  
Article
Study of the Oxidation Behavior of Fine-Grained Graphite ET-10 by Combining X-ray μCT with Mercury Porosimetry
by Yumeng Zhao, Yujie Dong, Yangping Zhou, Zhengcao Li, Rui Yan and Zuoyi Zhang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(24), 4354; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12244354 - 07 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1245
Abstract
By combining X-ray micro-computed tomography with mercury porosimetry, the evolution of the oxygen supply, porous structure, mass loss and oxidized compositions were investigated to characterize the oxidation behavior of fine-grained graphite ET-10, regarding the geometry of the specimen and its oxidation temperature. Here, [...] Read more.
By combining X-ray micro-computed tomography with mercury porosimetry, the evolution of the oxygen supply, porous structure, mass loss and oxidized compositions were investigated to characterize the oxidation behavior of fine-grained graphite ET-10, regarding the geometry of the specimen and its oxidation temperature. Here, the porous structure and the gas flows out of and into the porous structure were comprehensively compared for two kinds of specimens—large pure graphite (D = H = 25.4 mm), oxidized at a test facility based on ASTM D7542, and small partially SiC-coated graphite (D ≈ 1 mm and H = 1.95 mm), oxidized in the bottom section of a U-type tube. The fine grains and large geometry resulted in small pores and long flow distances, which exhausted the oxygen in the small stream to the interior of the specimen, making its oxidation deviate from the kinetics-controlled regime. In addition, the well-known three-regime theory was reasonably reinterpreted regarding the oxidation of different compositions, binders and fillers. The kinetics-controlled uniform oxidation mainly oxidizing binders is restricted by their limited contents, while the rate of surface-dominated oxidation increases continuously via the consumption of more fillers. Furthermore, we proposed a new design for the test facility used for the oxidation experiment, wherein a partially shielded millimeter specimen can be oxidized in the long straight bottom section of a U-tube, and this will be discussed further in related future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Carbon Nanomaterials)
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15 pages, 4530 KiB  
Article
Obtaining N-Enriched Mesoporous Carbon-Based by Means of Gamma Radiation
by Piotr Kamedulski, Malgorzata Skorupska, Izabela Koter, Maciej Lewandowski, Víctor Karim Abdelkader-Fernández and Jerzy P. Lukaszewicz
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(18), 3156; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12183156 - 12 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1205
Abstract
In this paper, we present the results of the gamma irradiation method to obtain N-doped mesoporous activated carbons. Nitrogen-enriched mesoporous carbons were prepared from three chosen commercial activated carbons such as Carbon Black OMCARB C-140, KETJENBLACK EC-600JD and PK 1-3 Norit. HRTEM, SEM, [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present the results of the gamma irradiation method to obtain N-doped mesoporous activated carbons. Nitrogen-enriched mesoporous carbons were prepared from three chosen commercial activated carbons such as Carbon Black OMCARB C-140, KETJENBLACK EC-600JD and PK 1-3 Norit. HRTEM, SEM, Raman spectra, elemental analysis, XPS studies and widely approved N2 adsorption–desorption measurements allowed us to evaluate the effectiveness of N atom insertion and its influence on the BET surface area and the pore structure of modified carbons. The obtained materials have an exceptionally high N content of up to 3.2 wt.%. Additionally, selected N-doped activated carbons were fully characterized to evaluate their applicability as carbon electrode materials with particular emphasis on Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). The proposed method is a relatively facile, efficient and universal option that can be added to the already known methods of introducing heteroatoms to different carbons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Carbon Nanomaterials)
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14 pages, 5144 KiB  
Article
Microporous N-Doped Carbon Obtained from Salt Melt Pyrolysis of Chitosan toward Supercapacitor and Oxygen Reduction Catalysts
by Maria Krystyna Rybarczyk, Karolina Cysewska, Recep Yuksel and Marek Lieder
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(7), 1162; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12071162 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1869
Abstract
The direct carbonization of low-cost and abundant chitosan biopolymer in the presence of salt eutectics leads to highly microporous, N-doped nanostructures. The microporous structure is easily manufactured using eutectic mixture (ZnCl2-KCl) and chitosan. Potassium ions here can act as an intercalating [...] Read more.
The direct carbonization of low-cost and abundant chitosan biopolymer in the presence of salt eutectics leads to highly microporous, N-doped nanostructures. The microporous structure is easily manufactured using eutectic mixture (ZnCl2-KCl) and chitosan. Potassium ions here can act as an intercalating agent, leading to the formation of lamellar carbon sheets, whereas zinc chloride generates significant porosity. Here, we present an efficient synthetic way for microporous carbon nanostructures production with a total nitrogen content of 8.7%. Preliminary studies were performed to show the possibility of the use of such material as a catalyst for supercapacitor and ORR. The textural properties enhanced capacitance, which stem from improved accessibility of previously blocked or inactive pores in the carbon structure, leading to the conclusion that porogen salts and molten salt strategies produce materials with tailor-made morphologies. The synergistic effect of the eutectic salt is seen in controlled porous structures and pore size, and the micropores boosting adsorption ability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Carbon Nanomaterials)
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21 pages, 9026 KiB  
Article
Activated Carbon and Carbon Quantum Dots/Titanium Dioxide Composite Based on Waste Rice Noodles: Simultaneous Synthesis and Application in Water Pollution Control
by Xinyan Jin, Ruijie Che, Jie Yang, Yan Liu, Xinbao Chen, Yunge Jiang, Jiaqi Liang, Shuoping Chen and Heping Su
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030472 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2275
Abstract
To achieve the full utilization of waste rice noodle (WRN) without secondary pollution, activated carbon (AC) and carbon quantum dots/titanium dioxide (CQDs/TiO2) composite were simultaneously synthesized by using WRN as raw material. Both of the two materials showed potential applications in [...] Read more.
To achieve the full utilization of waste rice noodle (WRN) without secondary pollution, activated carbon (AC) and carbon quantum dots/titanium dioxide (CQDs/TiO2) composite were simultaneously synthesized by using WRN as raw material. Both of the two materials showed potential applications in water pollution control. The AC based on WRN displayed a porous spherical micro-morphology, which could absorb heavy metal elements like Pb(II) and Cr(VI) efficiently, with a maximum equilibrium uptake of 12.08 mg·g−1 for Pb(II) and 9.36 mg·g−1 for Cr(VI), respectively. The adsorption of the resulted AC could match the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetics mode. On the other hand, the CQDs/TiO2 composite based on WRN displayed a high efficient photocatalytic degradation effect on various water-soluble dyes such as methylene blue, malachite green, methyl violet, basic fuchsin, and rhodamine B under visible light irradiation, which showed better photocatalytic performance than commercial TiO2. The introduction of CQDs based on WRN to TiO2 could result in efficient electron-hole pair separation and enable more photogenerated electrons to reduce O2 and more photogenerated holes to oxidize H2O or OH−, which could cause stronger abilities in producing O2·− and ·OH radical and better photocatalytic activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Carbon Nanomaterials)
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24 pages, 2927 KiB  
Article
Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium and Divalent Lead Ions on the Nitrogen-Enriched Chitosan-Based Activated Carbon
by Fatma Hussain Emamy, Ali Bumajdad and Jerzy P. Lukaszewicz
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(8), 1907; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11081907 - 24 Jul 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2730
Abstract
Optimizing the physicochemical properties of the chitosan-based activated carbon (Ch-ACs) can greatly enhance its performance toward heavy metal removal from contaminated water. Herein, Ch was converted into a high surface area (1556 m2/g) and porous (0.69 cm3/g) ACs with [...] Read more.
Optimizing the physicochemical properties of the chitosan-based activated carbon (Ch-ACs) can greatly enhance its performance toward heavy metal removal from contaminated water. Herein, Ch was converted into a high surface area (1556 m2/g) and porous (0.69 cm3/g) ACs with large content of nitrogen (~16 wt%) using K2CO3 activator and urea as nitrogen-enrichment agents. The prepared Ch-ACs were tested for the removal of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) at different pH, initial metal ions concentration, time, activated carbon dosage, and temperature. For Cr(VI), the best removal was at pH = 2, while for Pb(II) the best pH for its removal was in the range of 4–6. At 25 °C, the Temkin model gives the best fit for the adsorption of Cr(VI), while the Langmuir model was found to be better for Pb(II) ions. The kinetics of adsorption of both heavy metal ions were found to be well-fitted by a pseudo-second-order model. The findings show that the efficiency and the green properties (availability, recyclability, and cost effectiveness) of the developed adsorbent made it a good candidate for wastewaters treatment. As preliminary work, the prepared sorbent was also tested regarding the removal of heavy metals and other contaminations from real wastewater and the obtained results were found to be promising. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Carbon Nanomaterials)
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11 pages, 1558 KiB  
Article
Effect of Mesopore Development on Butane Working Capacity of Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon for Automobile Canister
by Byeong-Hoon Lee, Hye-Min Lee, Dong Chul Chung and Byung-Joo Kim
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(3), 673; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11030673 - 09 Mar 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2732
Abstract
Kenaf-derived activated carbons (AKC) were prepared by H3PO4 activation for automobile canisters. The microstructural properties of AKC were observed using Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction. The textural properties were studied using N2/77 K adsorption isotherms. Butane working capacity [...] Read more.
Kenaf-derived activated carbons (AKC) were prepared by H3PO4 activation for automobile canisters. The microstructural properties of AKC were observed using Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction. The textural properties were studied using N2/77 K adsorption isotherms. Butane working capacity was determined according to the ASTM D5228. From the results, the specific surface area and total pore volume of the AKC was determined to be 1260–1810 m2/g and 0.68–2.77 cm3/g, respectively. As the activation time increased, the butane activity and retentivity of the AKC increased, and were observed to be from 32.34 to 58.81% and from 3.55 to 10.12%, respectively. The mesopore ratio of activated carbon increased with increasing activation time and was observed up to 78% at 973 K. This indicates that butane activity and retentivity could be a function not only of the specific surface area or total pore volume, but also of the mesopore volume fraction in the range of 2.8–3.8 nm and 5.5-6.5 nm of adsorbents, respectively. The AKC exhibit enhanced butane working capacity compared to commercial activated carbon with the high performance of butane working capacity due to its pore structure having a high mesopore ratio. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Carbon Nanomaterials)
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Review

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25 pages, 1183 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Carbon-Based Materials for Adsorptive and Photocatalytic Antibiotic Removal
by Raner Ma, Yinghao Xue, Qian Ma, Yanyan Chen, Shiyin Yuan and Jianwei Fan
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(22), 4045; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12224045 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2574
Abstract
Antibiotics have been a primary environmental concern due to their widespread dispersion, harmful bioaccumulation, and resistance to mineralization. Unfortunately, typical processes in wastewater treatment plants are insufficient for complete antibiotic removal, and their derivatives in effluent can pose a threat to human health [...] Read more.
Antibiotics have been a primary environmental concern due to their widespread dispersion, harmful bioaccumulation, and resistance to mineralization. Unfortunately, typical processes in wastewater treatment plants are insufficient for complete antibiotic removal, and their derivatives in effluent can pose a threat to human health and aquatic communities. Adsorption and photocatalysis are proven to be the most commonly used and promising tertiary treatment methods. Carbon-based materials, especially those based on graphene, carbon nanotube, biochar, and hierarchical porous carbon, have attracted much attention in antibiotic removal as green adsorbents and photocatalysts because of their availability, unique pore structures, and superior physicochemical properties. This review provides an overview of the characteristics of the four most commonly used carbonaceous materials and their applications in antibiotic removal via adsorption and photodegradation, and the preparation of carbonaceous materials and remediation properties regarding target contaminants are clarified. Meanwhile, the fundamental adsorption and photodegradation mechanisms and influencing factors are summarized. Finally, existing problems and future research needs are put forward. This work is expected to inspire subsequent research in carbon-based adsorbent and photocatalyst design, particularly for antibiotics removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Carbon Nanomaterials)
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