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Pathogens
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Advances in Fish Virology: Emerging Viruses and Novel Techniques
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Advances in Fish Virology: Emerging Viruses and Novel Techniques

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 March 2022) | Viewed by 9088

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mark Polinski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Interests: virology; aquatic animal health; host–pathogen interactions; molecular diagnostics
Dr. Nicholas Phelps

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, and the Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota
Interests: emerging infectious disease; molecular diagnostics; aquatic invasive species

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The greatest advances in understanding the diversity and evolution of vertebrate viruses in the coming decades will almost certainly be from the study of viruses that infect fish. Fish virus research has lagged in many regards compared to virus study in higher vertebrates, particularly birds and mammals; nonetheless, well over half of the diversity and global biomass of vertebrates are represented by fish, for which many species are clearly recognized as being indispensable to both ecological and societal sustainability. Given the current unprecedented scale of wild-farmed ecological interactions across vertebrate species and the pressure that global climate change is exerting on ecological systems, advancing our understanding of the impacts that viruses have on the vertebrate landscape has never been of greater importance.

For this Special Issue, we invite papers that expand and diversify our understanding of virus–vertebrate interactions through studies involving fish—either in an aquaculture, biomedical or natural fishery context—as a means to increase resilience, competence, and efficiency with regard to current farming, biomedical, and environmental stewardship practices necessary for maintaining a healthy global ecosystem and society. We encourage papers describing new virus discoveries, emerging viral diseases, antiviral therapies, molecular detection methods, and viral–host interactions involving fish, particularly those utilizing novel technologies or techniques with the potential for accelerating further study.

Dr. Mark Polinski
Dr. Nicholas Phelps
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fish
  • virus discovery
  • emerging disease
  • molecular technologies
  • aquaculture development

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1793 KiB  
Article
Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin against Tilapia tilapinevirus in Fish Cells
by Tuchakorn Lertwanakarn, Pirada Trongwongsa, Sangchai Yingsakmongkol, Matepiya Khemthong, Puntanat Tattiyapong and Win Surachetpong
Pathogens 2021, 10(12), 1616; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens10121616 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2845
Abstract
The outbreak of the novel Tilapia tilapinevirus or Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is having a severe economic impact on global tilapia aquaculture. Effective treatments and vaccines for TiLV are lacking. In this study, we demonstrated the antiviral activity of ribavirin against TiLV in [...] Read more.
The outbreak of the novel Tilapia tilapinevirus or Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is having a severe economic impact on global tilapia aquaculture. Effective treatments and vaccines for TiLV are lacking. In this study, we demonstrated the antiviral activity of ribavirin against TiLV in E-11 cells. Our findings revealed that at concentrations above 100 μg/mL, ribavirin efficiently attenuates the cytopathic effect of the TiLV infection in fish cells. When administered in a dose-dependent manner, ribavirin significantly improved cell survival compared to the untreated control cells. Further investigation revealed that the cells exposed to ribavirin and TiLV had a lower viral load (p < 0.05) than the untreated cells. However, at concentrations above 1000 μg/mL, ribavirin led to cell toxicity. Taken together, our results demonstrate the efficacy of this antiviral drug against TiLV and could be a useful tool for future research on the pathogenesis and replication mechanism of TiLV as well as other piscine viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fish Virology: Emerging Viruses and Novel Techniques)
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12 pages, 1044 KiB  
Article
Pan-Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV) Detection Using Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR
by Julie Zhao, Niccolò Vendramin, Argelia Cuenca, Mark Polinski, Laura M. Hawley and Kyle A. Garver
Pathogens 2021, 10(12), 1548; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens10121548 - 27 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2332
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infects farmed and wild salmon and trout species in North America, South America, Europe, and East Asia. PRV groups into three distinct genotypes (PRV-1, PRV-2, and PRV-3) that can vary in distribution, host specificity, and/or disease potential. Detection of the [...] Read more.
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infects farmed and wild salmon and trout species in North America, South America, Europe, and East Asia. PRV groups into three distinct genotypes (PRV-1, PRV-2, and PRV-3) that can vary in distribution, host specificity, and/or disease potential. Detection of the virus is currently restricted to genotype specific assays such that surveillance programs require the use of three assays to ensure universal detection of PRV. Consequently, herein, we developed, optimized, and validated a real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay (RT-qPCR) that can detect all known PRV genotypes with high sensitivity and specificity. Targeting a conserved region at the 5′ terminus of the M2 segment, the pan-PRV assay reliably detected all PRV genotypes with as few as five copies of RNA. The assay exclusively amplifies PRV and does not cross-react with other salmonid viruses or salmonid host genomes and can be performed as either a one- or two-step RT-qPCR. The assay is highly reproducible and robust, showing 100% agreement in test results from an inter-laboratory comparison between two laboratories in two countries. Overall, as the assay provides a single test to achieve highly sensitive pan-specific PRV detection, it is suitable for research, diagnostic, and surveillance purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fish Virology: Emerging Viruses and Novel Techniques)
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18 pages, 357 KiB  
Article
Temperature Variation and Host Immunity Regulate Viral Persistence in a Salmonid Host
by David J. Páez, Rachel L. Powers, Peng Jia, Natalia Ballesteros, Gael Kurath, Kerry A. Naish and Maureen K. Purcell
Pathogens 2021, 10(7), 855; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens10070855 - 07 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2569
Abstract
Environmental variation has important effects on host–pathogen interactions, affecting large-scale ecological processes such as the severity and frequency of epidemics. However, less is known about how the environment interacts with host immunity to modulate virus fitness within hosts. Here, we studied the interaction [...] Read more.
Environmental variation has important effects on host–pathogen interactions, affecting large-scale ecological processes such as the severity and frequency of epidemics. However, less is known about how the environment interacts with host immunity to modulate virus fitness within hosts. Here, we studied the interaction between host immune responses and water temperature on the long-term persistence of a model vertebrate virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We first used cell culture methods to factor out strong host immune responses, allowing us to test the effect of temperature on viral replication. We found that 15 ∘C water temperature accelerated IHNV replication compared to the colder 10 and 8 ∘C temperatures. We then conducted in vivo experiments to quantify the effect of 6, 10, and 15 ∘C water temperatures on IHNV persistence over 8 months. Fish held at 15 and 10 ∘C were found to have higher prevalence of neutralizing antibodies compared to fish held at 6 ∘C. We found that IHNV persisted for a shorter time at warmer temperatures and resulted in an overall lower fish mortality compared to colder temperatures. These results support the hypothesis that temperature and host immune responses interact to modulate virus persistence within hosts. When immune responses were minimized (i.e., in vitro) virus replication was higher at warmer temperatures. However, with a full potential for host immune responses (i.e., in vivo experiments) longer virus persistence and higher long-term virulence was favored in colder temperatures. We also found that the viral RNA that persisted at later time points (179 and 270 days post-exposure) was mostly localized in the kidney and spleen tissues. These tissues are composed of hematopoietic cells that are favored targets of the virus. By partitioning the effect of temperature on host and pathogen responses, our results help to better understand environmental drivers of host–pathogen interactions within hosts, providing insights into potential host–pathogen responses to climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fish Virology: Emerging Viruses and Novel Techniques)
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