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Polymers
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Rubber/Silica Composites
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Rubber/Silica Composites

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Processing and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 13411

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Wonho Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
Interests: development of tire tread compounds; analysis of crosslink structures; development of ESBR/silica wet master batches; polymerization of functionalized ESBR and SSBR

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

SSBR/BR/silica composites are used for PCR tire tread compounds to obtain low rolling resistance and high wet grip performances. The application of silane coupling agents is the key technology for the dispersion of silica in the rubber/silica composites. The silanol group on the surface of silica and ethoxy group of coupling agents do the salinization reaction and sulfide group of the coupling agents, and rubber molecules do the grafting reaction. To control these reactions, various types of chemical structure of coupling agents and processing conditions such as mixing procedure, temperature, and time are being studied.

The surface area and morphology of silica and the microstructure and functionalization of SSBR have also been studied for the improvement of required performance of PCR tire tread compounds.

Studies have been performed on the measurements of silica dispersion, the determination of crosslink structures and abrasion resistance, the measurements of viscoelastic properties for the prediction of rolling resistance and wet grip, the increase of glass transition temperature of compounds by the addition of additives, etc.

NR/BR/silica composites are also being applied to the TBR tire tread compounds for reduction of fuel consumption.

The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the progress and fundamental aspects of tread compounds, such as rubber, silica, dispersion of silica, analysis of compounds, application of sustainable materials, and the processing parameters to increase the performance of tread compounds.

Prof. Wonho Kim
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • rubber
  • silica
  • coupling agents
  • silica dispersion
  • vulcanizates
  • abrasion resistance
  • mechanical properties
  • rolling resistance
  • wet grip
  • viscoelastic properties
  • sustainable materials
  • processing parameters

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 6209 KiB  
Article
Improving the Heat and Ablation Resistance of Silicone Rubber Composites by Incorporating Hollow Microspheres
by Jinfeng Tian, Liwei Yan, Hao Zhang, Shengtai Zhou, Shuang Xia and Huawei Zou
Polymers 2022, 14(18), 3846; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14183846 - 14 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1858
Abstract
For thermal protection materials (TPMs) which are used to protect space vehicles from extreme thermomechanical environments, the thermal conductivity of the original material and the char layer that has formed during ablation plays a significant role in determining the ablation performance. In order [...] Read more.
For thermal protection materials (TPMs) which are used to protect space vehicles from extreme thermomechanical environments, the thermal conductivity of the original material and the char layer that has formed during ablation plays a significant role in determining the ablation performance. In order to investigate this, in this study, we introduced glass hollow microspheres (GHMs), phenolic hollow microspheres (PHMs), and acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate copolymer hollow microspheres (AMHMs) into silicone rubber (SR), and the ablation performance of these composites was systematically studied. The thermogravimetric results showed that the residue yield of the SR composites was increased with the incorporation of the hollow microspheres. Compared to the SR composites without the hollow microspheres, the residue weight values under 800 °C (R800) of the SR composites with the 30 parts of fumed silica per hundred of the SR (phr) addition of GHMs, PHMs, and AMHMs were increased from 10.11% to 21.70%, 18.31%, and 20.83%, respectively. The ablation tests showed that the addition of the AMHMs enhanced the ablation performance of the SR composites because the linear ablation rates and the backplane temperature were clearly decreased when compared to the SR composites without the hollow microspheres. This work provides an effective and potential method for preparing thermal protection materials with an improved ablation performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rubber/Silica Composites)
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17 pages, 3785 KiB  
Article
Filler Effects on H2 Diffusion Behavior in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Blended with Carbon Black and Silica Fillers of Different Concentrations
by Jae Kap Jung, Chang Hoon Lee, Min Seok Son, Ji Hun Lee, Un Bong Baek, Ki Soo Chung, Myung Chan Choi and Jong Woo Bae
Polymers 2022, 14(4), 700; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14040700 - 11 Feb 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1805
Abstract
Filler effects on H2 diffusion in nitrile butadiene rubbers (NBRs) blended with carbon black and silica fillers of different concentrations are first investigated by employing a volumetric analysis. Total uptake, solubility, and diffusivity of hydrogen for ten filled-NBR, including neat NBR, are [...] Read more.
Filler effects on H2 diffusion in nitrile butadiene rubbers (NBRs) blended with carbon black and silica fillers of different concentrations are first investigated by employing a volumetric analysis. Total uptake, solubility, and diffusivity of hydrogen for ten filled-NBR, including neat NBR, are determined in an exposed pressure range of 1.3 MPa~92.6 MPa. Filler dependence on hydrogen uptake and diffusion is distinctly observed in the NBRs blended with high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black (CB) fillers compared to NBRs blended with medium thermal furnace (MT) CB and silica filler, which is related to the specific surface area of carbon black and interface structure. The HAF CB filled-NBR follows dual sorption behavior combined with Henry’s law and the Langmuir model, responsible for two contributions of solubility from polymer and filler. However, a single gas sorption behavior coming from the polymer is observed satisfying Henry’s law up to 92.6 MPa for NBR blended with MT CB filled-NBR and silica filled-NBR. Diffusion demonstrates Knudsen and bulk diffusion behavior below and above, respectively, at certain pressures. With increasing pressure, the filler effect on diffusion is reduced, and diffusivity converges to a value. The correlation observed between diffusivity and filler content (or crosslink density) is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rubber/Silica Composites)
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16 pages, 3406 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Epoxide Contents of Liquid Isoprene Rubber as a Processing Aid on the Properties of Silica-Filled Natural Rubber Compounds
by Gyeongchan Ryu, Donghyuk Kim, Sanghoon Song, Kiwon Hwang and Wonho Kim
Polymers 2021, 13(18), 3026; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13183026 - 07 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2174
Abstract
In this study, we examined the feasibility of using epoxidized liquid isoprene rubber (E-LqIR) as a processing aid for truck and bus radial (TBR) tire treads and investigated the effects of the epoxide content on the wear resistance, fuel efficiency, and resistance to [...] Read more.
In this study, we examined the feasibility of using epoxidized liquid isoprene rubber (E-LqIR) as a processing aid for truck and bus radial (TBR) tire treads and investigated the effects of the epoxide content on the wear resistance, fuel efficiency, and resistance to extraction of the E-LqIRs. The results confirmed that, compared to the treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) oil, the E-LqIRs could enhance the filler–rubber interactions and reduce the oil migration. However, the consumption of sulfur by the E-LqIRs resulted in a lower crosslink density compared to that of the TDAE oil, and the higher epoxide content decreased the wear resistance and fuel efficiency because of the increased glass-transition temperature (Tg). In contrast, the E-LqIR with a low epoxide content of 6 mol% had no significant effect on the Tg of the final compound and resulted in superior wear resistance and fuel efficiency, compared to those shown by TDAE oil, because of the higher filler–rubber interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rubber/Silica Composites)
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12 pages, 36620 KiB  
Article
Experiment and Simulation Research on the Fatigue Wear of Aircraft Tire Tread Rubber
by Jian Wu, Long Chen, Da Chen, Youshan Wang, Benlong Su and Zhibo Cui
Polymers 2021, 13(7), 1143; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13071143 - 02 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2147
Abstract
The road surface and the tread pattern structures directly affect the wear performance of aircraft tire, especially for lateral sliding conditions. In this paper, wear tests of tread block with different draft angles and root radiuses, different interfaces, and different slip angles were [...] Read more.
The road surface and the tread pattern structures directly affect the wear performance of aircraft tire, especially for lateral sliding conditions. In this paper, wear tests of tread block with different draft angles and root radiuses, different interfaces, and different slip angles were carried out, and combined with the simulation, the effects of tread groove structure and slip angle on the wear mechanism were analyzed. Results indicated that the influences of draft angle were greater than the root radius; the wear geometry of the tread block decreased when the draft angle increased in the range of 0° to 15°, but for the root radius, the wear geometry of each sample was similar to a strip shape. A considerable material loss occurred at the front edge when the slip angle increased, and the slip angle was larger in the range of 0° to 45°. Combined with the simulation and wear test, fatigue wear and abrasive wear of the slide surface are dominant factors when considering the effects of tread groove structure and slip angle, and both front edges of the tread blocks roll up repeatedly; the coefficient decreases with the increase in load when the cement concrete pavement interface is dry, but for a wet interface, the coefficient decreases softly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rubber/Silica Composites)
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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 4926 KiB  
Article
Influence of Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract (TDAE) Content and Addition Time on Rubber-Filler Interactions in Silica Filled SBR/BR Blends
by Selin Sökmen, Katja Oßwald, Katrin Reincke and Sybill Ilisch
Polymers 2021, 13(5), 698; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13050698 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3087
Abstract
High compatibility and good rubber–filler interactions are required in order to obtain high quality products. Rubber–filler and filler–filler interactions can be influenced by various material factors, such as the presence of processing aids. Although different processing aids, especially the plasticizers, and their effects [...] Read more.
High compatibility and good rubber–filler interactions are required in order to obtain high quality products. Rubber–filler and filler–filler interactions can be influenced by various material factors, such as the presence of processing aids. Although different processing aids, especially the plasticizers, and their effects on compatibility have been investigated in the literature, their influence on rubber–filler interactions in highly active filler reinforced mixtures is not explicit and has not been investigated in depth. For this purpose, the influence of treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) oil content and its addition time on interactions between silica and rubber chains were investigated in this study. Rubber–filler and filler–filler interactions of uncured and cured silica-filled SBR/BR blends were characterized by using rubber layer L concept and dynamic mechanical analysis, whereas mechanical properties were studied by tensile test and Shore A hardness. Five parts per hundred rubber (phr) TDAE addition at 0, 1.5, and 3 min of mixing were characterized to investigate the influence of TDAE addition time on rubber–filler interactions. It was observed that addition time of TDAE can influence the development of bounded rubber structure and the interfacial interactions, especially at short time of mixing, less than 5 min. Oil addition with silica at 1.5 min of mixing resulted in fast rubber layer development and a small reduction in storage shear modulus of uncured blends. The influence of oil content on rubber–filler and filler–filler interactions were investigated for the binary blends without oil, with 5 and 20 phr TDAE content. The addition of 5 phr oil resulted in a slight increase in rubber layer and 0.05 MPa reduction in Payne effect of uncured blends. The storage tensile modulus of vulcanizates at small strains decreased from 13.97 to 8.28 MPa after oil addition. Twenty parts per hundred rubber (phr) oil addition to binary blends caused rubber layer L to decrease from 0.45 to 0.42. The storage tensile modulus of the vulcanizates and its reduction with higher amplitudes were incontrovertibly high among the vulcanizates with lower oil content, which were 13.57 and 4.49 MPa, respectively. When any consequential change in mechanical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR)/butadiene rubber (BR) blends could not be observed at different TDAE addition time, increasing amount of oil in blends enhanced elongation at break, and decreased Shore A hardness and tensile strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rubber/Silica Composites)
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