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Processes
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Study on Bio-Thermofluid Dynamics
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Study on Bio-Thermofluid Dynamics

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Biological Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2023) | Viewed by 15463

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yoshimichi Hagiwara

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
Interests: anti-icing and anti-frosting surfaces coated with polypeptide; drag reduction in swimming dolphins
Dr. Tomonori Waku

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
Interests: hyperthermia; drug delivery systems; anti-freezing peptides; thermosensitive polymers; functional materials
Dr. Satoshi Ogata

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
Interests: drag reduction; flow control; fine bubbles

Special Issue Information

Heat and mass transfer, thermodynamics, and fluid dynamics are important for elucidating most chemical and physical processes. This is no exception for emerging processes in biomaterials, biomimetics, bio-inspired engineering, and biology-related technologies.To control and optimize these novel processes, we need to understand the momentum and heat and mass transfer of the specific processes. Although some conventional results for large-scale inorganic materials in the chemical and physical processes can be applicable, these results are limited. Thus, many studies concerning the development of experimental methods, measurements, theories, and numerical simulations have been conducted in various research fields.

This Special Issue on bio-thermofluid dynamics aims to provide a platform to exchange novel advances in these studies and accelerate each study on biomaterials, biomimetics, bio-inspired engineering, and biology-related technologies. Topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Freezing/thawing behavior of cells and tissues;
  • Characterization of cell damage caused by high temperatures;
  • Process design and device design for cryosurgery and hyperthermia;
  • Design of thermosensitive polymer-based functional materials;
  • Design of anti-freezing/anti-frosting surfaces;
  • Drag reduction by using agar gel and polysaccharides; and
  • Drag reduction in fish, dolphins, and whales.

Dr. Yoshimichi Hagiwara
Dr. Tomonori Waku
Dr. Satoshi Ogata
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomaterials
  • biomimetics
  • bio-inspired engineering
  • heat transfer
  • mass transfer
  • thermodynamics
  • fluid dynamics
  • drag reduction
  • polymer
  • drug delivery systems

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1569 KiB  
Article
Probing Differences in Mass-Transfer Coefficients in Beaker and Stirrer Digestion Systems and the USP Dissolution Apparatus 2 Using Benzoic Acid Tablets
by Timothy A. G. Langrish, Chao Zhong and Lizhe Sun
Processes 2021, 9(12), 2168; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9122168 - 02 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2282
Abstract
Measurements of external mass-transfer coefficients for dissolution have been made with benzoic acid tablets with a diameter of 13 mm and approximately 3 mm thick, using two different dissolution systems. One system has been a beaker with a platform for the tablet and [...] Read more.
Measurements of external mass-transfer coefficients for dissolution have been made with benzoic acid tablets with a diameter of 13 mm and approximately 3 mm thick, using two different dissolution systems. One system has been a beaker with a platform for the tablet and either 80 mL or 120 mL of water, with three different types of stirrers, and the other has been a USP dissolution apparatus 2 (paddle) with either 200 mL or 900 mL water. Various stirring speeds have also been used in the different pieces of equipment. The same mass-transfer coefficient may potentially be obtained from the same tablet by adjusting the operating conditions in the two different devices. The ranges of the external mass-transfer coefficients measured in both devices overlapped significantly, with the range being 0.193–4.48 × 10−5 m s−1 in the beaker and stirrer system and 0.222–3.45 × 10−5 m s−1 in the USP dissolution apparatus 2. Dimensional analysis of the results, using Sherwood and Reynolds numbers, shows that the Ranz–Marshall correlation provides a lower bound for estimates of the Sherwood numbers measured experimentally. Calculations of time constants for mass transfer suggest that mass transfer may be a rate-limiting step for dissolution and food digestion under some circumstances. The range of mass-transfer coefficients measured here is representative of other measurements from the literature, and the use of the Ranz–Marshall correlation supports the suggestion that this range of values should be generally expected in most situations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Bio-Thermofluid Dynamics)
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17 pages, 5022 KiB  
Article
Biomimetics Design Optimization and Drag Reduction Analysis for Indonesia N219 Seaplanes Catamaran Float
by Allessandro Utomo, Gunawan and Yanuar
Processes 2021, 9(11), 2024; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9112024 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2355
Abstract
Design optimization on the Indonesia N219 seaplane catamaran is necessary to provide better service to rural islands of Indonesia. This research aims at decreasing drag using a design based on biomimicry by imitating the hydrodynamic characteristics of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) for [...] Read more.
Design optimization on the Indonesia N219 seaplane catamaran is necessary to provide better service to rural islands of Indonesia. This research aims at decreasing drag using a design based on biomimicry by imitating the hydrodynamic characteristics of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) for pontoon floats. The design is then validated using a numerical fluid test using ANSYS Fluent to see the reduction in drag due to the change from a conventional or Wipeline® 13000 design to a biomimetics adaptation design. Next, further optimization was carried out based on the adaptation design based on trim tests, clearance tests, and deadrise angle dimensions suitable for biomimicry designs at Froude number speeds of 0.4 to 0.7. The design results with the adaptation of biomimicry show that a change in the design with this optimization affects a drag reduction that reaches 30% of the total drag generated by the conventional design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Bio-Thermofluid Dynamics)
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10 pages, 1024 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Solubility and Activity of a Novel Class of Ice Recrystallization Inhibitors
by Anna A. Ampaw, Kayla Newell and Robert N. Ben
Processes 2021, 9(10), 1781; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9101781 - 06 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2356
Abstract
O-aryl-β-d-glucosides and N-alkyl-d-gluconamides are two classes of effective ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs), however their solubilities limit their use in cryopreservation applications. Herein, we have synthesized and assessed phosphonate analogues of small-molecule IRIs as a method to improve [...] Read more.
O-aryl-β-d-glucosides and N-alkyl-d-gluconamides are two classes of effective ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs), however their solubilities limit their use in cryopreservation applications. Herein, we have synthesized and assessed phosphonate analogues of small-molecule IRIs as a method to improve their chemical and physical properties. Four sodium phosphonate compounds 4–7 were synthesized and exhibited high solubilities greater than 200 mM. Their IRI activity was evaluated using the splat cooling assay and only the sodium phosphonate derivatives of α-methyl-d-glucoside (5-Na) and N-octyl-d-gluconamide (7-Na) exhibited an IC50 value less than 30 mM. It was found that the addition of a polar sodium phosphonate group to the alkyl gluconamide (1) and aryl glucoside (2) structure decreased its IRI activity, indicating the importance of a delicate hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance within these compounds. The evaluation of various cation-phosphonate pairs was studied and revealed the IRI activity of ammonium and its ability to modulate the IRI activity of its paired anion. A preliminary cytotoxicity study was also performed in a HepG2 cell line and phosphonate analogues were found to have relatively low cytotoxicity. As such, we present phosphonate small-molecule carbohydrates as a biocompatible novel class of IRIs with high solubilities and moderate-to-high IRI activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Bio-Thermofluid Dynamics)
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18 pages, 16135 KiB  
Article
Effect of Surface Textures and Wettability on Droplet Impact on a Heated Surface
by Satoshi Ogata and Ryo Nakanishi
Processes 2021, 9(2), 350; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9020350 - 14 Feb 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2259
Abstract
A liquid droplet can hover over a solid surface that is heated above the Leidenfrost point (LFP), at which an insulating vapor layer is formed that acts as a heat transfer barrier. Recent studies have reported that hierarchical micro- and nanoscale textures provide [...] Read more.
A liquid droplet can hover over a solid surface that is heated above the Leidenfrost point (LFP), at which an insulating vapor layer is formed that acts as a heat transfer barrier. Recent studies have reported that hierarchical micro- and nanoscale textures provide high wettability and significant LFP enhancement. However, such textures are often difficult and expensive to fabricate. Therefore, this study aimed to experimentally demonstrate LFP enhancement through the use of low-cost hierarchical textures. Surface textures were fabricated by coating SiO2 nanoparticles on stainless steel wire meshes. The droplet lifetime method was used to determine the LFP in a temperature range of 200 °C–490 °C. High-speed imaging (4000–23,000 fps) was performed for visualizing the impact behavior of a droplet. The LFP value of the nanocoated mesh surface was found to be greater than 490 °C. This enhanced LFP was 178 °C higher than that of a stainless steel surface and 38 °C higher than that of a single-layer textured surface. Furthermore, with respect to the LFP enhancement, the explosive impact behavior of a droplet can be observed on nanocoated mesh surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Bio-Thermofluid Dynamics)
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11 pages, 2617 KiB  
Article
Construction of an Artificial Cell Capable of Protein Expression at Low Temperatures Using a Cell Extract Derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens
by Mana Fukumoto and Taishi Tonooka
Processes 2021, 9(2), 212; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9020212 - 24 Jan 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1830
Abstract
A liposome-based artificial cell (LBAC) consists of a liposome encapsulating a cell-free protein expression system (CFPES) and protein-encoding DNA. It is surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and synthesizes proteins that resemble actual cells. Hence, they have been one of the most studied [...] Read more.
A liposome-based artificial cell (LBAC) consists of a liposome encapsulating a cell-free protein expression system (CFPES) and protein-encoding DNA. It is surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and synthesizes proteins that resemble actual cells. Hence, they have been one of the most studied artificial cells. According to recent studies, they have been able to sense bio-functional molecules by synthesizing fluorescent proteins in response to target molecules. Therefore, they are expected to be used as biosensors. However, previously reported LBACs encapsulated the CFPES derived from Escherichia coli, resulting in the most productive protein expression at 20–40 °C. To broaden the range of their working temperatures to lower temperatures, in this study, we constructed LBACs using a CFPES derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens that grows at a temperature range of 4 °C to 30 °C. We then demonstrated that the constructed LBAC expressed proteins at 8 °C and that, the protein expression capability of the LBAC derived from P. fluorescens was four-fold higher than that derived from E. coli at 8 °C. This study will pave the way for the development of artificial cell-based biosensors that work in cold environments or for the synthesis of heat-labile proteins in LBACs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Bio-Thermofluid Dynamics)
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Review

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17 pages, 2967 KiB  
Review
Drag Reduction Using Additives in Smooth Circular Pipes Based on Experimental Approach
by Allessandro Utomo, Achmad Riadi, Gunawan and Yanuar
Processes 2021, 9(9), 1596; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9091596 - 06 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3135
Abstract
Reduction of fluid resistance using the rheological characteristics of a polymer-surfactant solvent is research that contains many aspects, such as the theory of the drag reduction process, historical journey, and ongoing current research development. Many studies have been conducted, but it is challenging [...] Read more.
Reduction of fluid resistance using the rheological characteristics of a polymer-surfactant solvent is research that contains many aspects, such as the theory of the drag reduction process, historical journey, and ongoing current research development. Many studies have been conducted, but it is challenging to know all existing and new research threads. The present investigation was conducted using literature studies regarding drag reducing agents. This research will also discuss the characteristics of flowing fluids and their effects on the velocity profile with friction factor of flowing fluids in smooth circular straight pipe geometries based on experimental, theoretical approaches. It concludes with aspects of research conducted around reducing drag using drag reducing agents, ideas about innovations, structuring overlook in testing, and modification of the fluid flow state. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Bio-Thermofluid Dynamics)
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