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Processes
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Biofabrication Scaffold in Regenerative Medicine
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Biofabrication Scaffold in Regenerative Medicine

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmaceutical Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 13580

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ming-You Shie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan
Interests: tissue engineering; biofabrication; 3D bioprinting; bioceramics; bioinspired materials; bio-inks; medical devices
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Kan Wang

E-Mail
Co-Guest Editor
The Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
Interests: additive manufacturing; printed electronics; nanomanufacturing; biomanufacturing; biomedical devices

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The emergence of biofabrication technology and its related novel concepts such as 3D and 4D bioprinting has allowed us to fabricate and mimic complex native tissues. Numerous studies have since been reported attempting to recreate native tissues by searching for the best printing parameters and conditions. The parameters vary vastly from the suitability of the biomaterials, scaffold geometry, physical and biological stimulations, and the application of biochemical and biological cues, to searching for the optimal printing conditions. The goal of such tissue engineering is to fabricate complex tissue-like structures for tissue regeneration and personalized treatments such as drug screening and toxicological studies. Of the many parameters involved in bioprinting, the biomaterial plays a huge role in determining the feasibility of constructs for tissue engineering. Biomaterial biocompatibility allows for high cell viability and high retention of growth factors whilst the structural stability and geometry of the printed constructs allows specific cellular proliferation and differentiation. Many studies have attempted to explore suitable biomaterials for various applications by modifying and tuning the characteristics of various biomaterials. Therefore, this Issue is mainly focused on the various novel modifications of biomaterials used for tissue engineering and it is hoped that such a collection of articles could be used as a platform for future brainstorming. 

Dr. Ming-You Shie
Dr. Kan Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biofabrication
  • bioprinting
  • tissue engineering
  • bioceramic
  • hydrogel
  • 3D scaffold
  • 4D printing
  • biomedical device
  • biostimulation

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 5011 KiB  
Article
Additive Manufacturing of Astragaloside-Containing Polyurethane Nerve Conduits Influenced Schwann Cell Inflammation and Regeneration
by Yueh-Sheng Chen, Shih-Sheng Chang, Hooi Yee Ng, Yu-Xuan Huang, Chien-Chang Chen and Ming-You Shie
Processes 2021, 9(2), 353; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9020353 - 14 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2348
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system is the bridge of communication between the central nervous system and other body systems. Autologous nerve grafting is the mainstream method for repair of nerve lesions greater than 20 mm. However, there are several disadvantages and limitations of autologous [...] Read more.
The peripheral nervous system is the bridge of communication between the central nervous system and other body systems. Autologous nerve grafting is the mainstream method for repair of nerve lesions greater than 20 mm. However, there are several disadvantages and limitations of autologous nerve grafting, thus prompting the need for fabrication of nerve conduits for clinical use. In this study, we successfully fabricated astragaloside (Ast)-containing polyurethane (PU) nerve guidance conduits via digital light processing, and it was noted that the addition of Ast improved the hydrophilicity of traditional PU conduits by at least 23%. The improved hydrophilicity not only led to enhanced cellular proliferation of rat Schwann cells, we also noted that levels of inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of Ast. Furthermore, the levels of neural regeneration markers were significantly enhanced with the addition of Ast. This study demonstrated that Ast-containing PU nerve conduits can be potentially used as an alternative solution to regenerate peripheral nerve injuries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofabrication Scaffold in Regenerative Medicine)
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19 pages, 5024 KiB  
Article
Bioactive and Topographically-Modified Electrospun Membranes for the Creation of New Bone Regeneration Models
by Dina Abdelmoneim, Ghsaq M. Alhamdani, Thomas E. Paterson, Martin E. Santocildes Romero, Beatriz J. C. Monteiro, Paul V. Hatton and Ilida Ortega Asencio
Processes 2020, 8(11), 1341; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr8111341 - 23 Oct 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2321
Abstract
Bone injuries that arise from trauma, cancer treatment, or infection are a major and growing global challenge. An increasingly ageing population plays a key role in this, since a growing number of fractures are due to diseases such as osteoporosis, which place a [...] Read more.
Bone injuries that arise from trauma, cancer treatment, or infection are a major and growing global challenge. An increasingly ageing population plays a key role in this, since a growing number of fractures are due to diseases such as osteoporosis, which place a burden on healthcare systems. Current reparative strategies do not sufficiently consider cell-substrate interactions that are found in healthy tissues; therefore, the need for more complex models is clear. The creation of in vitro defined 3D microenvironments is an emerging topographically-orientated approach that provides opportunities to apply knowledge of cell migration and differentiation mechanisms to the creation of new cell substrates. Moreover, introducing biofunctional agents within in vitro models for bone regeneration has allowed, to a certain degree, the control of cell fate towards osteogenic pathways. In this research, we applied three methods for functionalizing spatially-confined electrospun artificial microenvironments that presented relevant components of the native bone stem cell niche. The biological and osteogenic behaviors of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were investigated on electrospun micro-fabricated scaffolds functionalized with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagen I), glycosaminoglycans (heparin), and ceramic-based materials (bioglass). Collagen, heparin, and bioglass (BG) were successfully included in the models without modifying the fibrous structures offered by the polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were successfully seeded in all the biofunctional scaffolds and they showed an increase in alkaline phosphatase production when exposed to PCL/BG composites. This research demonstrates the feasibility of manufacturing smart and hierarchical artificial microenvironments for studying stem cell behavior and ultimately the potential of incorporating these artificial microenvironments into multifunctional membranes for bone tissue regeneration Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofabrication Scaffold in Regenerative Medicine)
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16 pages, 4749 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Release Profile of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2-Load Mesoporous Calcium Silicate/Poly-ε-caprolactone 3D Scaffold for Regulate Bone Regeneration
by Chia-Tze Kao, Yen-Jen Chen, Tsui-Hsien Huang, Yen-Hong Lin, Tuan-Ti Hsu and Chia-Che Ho
Processes 2020, 8(10), 1249; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr8101249 - 03 Oct 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2504
Abstract
Recent advances in three-dimensional printing technology enable facile and on-demand fabrication of patient-specific bone scaffolds. However, there is still an urgent need for printable biomaterials with osteoinductivity. In the present study, we propose an approach to synthesize fibroblast growth factor-2 loaded-mesoporous calcium silicate [...] Read more.
Recent advances in three-dimensional printing technology enable facile and on-demand fabrication of patient-specific bone scaffolds. However, there is still an urgent need for printable biomaterials with osteoinductivity. In the present study, we propose an approach to synthesize fibroblast growth factor-2 loaded-mesoporous calcium silicate nanoparticles. The growth factor loaded-nanoparticles served as fillers of polycaprolactone and then the composite scaffolds with a controlled pore structure were obtained through a fused deposition modeling technique. To evaluate the feasibility of the composite scaffolds in bone tissue engineering, drug release kinetic, bioactivity, cell proliferation, differentiation, and animal study were conducted. Our findings illustrate that utilization of mesoporous calcium silicate allowed the introduction of fibroblast growth factor-2 into the composite scaffolds through a simple soaking process and then gradually released from the scaffold to facilitate proliferation and osteogenesis differentiation of human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells. Additionally, the in vivo femur defect experiments also indicate that the co-existence of calcium silicate and fibrous growth factor-2 synergistically accelerated new bone formation. These results demonstrate that the fibroblast growth factor-2-loaded mesoporous calcium silicate nanoparticles/polycaprolactone composite scaffolds may serve as potential bone grafts for facilitating repair of defected bone tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofabrication Scaffold in Regenerative Medicine)
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14 pages, 3697 KiB  
Article
Effect of Bone Morphogenic Protein-2-Loaded Mesoporous Strontium Substitution Calcium Silicate/Recycled Fish Gelatin 3D Cell-Laden Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering
by Chun-Ta Yu, Fu-Ming Wang, Yen-Ting Liu, Hooi Yee Ng, Yi-Rong Jhong, Chih-Hung Hung and Yi-Wen Chen
Processes 2020, 8(4), 493; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr8040493 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3101
Abstract
Bone has a complex hierarchical structure with the capability of self-regeneration. In the case of critical-sized defects, the regeneration capabilities of normal bones are severely impaired, thus causing non-union healing of bones. Therefore, bone tissue engineering has since emerged to solve problems relating [...] Read more.
Bone has a complex hierarchical structure with the capability of self-regeneration. In the case of critical-sized defects, the regeneration capabilities of normal bones are severely impaired, thus causing non-union healing of bones. Therefore, bone tissue engineering has since emerged to solve problems relating to critical-sized bone defects. Amongst the many biomaterials available on the market, calcium silicate-based (CS) cements have garnered huge interest due to their versatility and good bioactivity. In the recent decade, scientists have attempted to modify or functionalize CS cement in order to enhance the bioactivity of CS. Reports have been made that the addition of mesoporous nanoparticles onto scaffolds could enhance the bone regenerative capabilities of scaffolds. For this study, the main objective was to reuse gelatin from fish wastes and use it to combine with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and Sr-doped CS scaffolds to create a novel BMP-2-loaded, hydrogel-based mesoporous SrCS scaffold (FGSrB) and to evaluate for its composition and mechanical strength. From this study, it was shown that such a novel scaffold could be fabricated without affecting the structural properties of FGSr. In addition, it was proven that FGSrB could be used for drug delivery to allow stable localized drug release. Such modifications were found to enhance cellular proliferation, thus leading to enhanced secretion of alkaline phosphatase and calcium. The above results showed that such a modification could be used as a potential alternative for future bone tissue engineering research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofabrication Scaffold in Regenerative Medicine)
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15 pages, 3519 KiB  
Article
The Calcium Channel Affect Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Strontium-Substituted Calcium Silicate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffold
by Tzu-Rong Su, Tsui-Hsien Huang, Chia-Tze Kao, Hooi Yee Ng, Yung-Cheng Chiu and Tuan-Ti Hsu
Processes 2020, 8(2), 198; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr8020198 - 06 Feb 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 2660
Abstract
There had been a paradigm shift in tissue engineering studies over the past decades. Of which, part of the hype in such studies was based on exploring for novel biomaterials to enhance regeneration. Strontium ions have been reported by others to have a [...] Read more.
There had been a paradigm shift in tissue engineering studies over the past decades. Of which, part of the hype in such studies was based on exploring for novel biomaterials to enhance regeneration. Strontium ions have been reported by others to have a unique effect on osteogenesis. Both in vitro and in vivo studies had demonstrated that strontium ions were able to promote osteoblast growth, and yet at the same time, inhibit the formation of osteoclasts. Strontium is thus considered an important biomaterial in the field of bone tissue engineering. In this study, we developed a Strontium-calcium silicate scaffold using 3D printing technology and evaluated for its cellular proliferation capabilities by assessing for protein quantification and mineralization of Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, verapamil (an L-type of calcium channel blocker, CCB) was used to determine the mechanism of action of strontium ions. The results found that the relative cell proliferation rate on the scaffold was increased between 20% to 60% within 7 days of culture, while the CCB group only had up to approximately 10% proliferation as compared with the control specimen. Besides, the CCB group had downregulation and down expressions of all downstream cell signaling proteins (ERK and P38) and osteogenic-related protein (Col I, OPN, and OC). Furthermore, CCB was found to have 3–4 times lesser calcium deposition and quantification after 7 and 14 days of culture. These results effectively show that the 3D printed strontium-contained scaffold could effectively stimulate stem cells to undergo bone differentiation via activation of L-type calcium channels. Such results showed that strontium-calcium silicate scaffolds have high development potential for bone tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofabrication Scaffold in Regenerative Medicine)
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