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Viruses
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Pathogenesis and Potential Antiviral Targets of SARS-CoV-2
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Pathogenesis and Potential Antiviral Targets of SARS-CoV-2

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 16522

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Anne Goffard

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
Interests: coronavirus; viral entry; envelope glycoproteins; N-glycans; high throughput sequencing; molecular epidemiology; molecular diagnosis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

At the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 emerged in the human population leading to the pandemic we are experiencing today. Very quickly, physicians mobilized to take care of patients. Over the past year, they have learned how to improve patient management to limit the after-effects and reduce mortality. At the same time, the scientific community has been mobilized to design diagnostic tools, vaccines and try to find treatments.

For the virology community, this emergence represents an extraordinary challenge: understanding how a coronavirus emerges, evolves and adapts to the human population, exploring interactions with the immune system and cellular machinery to explain the inflammatory attacks observed, characterizing viral proteins and enzymes to help design specific and effective antivirals. More than a year after the emergence of CoV-2-SARS, this special issue proposes to take stock of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its variability, the characterization of viral proteins and enzymes, and potential therapeutic targets. 

Dr. Anne Goffard
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • SARS-CoV-2
  • emergence
  • variability
  • antiviral drugs
  • structural proteins and glycoproteins
  • RNA dependent RNA polymerase
  • protease

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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7 pages, 1256 KiB  
Article
Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 Contaminated Surfaces of Personal Items with UVC-LED Disinfection Boxes
by Maren Bormann, Mira Alt, Leonie Schipper, Lukas van de Sand, Mona Otte, Toni Luise Meister, Ulf Dittmer, Oliver Witzke, Eike Steinmann and Adalbert Krawczyk
Viruses 2021, 13(4), 598; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13040598 - 31 Mar 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3998
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted from person to person by close contact, small aerosol respiratory droplets, and potentially via contact with contaminated surfaces. Herein, we investigated the effectiveness of commercial UVC-LED disinfection boxes in inactivating SARS-CoV-2-contaminated surfaces of [...] Read more.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted from person to person by close contact, small aerosol respiratory droplets, and potentially via contact with contaminated surfaces. Herein, we investigated the effectiveness of commercial UVC-LED disinfection boxes in inactivating SARS-CoV-2-contaminated surfaces of personal items. We contaminated glass, metal, and plastic samples representing the surfaces of personal items such as smartphones, coins, or credit cards with SARS-CoV-2 formulated in an organic matrix mimicking human respiratory secretions. For disinfection, the samples were placed at different distances from UVC emitting LEDs inside commercial UVC-LED disinfection boxes and irradiated for different time periods (up to 10 min). High viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 were effectively inactivated on all surfaces after 3 min of irradiation. Even 10 s of UVC-exposure strongly reduced viral loads. Thus, UVC-LED boxes proved to be an effective method for disinfecting SARS-CoV-2-contaminated surfaces that are typically found on personal items. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Potential Antiviral Targets of SARS-CoV-2)
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Review

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47 pages, 4391 KiB  
Review
Antiviral Strategies Using Natural Source-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides in the Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Major Human Pathogenic Viruses
by Bimalendu Ray, Imran Ali, Subrata Jana, Shuvam Mukherjee, Saikat Pal, Sayani Ray, Martin Schütz and Manfred Marschall
Viruses 2022, 14(1), 35; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14010035 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4960
Abstract
Only a mere fraction of the huge variety of human pathogenic viruses can be targeted by the currently available spectrum of antiviral drugs. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for molecules that can be deployed [...] Read more.
Only a mere fraction of the huge variety of human pathogenic viruses can be targeted by the currently available spectrum of antiviral drugs. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for molecules that can be deployed quickly to treat novel, developing or re-emerging viral infections. Sulfated polysaccharides are found on the surfaces of both the susceptible host cells and the majority of human viruses, and thus can play an important role during viral infection. Such polysaccharides widely occurring in natural sources, specifically those converted into sulfated varieties, have already proved to possess a high level and sometimes also broad-spectrum antiviral activity. This antiviral potency can be determined through multifold molecular pathways, which in many cases have low profiles of cytotoxicity. Consequently, several new polysaccharide-derived drugs are currently being investigated in clinical settings. We reviewed the present status of research on sulfated polysaccharide-based antiviral agents, their structural characteristics, structure–activity relationships, and the potential of clinical application. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides involved in viral infection or in antiviral activity, respectively, are discussed, together with a focus on the emerging methodology contributing to polysaccharide-based drug development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Potential Antiviral Targets of SARS-CoV-2)
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Other

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14 pages, 1944 KiB  
Case Report
The Cross-Talk between Thrombosis and Inflammatory Storm in Acute and Long-COVID-19: Therapeutic Targets and Clinical Cases
by Domenico Acanfora, Chiara Acanfora, Marco Matteo Ciccone, Pietro Scicchitano, Alessandro Santo Bortone, Massimo Uguccioni and Gerardo Casucci
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 1904; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13101904 - 23 Sep 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6793
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) commonly complicates with coagulopathy. A syndrome called Long-COVID-19 is emerging recently in COVID-19 survivors, characterized, in addition to the persistence of symptoms typical of the acute phase, by alterations in inflammatory and coagulation parameters due to endothelial [...] Read more.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) commonly complicates with coagulopathy. A syndrome called Long-COVID-19 is emerging recently in COVID-19 survivors, characterized, in addition to the persistence of symptoms typical of the acute phase, by alterations in inflammatory and coagulation parameters due to endothelial damage. The related disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can be associated with high death rates in COVID-19 patients. It is possible to find a prothrombotic state also in Long-COVID-19. Early administration of anticoagulants in COVID-19 was suggested in order to improve patient outcomes, although exact criteria for their application were not well-established. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was commonly adopted for counteracting DIC and venous thromboembolism (VTE), due to its pharmacodynamics and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy for COVID-19-associated DIC is still a matter of debate. Thrombin and Factor Xa (FXa) are well-known components of the coagulation cascade. The FXa is known to strongly promote inflammation as the consequence of increased cytokine expression. Endothelial cells and mononuclear leucocytes release cytokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules due to thrombin activation. On the other hand, cytokines can activate coagulation. The cross-talk between coagulation and inflammation is mediated via protease-activated receptors (PARs). These receptors might become potential targets to be considered for counteracting the clinical expressions of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is effectively able to activate local and circulating coagulation factors, thus inducing the generation of disseminated coagula. LMWH may be considered as the new frontier in the treatment of COVID-19 and Long-COVID-19. Indeed, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may be an alternative option for both early and later treatment of COVID-19 patients due to their ability to inhibit PARs. The aim of this report was to evaluate the role of anticoagulants—and DOACs in particular in COVID-19 and Long-COVID-19 patients. We report the case of a COVID-19 patient who, after administration of enoxaparin developed DIC secondary to virosis and positivity for platelet factor 4 (PF4) and a case of Long-COVID with high residual cardiovascular risk and persistence of blood chemistry of inflammation and procoagulative state. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Potential Antiviral Targets of SARS-CoV-2)
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