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Viruses
Special Issues
Early Immune-Modulator Treatment in COVID-19
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Early Immune-Modulator Treatment in COVID-19

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 17144

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kyung-Yil Lee

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Guest Editor
1. College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2. Junglock Biomedical Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Interests: immunopathogenesis and etiological substances; early use of immune modulators (corticosteroids and other drugs) in viral infections
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Seung-Beom Han

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
Interests: immunopathogenesis and etiological substances, and early use of immune modulators (corticosteroids and other drugs) in viral infections

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

At the present time, the pathophysiology of acute lung injury and extrapulmonary manifestations such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in COVID-19 as well as in other respiratory infectious diseases such as influenza and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection remains unknown. However, it is known that the host immune system reacts against substances, not only those originating from pathogens, including toxins and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), but also those originating from injured or infected host cells, including damage (danger)-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogenic proteins, and pathogenic peptides. The host’s hyperactive or aberrant immune response against the infectious insults such as the substances derived from infected cells may be related to host cell injury. In cases of pneumonia, substances produced by injured lung cells can induce even greater inflammation if they are released into the systemic circulation or local environment. Therefore, it is crucial to control the initial hyperactive immune responses to reduce morbidity and prevent pneumonia progression. The early use of immune modulators, such as corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and biologics, is an option for treating patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This Special Issue welcomes original or review articles, case reports related to any aspects of the early use of immune-modulators for patients with COVID-19 or other viral infections, and studies on MIS-C, PAMPs or DAMPs in COVID-19 or other intracellular pathogen infections.

Dr. Kyung-Yil Lee
Dr. Seung-Beom Han
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • COVID-19
  • SARS-COV-2
  • pathogenesis
  • immune modulators
  • corticosteroids
  • intravenous immunoglobulin
  • biologics
  • pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
  • damage (danger)-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
  • multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Review

28 pages, 3212 KiB  
Review
miRNAs, from Evolutionary Junk to Possible Prognostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets in COVID-19
by Brandon Bautista-Becerril, Guillermo Pérez-Dimas, Paola C. Sommerhalder-Nava, Alejandro Hanono, Julio A. Martínez-Cisneros, Bárbara Zarate-Maldonado, Evangelina Muñoz-Soria, Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez, Manuel Castillejos-López, Armida Juárez-Cisneros, Jose S. Lopez-Gonzalez and Angel Camarena
Viruses 2022, 14(1), 41; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14010041 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4421
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a public health issue around the world in the last few years. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment to fight the disease. Thus, it is essential to highlight possible prognostic predictors that could identify patients with a [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a public health issue around the world in the last few years. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment to fight the disease. Thus, it is essential to highlight possible prognostic predictors that could identify patients with a high risk of developing complications. Within this framework, miRNA biomolecules play a vital role in the genetic regulation of various genes, principally, those related to the pathophysiology of the disease. Here, we review the interaction of host and viral microRNAs with molecular and cellular elements that could potentiate the main pulmonary, cardiac, renal, circulatory, and neuronal complications in COVID-19 patients. miR-26a, miR-29b, miR-21, miR-372, and miR-2392, among others, have been associated with exacerbation of the inflammatory process, increasing the risk of a cytokine storm. In addition, increased expression of miR-15b, -199a, and -491 are related to the prognosis of the disease, and miR-192 and miR-323a were identified as clinical predictors of mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Finally, we address miR-29, miR-122, miR-155, and miR-200, among others, as possible therapeutic targets. However, more studies are required to confirm these findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Immune-Modulator Treatment in COVID-19)
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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2659 KiB  
Review
Inosine Pranobex Deserves Attention as a Potential Immunomodulator to Achieve Early Alteration of the COVID-19 Disease Course
by Jiří Beran, Marián Špajdel and Jiří Slíva
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2246; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13112246 - 09 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6849
Abstract
Since its licensing in 1971, the synthetic compound inosine pranobex has been effectively combating viral infections, including herpes zoster, varicella, measles, and infections caused by the herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and respiratory viruses. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, new [...] Read more.
Since its licensing in 1971, the synthetic compound inosine pranobex has been effectively combating viral infections, including herpes zoster, varicella, measles, and infections caused by the herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and respiratory viruses. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, new and existing drugs have been intensively evaluated for their potential as COVID-19 medication. Due to its potent immunomodulatory properties, inosine pranobex, an orally administered drug with pleiotropic effects, can, during early treatment, alter the course of the disease. We describe the action of inosine pranobex in the body and give an overview of existing evidence collected to support further efforts to study this drug in a rigorous clinical trial setup. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Immune-Modulator Treatment in COVID-19)
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Figure 1

15 pages, 3214 KiB  
Review
COVID-19 Anosmia: High Prevalence, Plural Neuropathogenic Mechanisms, and Scarce Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2?
by Fengyi Liang and De Yun Wang
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2225; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13112225 - 04 Nov 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5043
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is known as a respiratory virus, but SARS-CoV-2 appears equally, or even more, infectious for the olfactory epithelium (OE) than for the respiratory epithelium in the [...] Read more.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is known as a respiratory virus, but SARS-CoV-2 appears equally, or even more, infectious for the olfactory epithelium (OE) than for the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity. In light of the small area of the OE relative to the respiratory epithelium, the high prevalence of olfactory dysfunctions (ODs) in COVID-19 has been bewildering and has attracted much attention. This review aims to first examine the cytological and molecular biological characteristics of the OE, especially the microvillous apical surfaces of sustentacular cells and the abundant SARS-CoV-2 receptor molecules thereof, that may underlie the high susceptibility of this neuroepithelium to SARS-CoV-2 infection and damages. The possibility of SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism, or the lack of it, is then analyzed with regard to the expression of the receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) or priming protease (transmembrane serine protease 2), and cellular targets of infection. Neuropathology of COVID-19 in the OE, olfactory bulb, and other related neural structures are also reviewed. Toward the end, we present our perspectives regarding possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 neuropathogenesis and ODs, in the absence of substantial viral infection of neurons. Plausible causes for persistent ODs in some COVID-19 convalescents are also examined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Immune-Modulator Treatment in COVID-19)
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