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A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 22645

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Prof. Dr. Helena Lage Ferreira

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Department of Veterinary Medicine, ZMV-FZEA, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
Interests: avulavirus; newcastle disease virus; subgenotype; influenza A virus (H5N8); avian influenza; wild birds
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Dear Colleagues,

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Avulavirinae, genus Orthoavulavirus, species Avian orthoavulavirus. NDV is distributed worldwide and can infect over 250 bird species with variable pathogenicity and transmissibility. The NDV isolates that cause outbreaks in poultry have a high genetic diversity with at least 20 genotypes, making NDV diagnosis challenging, although they belong to a single serotype. Live attenuated, inactivated, and recombinant viral-vectored vaccines have been used to control the circulating NDV strain in the poultry industry. Still, genetic diversity, interference of maternally derived antibodies, and challenges at an early age can affect NDV protection. The presence of virulent NDV isolates in poultry must be reported immediately to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), restricting the trade on poultry or poultry products with the affected country. NDV research is of great interest, not only in the veterinary field but also in human health. NDV has been shown to be a potential vector for humans against several pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. NDV has also been demonstrated to be a potent oncolytic agent against mammalian cancers in the past decades.

The Special Issue of Viruses on Newcastle disease virus seeks all types of manuscripts (research articles, reviews, short communications, and commentaries). The topics may include (but are not restricted to) molecular epidemiology, virus evolution and ecology, virus–host interaction, pathogenesis, diagnosis, vaccines, and therapy.

Prof. Dr. Helena Lage Ferreira
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Newcastle Disease Virus
epidemiology
pathogenesis
vaccines
therapy

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 9101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored Chicken Infectious Anaemia Vaccine Induces Robust Immune Response in Chickens

by Madhan Mohan Chellappa, Sohini Dey, Dinesh Chandra Pathak, Asmita Singh, Narayan Ramamurthy, Saravanan Ramakrishnan, Asok Kumar Mariappan, Kuldeep Dhama and Vikram N. Vakharia

Viruses 2021, 13(10), 1985; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13101985 - 02 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3282

Abstract

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain R2B, with an altered fusion protein cleavage site, was used as a viral vector to deliver the immunogenic genes VP2 and VP1 of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) to generate a bivalent vaccine candidate against these diseases in chickens. The immunogenic genes of CIAV were expressed as a single transcriptional unit from the NDV backbone and the two CIA viral proteins were obtained as separate entities using a self-cleaving foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A protease sequence between them. The recombinant virus (rR2B-FPCS-CAV) had similar growth kinetics as that of the parent recombinant virus (rR2B-FPCS) in vitro with similar pathogenicity characteristics. The bivalent vaccine candidate when given in specific pathogen-free chickens as primary and booster doses was able to elicit robust humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses obtained in a vaccination study that was conducted over a period of 15 weeks. In an NDV and CIAV ELISA trial, there was a significant difference in the titres of antibody between vaccinated and control groups which showed slight reduction in antibody titre by 56 days of age. Hence, a second booster was administered and the antibody titres were maintained until 84 days of age. Similar trends were noticed in CMI response carried out by lymphocyte transformation test, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ response by flow cytometry analysis and response of real time PCR analysis of cytokine genes. Birds were challenged with virulent NDV and CIAV at 84 days and there was significant reduction in the NDV shed on the 2nd and 4th days post challenge in vaccinated birds as compared to unvaccinated controls. Haematological parameters comprising PCV, TLC, PLC and PHC were estimated in birds that were challenged with CIAV that indicated a significant reduction in the blood parameters of controls. Our findings support the development and assessment of a bivalent vaccine candidate against NDV and CIAV in chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus)

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13 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generation and Evaluation of Recombinant Thermostable Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing the HA of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

by Xiaorong Zhang, Zongyi Bo, Chenchen Meng, Yin Chen, Chengcheng Zhang, Yongzhong Cao and Yantao Wu

Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1606; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13081606 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2232

Abstract

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in many countries, causing great economic losses when co-infected with other pathogens. So far, several live vaccines based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectors expressing influenza hemagglutinin (HA) have been developed. However, the thermostable recombinant NDV is rarely reported. In this study, using a thermostable NDV rAHR09 strain as the vector, three recombinant NDVs expressing native HA, chimeric HA ectodomain with transmembrane domain/C-terminal cytoplasmic tail domain from fusion protein of NDV, and HA ectodomain were generated, designated rAHR09-HA, rAHR09-HAF, and rAHR09-HAE. The MDT value of three recombinant NDVs was above 120 h, their ICPI value was about 0.03, and the recombinant NDVs were still infectious when treated for 100 min under 56 °C, which demonstrated that the recombinant NDVs kept the lentogenic and thermostable nature of rAHR09. The immunization data showed that rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF induced a higher HI antibody titer against H9N2 AIV and NDV. After being challenged with H9N2 AIV, the rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF could significantly reduce the virus shedding in cloacal and tracheal swab samples. Our results suggest that rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF might be vaccine candidates against H9N2 AIV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus)

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16 pages, 2930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pigeon-Derived Sub-Genotype XXI.1.2 Newcastle Disease Virus from Bangladesh Induces High Mortality in Chickens

by Mohammed Nooruzzaman, Lalita Rani Barman, Tanjin Tamanna Mumu, Emdadul Haque Chowdhury, Kiril M. Dimitrov and Mohammad Rafiqul Islam

Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1520; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13081520 - 01 Aug 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4976

Abstract

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a significant pathogen of poultry; however, variants also affect other species, including pigeons. While NDV is endemic in Bangladesh, and poultry isolates have been recently characterized, information about viruses infecting pigeons is limited. Worldwide, pigeon-derived isolates are commonly of low to moderate virulence for chickens. Here, we studied a pigeon-derived NDV isolated in Bangladesh in 2010. To molecularly characterize the isolate, we sequenced its complete fusion gene and performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. We further studied the biological properties of the virus by estimating mean death time (MDT) and by experimentally infecting 5-week-old naïve Sonali chickens. The studied virus clustered in sub-genotype XXI.1.2 with NDV from pigeons from Pakistan isolated during 2014–2018. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis showed a polybasic fusion protein cleavage site motif, typical for virulent NDV. The performed in vivo pathogenicity testing showed a MDT of 40.8 h, and along with previously established intracerebral pathogenicity index of 1.51, these indicated a velogenic pathotype for chickens, which is not typical for pigeon-derived viruses. The experimental infection of chickens resulted in marked neurological signs and high mortality starting at 7 days post infection (dpi). Mild congestion in the thymus and necrosis in the spleen were observed at an advanced stage of infection. Microscopically, lymphoid depletion in the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were found at 5 dpi, which progressed to severe in the following days. Mild to moderate proliferation of glial cells was noticed in the brain starting at 2 dpi, which gradually progressed with time, leading to focal nodular aggregation. This study reports the velogenic nature for domestic chickens of a pigeon-derived NDV isolate of sub-genotype XXI.1.2. Our findings show that not all pigeon-derived viruses are of low virulence for chickens and highlight the importance of biologically evaluating the pathogenicity of NDV isolated from pigeons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus)

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16 pages, 4798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intratumoral Virotherapy with Wild-Type Newcastle Disease Virus in Carcinoma Krebs-2 Cancer Model

by Kseniya S. Yurchenko, Alexandra V. Glushchenko, Marina A. Gulyaeva, Yuhai Bi, Jianjun Chen, Weifeng Shi, Lyubov S. Adamenko and Alexander M. Shestopalov

Viruses 2021, 13(4), 552; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13040552 - 25 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2154

Abstract

The results of experimental and clinical trials of the agents based on oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains provided hope for the development of virotherapy as a promising method for treating human tumors. However, the mechanism of the antitumor effect of NDV and realization of its cytotoxic potential in a cancer cell remains to be elucidated. In the current work, we have studied the antitumor effect of NDV in a syngeneic model of mouse Krebs-2 carcinoma treated with intratumoral injections of a wild-type strain NDV/Altai/pigeon/770/2011. Virological methods were used for preparation of a virus-containing sample. Colorimetric MTS assay was used to assess the viability of Krebs-2 tumor cells infected with a viral strain in vitro. In vivo virotherapy was performed in eight-week-old male BALB/c mice treated with serial intratumoral injections of NDV in an experimental model of Krebs-2 solid carcinoma. Changes in the tumor nodes of Krebs-2 carcinoma after virotherapy were visualized by MRI and immunohistological staining. Light microscopy examination, immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses have shown that intratumoral viral injections contribute to the inhibition of tumor growth, appearance of necrosis-like changes in the tumor tissue and the antiangiogenic effect of the virus. It has been established that a course of intratumoral virotherapy with NDV/Altai/pigeon/770/2011 strain in a mouse Krebs-2 carcinoma resulted in increased destructive changes in the tumor tissue, in the volume density of necrotic foci and numerical density of endothelial cells expressing CD34 and VEGFR. These results indicate that intratumoral NDV injection reduces tumor progression of an aggressive tumor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus)

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15 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1 Isolated from Domestic Pigeons in Victoria, Australia 2011

by Songhua Shan, Kerri Bruce, Vittoria Stevens, Frank Y. K. Wong, Jianning Wang, Dayna Johnson, Deborah Middleton, Kim O’Riley, Sam McCullough, David T. Williams and Jemma Bergfeld

Viruses 2021, 13(3), 429; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13030429 - 08 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3166

Abstract

Significant mortalities of racing pigeons occurred in Australia in late 2011 associated with a pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1 (PPMV-1) infection. The causative agent, designated APMV-1/pigeon/Australia/3/2011 (P/Aus/3/11), was isolated from diagnostic specimens in specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated eggs and was identified by a Newcastle Disease virus (NDV)-specific RT-PCR and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using reference polyclonal antiserum specific for NDV. The P/Aus/3/11 strain was further classified as PPMV-1 using the HI test and monoclonal antibody 617/161 by HI and phylogenetic analysis of the fusion gene sequence. The isolate P/Aus/3/11 had a slow haemagglutin-elution rate and was inactivated within 45 min at 56 °C. Cross HI tests generated an R value of 0.25, indicating a significant antigenic difference between P/Aus/3/11 and NDV V4 isolates. The mean death time (MDT) of SPF eggs infected with the P/Aus/3/11 isolate was 89.2 hr, characteristic of a mesogenic pathotype, consistent with other PPMV-1 strains. The plaque size of the P/Aus/3/11 isolate on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells was smaller than those of mesogenic and velogenic NDV reference strains, indicating a lower virulence phenotype in vitro and challenge of six-week-old SPF chickens did not induce clinical signs. However, sequence analysis of the fusion protein cleavage site demonstrated an ¹¹²RRQKRF¹¹⁷ motif, which is typical of a velogenic NDV pathotype. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the P/Aus/3/11 isolate belongs to a distinct subgenotype within class II genotype VI of avian paramyxovirus type 1. This is the first time this genotype has been detected in Australia causing disease in domestic pigeons and is the first time since 2002 that an NDV with potential for virulence has been detected in Australia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus)

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18 pages, 3333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surveillance and Genetic Characterization of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Subgenotype V.3 in Indigenous Chickens from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya

by Henry M. Kariithi, Helena L. Ferreira, Catharine N. Welch, Leonard O. Ateya, Auleria A. Apopo, Richard Zoller, Jeremy D. Volkening, Dawn Williams-Coplin, Darren J. Parris, Tim L. Olivier, Dana Goldenberg, Yatinder S. Binepal, Sonia M. Hernandez, Claudio L. Afonso and David L. Suarez

Viruses 2021, 13(1), 103; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13010103 - 13 Jan 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4864

Abstract

Kenyan poultry consists of ~80% free-range indigenous chickens kept in small flocks (~30 birds) on backyard poultry farms (BPFs) and they are traded via live bird markets (LBMs). Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was detected in samples collected from chickens, wild farm birds, and other domestic poultry species during a 2017–2018 survey conducted at 66 BPFs and 21 LBMs in nine Kenyan counties. NDV nucleic acids were detected by rRT-PCR L-test in 39.5% (641/1621) of 1621 analyzed samples, of which 9.67% (62/641) were NDV-positive by both the L-test and a fusion-test designed to identify the virulent virus, with a majority being at LBMs (64.5%; 40/62) compared to BPFs (25.5%; 22/62). Virus isolation and next-generation sequencing (NGS) on a subset of samples resulted in 32 complete NDV genome sequences with 95.8–100% nucleotide identities amongst themselves and 95.7-98.2% identity with other east African isolates from 2010-2016. These isolates were classified as a new sub-genotype, V.3, and shared 86.5–88.9% and 88.5–91.8% nucleotide identities with subgenotypes V.1 and V.2 viruses, respectively. The putative fusion protein cleavage site (¹¹³R-Q-K-R↓F ¹¹⁷) in all 32 isolates, and a 1.86 ICPI score of an isolate from a BPF chicken that had clinical signs consistent with Newcastle disease, confirmed the high virulence of the NDVs. Compared to genotypes V and VI viruses, the attachment (HN) protein of 18 of the 32 vNDVs had amino acid substitutions in the antigenic sites. A time-scaled phylogeographic analysis suggests a west-to-east dispersal of the NDVs via the live chicken trade, but the virus origins remain unconfirmed due to scarcity of continuous and systematic surveillance data. This study reveals the widespread prevalence of vNDVs in Kenyan backyard poultry, the central role of LBMs in the dispersal and possibly generation of new virus variants, and the need for robust molecular epidemiological surveillance in poultry and non-poultry avian species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus)

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