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Viruses
Special Issues
Long-Term Outcomes of Treated Perinatal HIV Infection
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Long-Term Outcomes of Treated Perinatal HIV Infection

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2021) | Viewed by 6241

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Dasja Pajkrt

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (Amsterdam UMC), Location Academic Medical Center (AMC), 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Interests: pediatric viral infections; organoid technology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As a result of the successful implementation of potent combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the life expectancy of perinatally HIV (PHIV)-infected children has been radically improved. Today, PHIV children with access to cART survive into adulthood. The long-term outcomes of growing up with HIV and lifelong exposure to cART treatment have, consequently, become an increasingly important topic, but PHIV has been highly understudied.

Lifelong exposure to HIV and the related antiviral treatment coincides with an important period in child development, for example, in the context of neurological and cognitive development. In this Special Issue, we will review outcomes for brain development, from a structural as well as a cognitive perspective.

Another long-term perspective that we will discuss in this Special Issue is the risk of cardiovascular diseases in PHIV children. In adults living with HIV, there is an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases as a consequence of atherosclerosis potentially due to chronic low-grade inflammation. To date, several studies have made similar observations in PHIV children. We will elaborate on the chronic low-grade systemic inflammation frequently found in PHIV children as one of the potential mechanisms underlying central nervous system abnormalities and atherosclerosis in PHIV children. 

Dr. Dasja Pajkrt
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • perinatally HIV-infected children
  • long-term outcomes
  • neurological abnormalities
  • neurocognitive development
  • cardiovascular risk

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 1358 KiB  
Article
A Longitudinal Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow in Perinatally HIV Infected Adolescents as Compared to Matched Healthy Controls
by Jason G. van Genderen, Malon Van den Hof, Anne Marleen ter Haar, Charlotte Blokhuis, Vera C. Keil, Dasja Pajkrt and Henk J. M. M. Mutsaerts
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2179; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13112179 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1678
Abstract
Despite effective combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), perinatally HIV infected (PHIV) adolescents still experience cognitive complications. We previously reported higher cerebral blood flow (CBF) in basal ganglia and white matter (WM) in PHIV children compared to matched controls. In healthy children CBF is associated [...] Read more.
Despite effective combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), perinatally HIV infected (PHIV) adolescents still experience cognitive complications. We previously reported higher cerebral blood flow (CBF) in basal ganglia and white matter (WM) in PHIV children compared to matched controls. In healthy children CBF is associated with cognitive domains. To determine longitudinal changes in CBF and its impact on cognitive complications, we measured CBF—using arterial spin labeling—in 21 PHIV adolescents and 23 controls matched for age, sex and socio-economic status twice with a mean follow-up of 4.6 years. We explored associations between CBF changes and WM micro- and macrostructural markers and cognitive domains using linear mixed models. The median age at follow-up was comparable between PHIV adolescents 17.4y (IQR:15.3–20.7) and controls 16.2y (IQR:15.6–19.1). At baseline, PHIV had higher CBF in the caudate nucleus and putamen. CBF development was comparable in gray matter (GM), WM and subcortical regions in both groups. In our cohort, we found that over time an increase of GM CBF was associated with an increase of visual motor function (p = 0.043) and executive function (p = 0.045). Increase of CBF in the caudate nucleus, putamen and thalamus was associated with an increase processing speed (p = 0.033; 0.036; 0.003 respectively) and visual motor function (p = 0.023; 0.045; 0.003 respectively). CBF development is relatively normal in PHIV adolescents on cART. CBF decline is associated with cognitive impairment, irrespective of HIV status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Outcomes of Treated Perinatal HIV Infection)
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15 pages, 1177 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal Assessment of Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Perinatally HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents
by Jason G. van Genderen, Malon Van den Hof, Claudia G. de Boer, Hans P. G. Jansen, Sander J. H. van Deventer, Sotirios Tsimikas, Joseph L. Witztum, John J. P. Kastelein and Dasja Pajkrt
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 2067; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13102067 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1807
Abstract
HIV is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD); therefore, perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) children potentially have a greater CVD risk at older age. Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an established risk factor for CVD in the general population. To evaluate a potential increased CVD [...] Read more.
HIV is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD); therefore, perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) children potentially have a greater CVD risk at older age. Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an established risk factor for CVD in the general population. To evaluate a potential increased CVD risk for PHIV children, we determined their lipid profiles including Lp(a). In the first substudy, we assessed the lipid profiles of 36 PHIV children visiting the outpatient clinic in Amsterdam between 2012 and 2020. In the second substudy, we enrolled 21 PHIV adolescents and 23 controls matched for age, sex and ethnic background on two occasions with a mean follow-up time of 4.6 years. We assessed trends of lipid profiles and their determinants, including patient and disease characteristics, using mixed models. In the first substudy, the majority of PHIV children were Black (92%) with a median age of 8.0y (5.7–10.8) at first assessment. Persistent elevated Lp(a) levels were present in 21/36 (58%) children (median: 374 mg/L (209–747); cut off = 300). In the second substudy, the median age of PHIV adolescents was 17.5y (15.5–20.7) and of matched controls 16.4y (15.8–19.5) at the second assessment. We found comparable lipid profiles between groups. In both studies, increases in LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol were associated with higher Lp(a) levels. A majority of PHIV children and adolescents exhibited elevated Lp(a) levels, probably associated with ethnic background. Nonetheless, these elevated Lp(a) levels may additionally contribute to an increased CVD risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Outcomes of Treated Perinatal HIV Infection)
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22 pages, 575 KiB  
Article
Neuropsychological and Psychosocial Functioning of Children with Perinatal HIV-Infection in The Netherlands
by Stefanie E. M. van Opstal, Emma J. Dogterom, Marlies N. Wagener, Femke K. Aarsen, Harald S. Miedema, Pepijn D. D. M. Roelofs, Linda C. van der Knaap, Pieter L. A. Fraaij, Kim Stol, André B. Rietman, Eric C. M. van Gorp, Annemarie M. C. van Rossum and Elisabeth M. W. J. Utens
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 1947; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13101947 - 28 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2125
Abstract
Advances in antiretroviral treatment improved the life expectancy of perinatally HIV-infected children. However, growing up with HIV provides challenges in daily functioning. This cross-sectional cohort study investigated the neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning of a group of perinatally HIV-infected children in the Netherlands and [...] Read more.
Advances in antiretroviral treatment improved the life expectancy of perinatally HIV-infected children. However, growing up with HIV provides challenges in daily functioning. This cross-sectional cohort study investigated the neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning of a group of perinatally HIV-infected children in the Netherlands and compared their outcomes with Dutch normative data and outcomes of a control group of uninfected siblings. The children’s functioning was assessed with internationally well-known and standardized questionnaires, using a multi-informant approach, including the perspectives of caregivers, teachers, and school-aged children. In addition, we explored the associations of socio-demographic and medical characteristics of the HIV-infected children with their neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning. Caregivers reported compromised functioning when compared to Dutch normative data for HIV-infected children in the areas of attention, sensory processing, social-emotional functioning, and health-related quality of life. Teachers reported in addition compromised executive functioning for HIV-infected children. A comparison with siblings revealed differences in executive functioning, problems with peers, and general health. The concurrent resemblance between HIV-infected children and siblings regarding problems in other domains implies that social and contextual factors may be of influence. A family-focused approach with special attention to the child’s socio-environmental context and additional attention for siblings is recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Outcomes of Treated Perinatal HIV Infection)
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